RULES & REGULATIONS HANDBOOK

FOR AIRSIDE PERSONNEL

15th Edition (2008)

Published by : CAAS APRON CONTROL / MANAGEMENT SERVICE

FOREWORD

This 15th Edition of the Rules and Regulations for Airside Personnel handbook contains
relevant aspects of the Apron Operational and Safety procedures and extracts from the
CAAS (Aerodrome) Regulations. The contents are structured in a simplified format to
serve as an easy guide for airside personnel on the rules and regulations governing the
airside of Changi Airport. The objective of this handbook is to safeguard the safety of
aircraft, personnel, drivers, vehicles and mobile equipment operating in the movement
areas. All airside operators shall abide by the rules and regulations stipulated in this
handbook. A copy of which is given to the management of airside organisations to
ensure their staff compliance.

This 15th Edition (2008) supersedes all previous editions of the handbook. It is also
available on CAAS Website at http://www.caas.gov.sg.

This handbook should also be read in conjunction with the CAAS Apron Notices which are
issued from time to time. These notices consist of information requiring airside personnel
compliance to safety rules or regulations arising from changes to infrastructures,
procedures, operations or existing rules.

Any recommendation towards the improvement to the handbook should be forwarded to: -

Airport Manager
Apron Control/Management Service
Airport Management Division
Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
P O Box 1 PTB
Singapore Changi Airport
Singapore 918141

As at 20 May 2008

1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE
- FOREWORD 1
- TABLE OF CONTENTS 2-3
DEFINITION OF TERMS 4-6
KEY CONTACT NUMBERS 6
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Citation 7
1.2 Jurisdiction 7
1.3 Traffic Control 7
1.4 Cancellation of Permits 8
1.5 Action Against Offenders of Traffic Rules 8
1.6 Notice of Offer of Composition (NOC) 8
Suspension of Airfield Driving Permit (ADP) and Compulsory
1.7 8-9
Attendance of Airfield Rules and Regulations Course and Tests
1.8 CAAS (Aerodrome) Regulations 9
1.9 Regulations and Scale of Demerit Points 10
2 SAFETY RULES WITHIN THE AIRSIDE
2.1 Valid Airfield Driving Permit (ADP) 11
2.2 Classification of Vehicles 11
2.3 Speed Limit 12
2.4 Speed Limit Exemption 12
2.5 Safety in the Vicinity of Aircraft 13-14
2.6 Safety around Aircraft Parked at the stand 15
2.7 Seat Belts 15
2.8 Safety Vest 16-17
Illustration 1 Hand Signals to Guide Vehicles 18
2.9 Driving Areas 19-22
2.10 Crossing Runways 22-23
2.11 Restriction on Surface Roadways Crossing Taxiways 23-24
2.12 Safety Rules for Vehicles Crossing Taxiways 24-25
2.13 Vehicle on Runway or Taxiway 25-26
2.14 Driving in Airside Tunnels 26
2.15 Driving within Baggage Handling Area 26-27
2.16 Parking of Vehicles 27
2.17 Vehicle Lightings 27-28
2.18 Driver’s Responsibility 28-29
2.19 Towing Rules 29
2.20 No Smoking 30
2.21 Right of Way 30
2.22 Littering 30-31
2.23 Instruction of Authorised Officer 31
2.24 Cyclists 31-32
2.25 Reporting of Airside Incident / Accident 32-33
Requirement for Entry of Ambulance in the Airside on Request by
2.26 33
Airport Organisation

2
 2.27 Procedure for Entry of Ambulance Operators in the Airside 33
2.28 Vehicle Breakdown 34
2.29 Procedure in Event of Spillage 34-35
2.30 Refuelling of Vehicle 35
2.31 Use of Communication Devices (Mobile phones / Walkie Talkies) 35
2.32 Lightning Warning 36
2.33 General Rules for Pedestrians 36
3 AIRSIDE MARKINGS AND SAFETY SIGNAGES
3.1 Apron Boundary Line (ABL) 37
3.2 Equipment Restraint Area (ERA) 37
3.3 Equipment Staging Area (ESA) 38
3.4 Equipment Parking Area (EPA) 38
3.5 No Parking Area (NPA) 39
3.6 Holding Strip 39
3.7 Passenger Loading Bridge Safety Zone 39
Illustration 2 Layout of Aircraft Stand 40
3.8 Other Airside and Roadways Markings and Signs 41-43
4 BUDGET TERMINAL OPERATIONS
4.1 General Instructions 44
4.2 Speed Limit 44
4.3 Driving Areas 44-45
4.4 Driving Within The Baggage Handling Area 45
4.5 Airside Markings And Safety Signs 45-46
4.6 Pedestrian Crossing 46
4.7 Safety In The Vicinity Of Aircraft 46-47
4.8 Safety On Roadway Behind Aircraft Parking Stand 47
5 RADIO TELEPHONY PROCEDURES
5.1 General Instructions 48
5.2 Movement Instructions 48-49
5.3 Crossing Runways 49
5.4 Language of Communication 49
5.5 Time System 49
5.6 Transmission Techniques 49-50
5.7 Phraseology 50-51
5.8 Pronunciation of Letters 51
5.9 Transmission of Digits 51-52
5.10 Radiotelephony Call Signs 52
5.11 Standard Words and Phrases 52-53
Requirements to Obtain Category 1 Airfield Driving Permit (ADP) for
5.12 54
Drivers Entering Manoeuvring Areas
Requirements for Installation of Radio Telephony (RT) Set in Airside
5.13 54-55
Vehicles for Entering Manoeuvring Areas
REQUIREMENTS FOR A VEHICLE OPERATING IN THE
6 56-62
MOVEMENT AREA
7 AIRFIELD RULES TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 63-73
8 MAPS (ATTACHMENTS)
Singapore Changi Airport Airside Roadway System 74

3
DEFINITION OF TERMS
ACCIDENT An occurrence associated with the operation or
handling of an aircraft in which a person is fatally or
seriously injured, or the aircraft sustains damage
(adapted from the definition contained in ICAO
Annex 13).

AERODROME Means the Changi Aerodrome, the Seletar

Aerodrome and any other aerodrome maintained or
managed by the Authority and include any road or
uncovered area which is within the limits of the
aerodrome but does not include any road or
uncovered area to which the public has access.

AIRCRAFT STAND A designated area in an apron intended to be used

for parking an aircraft.

AIRFIELD DRIVING The card evidencing the authorisation issued by

PERMIT (ADP) CAAS Apron Control/ Management Service to the
holder to drive vehicle in the airside of Singapore
Changi Airport in accordance with the classes of
vehicles specified therein.

AIRFIELD VEHICLE Permit for a vehicle to be operated in the airside of

PERMIT(AVP) Singapore Changi Airport.

AIRSIDE The movement area of an airport, adjacent terrain

and buildings or portions thereof, access to which is
controlled.

APRON A defined area in an aerodrome, intended to

accommodate aircraft for the purposes of loading or
unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking
or maintenance.

AUTHORISED OFFICER Any officer of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore

(CAAS) or any police officer or any person duly
authorised by the chief executive officer to act on his
behalf.

CATEGORY ONE AIRFIELD Permitted to enter Runway/ Taxiway subject to

DRIVING PERMIT (ADP) clearance from Changi Control Tower.

CATEGORY TWO AIRFIELD NOT permitted to enter Runway/ Taxiway at all

DRIVING PERMIT (ADP) times.

4
DRIVER (a) in relation to a trailer, includes the driver of a
vehicle by which the trailer is drawn and ‘drive’
shall be construed accordingly;

(b) includes the rider of a bicycle and any person

propelling a tricycle or pushing or pulling a cart
and ‘drive’ shall be construed accordingly; and

(c) in relation to a passenger loading bridge,

includes the operator manning the console by
which the bridge is activated, and ‘drive’ shall
be construed accordingly.

‘FOLLOW ME’ VEHICLE A vehicle with a rotating red light used to guide
aircraft or other vehicles.

INCIDENT *An occurrence, other than an accident, associated

with the operation or handling of an aircraft, which
affects or could affect the safety of operation.

INJURY *Any condition which requires medical assistance,

including first aid.

MANOEUVRING AREA That part of an aerodrome used for the take-off,

landing and taxiing of aircraft, excluding apron(s).

MOVEMENT AREA That part of an aerodrome used for the take-off,

landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the
manoeuvring area and the apron(s).

NOTICE OF OFFENCE (NOO) A report made of any violations of the CAAS

/ NOTICE OF OFFENCE WITH (Aerodrome) Regulations by an authorised officer’.
OFFER OF COMPOSITION
(NOC)

OWNER In relation to a motor vehicle, includes:-

(a) every person or organisation who is the owner

or joint owner or part owner of the vehicle; and
any person or organisation who has the use of
the vehicle under a hire-purchase agreement
but not the lessor under any such agreement;
(b) the person or organisation in whose name the
vehicle is registered.

PERIMETER ROAD That road within the airside that allows vehicles to
move around the airport clear of apron, taxiways and
runways.

5
PARK To bring a vehicle to a stationary position and cause
it to wait for any purpose other than that of
immediately taking up or setting down passengers,
goods or luggage.

ROAD An established surface route on the movement area

meant for the exclusive use of vehicles.

TAXIWAY A defined path on a land aerodrome established for

the taxiing of aircraft.

TRAFFIC SIGNS These include all signals, warning signs, posts,

direction posts, signs, lines, lamps, lights or other
devices for the guidance or direction of persons using
the aerodrome.

* Adapted from ACI Survey on Apron Incidents / Accidents (Sep 2000)

Published by : ACI World Headquarters

KEY CONTACT NUMBERS

Airport Emergency Service 6541 2525

Airport Police 6546 0000

Apron Control Centre 6541 2148 / 2257 / 2258

Budget Terminal (Apron Operations) 6412 7508

Changi Airport Fuel Hydrant Installation (CAFHI) 6546 4316

Medical Emergency Hotline (Raffles Medical Group) 6543 2223

6
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 CITATION

1.1.1 All personnel operating in the airside of Changi Airport are governed by the
following rules and regulations: -

(a) The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (Aerodrome) Regulations

(b) The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (Composition of Offences)

Regulations

(c) Protected Areas and Protected Places Act (Chapter 256)

(Note: In addition, the Penal Code is applicable in certain traffic
accidents determined by the State Police).
.
(d) Work Place Safety and Health Act

1.2 JURISDICTION

1.2.1 The control of the airside with regard to vehicles, drivers and handling
operations on the Apron and roadways is under CAAS Apron
Control/Management Service.

1.2.2 The control of aircraft taxiing from runway to aircraft stands and vice versa
comes under the Aerodrome Control Tower.

1.2.3 The security of the airside comes under the charge of the State Police.

(Note: The CAAS Apron Control/Management Service, its contracted

enforcement staff from the Auxilary Police, Airport Police and the CAAS Airport
Emergency Service are authorised to check vehicles and persons within the
provisions of the law.)

1.3 TRAFFIC CONTROL

1.3.1 The Airport Police is responsible for the control of passenger and vehicle traffic
entering and exiting the airside of Changi Airport.

1.3.2 All drivers entering the airside shall present their Airfield Driving Permits to the
guard at the guard posts without request.

1.3.3 Where in force, a temporary entry permit is issued to a vehicle, the driver
without an Airfield Driving Permit, shall be escorted by a holder of the Airfield
Driving Permit who shall act as a steersman.

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1.4 CANCELLATION OF PERMITS

1.4.1 The chief executive officer may at any time in his discretion cancel any Airfield
Vehicle Permit and Airfield Driving Permit without assigning any reason under
Regulations 9 and 21 of the CAAS (Aerodrome) Regulations.

1.5 ACTION AGAINST OFFENDERS OF TRAFFIC RULES

1.5.1 Any person who acts in contravention of or fails to comply with any of the
CAAS (Aerodrome) Regulations or fails to comply with the conditions of any
permit or pass issued under the CAAS (Aerodrome) Regulations shall be guilty
of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding S$2000
or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both.

1.5.2 In cases of violation of the licensing regulations, the CAAS Apron

Control/Management Service or any 'authorised officer' designated by the chief
executive officer is authorised to issue reprimands in writing (reporting forms).

1.5.3 If any driver receives repeated reprimands, the CAAS Apron Control /
Management Service may demand that the vehicle owner send the driver to
attend the Apron Rules and Regulations Course as a refresher lesson, pass
both the Airfield Rules test and Airfield Driving/Safety-Compliance test.

1.5.4 The CAAS Apron Control/Management Service reserves the right to withdraw
permission to enter and drive in the airside.

1.5.5 The chief executive officer may at any time in his discretion cancel any airfield
driving permit without assigning any reason. Where an airfield driving permit
has been cancelled, the holder of the permit shall, upon being notified by the
chief executive officer of the cancellation, surrender the permit to CAAS Apron
Control/ Management Service.

1.6 NOTICE OF OFFENCE WITH OFFER OF COMPOSITION (NOC)

1.6.1 Vehicle owner and person issued with the NOC have up to 14 days to settle the
compounded amount. Late Payment Fee rate is S$90 per NOC.

1.7 SUSPENSION OF AIRFIELD DRIVING PERMIT AND COMPULSORY

ATTENDANCE OF AIRFIELD RULES AND REGULATIONS COURSE AND
TESTS

1.7.1 A driver who

(a) Accumulates 12 demerit points or more within a period of 12 months from

the date of the first offence; or
(b) Involves in an accident causing injury to personnel or damage to CAAS
property and /or aircraft; or
(c) Involves in 2 minor accidents within a period of 12 months,
would be suspended from driving in the airside.

8
1.7.2 The driver would then be required to attend the Airfield Rules and Regulations
Course (ARRC) at outsourced centres (SATS, CIAS & SWISSPORT) and pass
both the theory Airfield Rules Test and the practical Airfield Driving / Safety
Compliance Test conducted by CAAS Apron Control/Management Service before
the permit can be reinstated.
1.8 SECTION 41A CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF SINGAPORE ACT (CHAPTER 41),
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF SINGAPORE (AERODROME) REGULATIONS (R2) and
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF SINGAPORE (COMPOSITION OF OFFENCES)
REGULATIONS (R3)
Regula Compos Regul Compos
tion Offence ition ation Offence ition
No. Amount No. Amount
3 Using a vehicle or causing or permitting a vehicle to be used in the $70 47 Failing to remove servicing vehicles or equipment from parking $30
movement area without a valid Airfield Vehicle Permit issued by the bay or other related parking spaces immediately after the aircraft
chief executive officer in respect of that vehicles being serviced has taxied away.
13 Failingto comply with the conditions of a valid temporary Airfield $30 48 Leaving refuse or littering in the apron $150
Vehicle Entry Permit issued by the chief executive officer
14 Driving a vehicle in the movement area without a valid Airfield Driving $70 52 Smoking in any part of the movement area or hangars. $150
Permit issued by the chief executive officer fro driving a vehicle of that
description or employing or permitting a person not issued with such a
permit to drive a vehicle in the movement area.
24 Driving beyond the speed limit of 25km/h on roads in the vicinity of $130 53 Proceeding onto the apron without being escorted by a $30
aircraft bays or beyond 40 km/h on roads away from aircraft parking representative of an airline.
bays.
25 Failing to comply with the directions or verbal instructions given by an $120 54 Travelling in any vehicle in the movement area otherwise than $30
authorised officer regulating traffic in the movement area. seated in a passenger seat or standing in a section constructed for
standing passengers.
26 Failing to give way or failing to give maximum clearance to aircraft in the $100 55 Towing a vehicle with another vehicle in the movement area $30
movement area. without using a suitable tow bar.
27 Leaving broken-down vehicle unattended in the movement area, failing to $30 56 Failing to ensure that a vehicle used in the movement area is $100
arrange for immediate removal of broken-down vehicle in the movement maintained in good working condition.
area or failing to ensure aircraft or other vehicles are not obstructed by
such breakdown.
28 Failing to obtain prior clearance from Duty Tower Controller before $70 57(2) Loading or unloading fuel tanks within the Air Cargo Complex. $30
proceeding to any part of the movement area other than apron.
29 Failing to stop at point of entry to the manoeuring area or failing to $30 58(1) Entering or leaving the Air Cargo Complex other than through an $60
ascertain that there is no aircraft movement before proceeding into the entrance or exit designated by the chief executive officer.
manoeuring area.
30 Overtaking and passing any other vehicle proceeding in the same $40 59 Driving a vehicle in the Air Cargo Complex without a valid $70
direction in the movement area. driving licence issued under the Road Traffic Act for driving a
vehicle of that description or driving a forklift in the Air Cargo
Complex without a valid Forklift Driving Permit issued by chief
executive officer or employing or permitting a person not issued
with the respective permit to drive such vehicle in the Air Cargo
Complex.
31 Parking a vehicle in or near the movement area or a vehicular traffic route $70 61 Failing to comply with the direction or verbal instructions of an $100
other than in areas approved for such a purpose. authorized officer in the Air Cargo Complex.
32 Failing to slow down vehicle when approaching an aircraft which is $40 62 Travelling in any vehicle in the Air Cargo Complex otherwise $30
setting down or taking up passengers. than seated in a passenger seat or standing in a section constructed
for standing passengers.
33 Failing to give way to aircraft passengers in the movement area. $50 63 Failing to comply with the restrictions and stipulations on vehicle $50
loads (height, weight, distribution, packing, adjustment and
passenger carriage) in the Air Cargo Complex.
34 Failing to approach an aircraft at an angle and keep to its right side when $30 64 Leaving refuse or littering in the Air Cargo Complex. $50
approaching that aircraft in the movement area.
35 Drawing up or stopping a vehicle under the wing, tail or fuselage of an $40 65(2) Failing to conform to traffic signs regulating the movement of $70
aircraft in the movement area. traffic or indicating the route to be followed by traffic in the
aerodrome.
36 Starting up a vehicle in the movement area within 15 metres of any $30 67(1) Parking a vehicle or causing a vehicle to remain at rest in any $100
aircraft that is being refueled. place in an aerodrome in any position, condition or circumstances
likely to cause danger, obstruction or undue inconvenience to
traffic or other users in the aerodrome.
37 Backing up a vehicle to an aircraft other than for the purpose of servicing $30 68 Parking a vehicle on any road in an aerodrome between the edge $70
that aircraft or other that where directed to do so by a marshaller. of the roadway and any portion of unbroken white line(s) laid
down on such road, or parking on the side of any road with an
unbroken yellow line laid down on that side of such road.
38 Approaching an aircraft which has its engine running. $30 69 Parking or stopping a vehicle on footway of any road in the $70
aerodrome.
39 Failing to keep a safety distance of at least 5 metres from the wing-tip of $30 70(1) Using a vehicle or causing or permitting a vehicle to be used in $70
a stationary aircraft or failing to maintain a safety distance of at least 38 the aerodrome without a valid motor vehicle licence issued under
metres from the edge of the taxiway when travelling parallel to taxiing Road Traffic Act in respect of that vehicle.
aircraft.
40 Failing to keep the vehicle to right side of the runway or taxiway when $30 71 Failing to comply with the directions or verbal instructions given $120
proceeding along a runway or taxiway respectively. by an authorised officer regulating trafficin an aerodrome.
41(2) Failing to stop vehicle or give way to aircraft, at a crossing point, when $150 72 Failing to obey the lawful directions given by an authorised $100
the red light signal is switched on. officer in an aerodrome.
42 Failing to comply accordingly with respective light signals when driving $40 73 Entering or remaining in the prohibited area of an aerodrome $200
a vehicle not equipped with two-way radio. without a valid airport pass issued by the chief executive officer.
43 Crossing the movement area in front of the path of a taxiing aircraft or an $100 76 Driving a vehicle without due care and attention or without $150
aircraft on tow. reasonable consideration for other persons using aerodrome.
44 Failing to keep clear of an aircraft’s engine or passing within 8 metres $40 First Requirments for a vehicle operating in the movement area. $50
from the air intake or within 80 metres from the rear of a running jet Sched
engine. ule
45 Proceeding onto the apron without obtaining prior clearance from Duty $30
Apron Controller.

9
1.9 SECTION 41A CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF SINGAPORE ACT
(CHAPTER 41), CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF SINGAPORE
(AERODROME) REGULATIONS (R2) and CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF
SINGAPORE (COMPOSITION OF OFFENCES) REGULATIONS (R3)

Table 1 – REGULATIONS AND SCALE OF DEMERIT POINTS

Reg No. Offence Demerit

Points
24 Driving beyond the speed limit of 25 km/h on roads in the vicinity of aircraft
parking bays :
(a) 10 km/h to 20 km/h 4
(b) 21 km/h to 30 km/h 6
(c) 31 km/h to 40 km/h 8
(d) More than 40 km/h 12
Driving beyond the speed limit of 40 km/h on roads away from aircraft parking
bays:
(a) 10 km/h to 20 km/h 4
(b) 21 km/h to 30 km/h 6
(c) 31 km/h to 40 km/h 8
(d) More than 40 km/h 12
25 Failing to comply with the directions or verbal instructions given by an authorised 3
officer regulating traffic in the movement area.
26 Failing to give way or failing to give maximum clearance to aircraft in the 9
movement area.
31 Parking a vehicle in or near the movement area or on a vehicular traffic route 3
other than in areas approved for such a purpose.
54 Travelling in any vehicle in the movement area otherwise than seated in a 6
passenger seat or standing in a section constructed for standing passengers.
65(2) Failing to conform to traffic signs regulating the movement of traffic or indicating 6
the route to be followed by traffic in the aerodrome.
67(1) Parking a vehicle or causing a vehicle to remain at rest in an aerodrome in any 4
position, condition or circumstances likely to cause danger, obstruction or undue
inconvenience to traffic or other users in the aerodrome.
76 Driving a vehicle without due care and attention or without reasonable 9
consideration for other persons in an aerodrome.
1st Sched Requirements for a vehicle operating in the movement area 3
(Para 15) - Failing to fasten seat belts

Table 2 – RULES AND SCALE OF DEMERIT POINTS

Rule Nature of Violation Demerit

No. Points
1 Driving over any hose or bonding cable lying on the ground during aircraft refuelling. 9
2 Leaving vehicle unattended with the engine running, within 7.5 metres of an aircraft. 9
3 ‘Run-away’ trailer unit. 6
4 Towing more than 4 container trailers / baggage trolleys or more than 3 pallet dollies at 6
any one time.
5 Vehicle other than baggage tractor entering baggage handling area. 4
6 Failing to switch on yellow flashing light on top of the vehicle cab when operating on 4
taxiways and runways.
7 Load falling from equipment / vehicle. 4
8 Conveying load that is not properly secured. 4
9 Driving a forklift with its fork at more than 10 centimetres above road level. 4
10 Towing defective trailers / trolleys on airside roadways. 4

10
2 SAFETY RULES WITHIN THE AIRSIDE
2.1 VALID AIRFIELD DRIVING PERMIT (ADP)

2.1.1 Drivers operating within the airside

must possess a valid Airfield Driving
Permit (ADP), authorising them to
operate a vehicle of that description at
all times.
2.1.2 All holders of this permit shall produce
the ADP upon request by authorised
CAAS officers.
2.1.3 All ADP holders are required to sit for a
refresher course once every 2 years
before they are allowed to renew their
ADP.
2.1.4 All ADP holders are required to change
their ADP if it is faded or torn due to
wear and tear.

2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES

2.2.1 The classification of vehicles in the ADP is similar to those of the Land Transport
Authority (LTA) with certain internal classifications approved by CAAS as follows:-

Class A - Passenger Loading Bridge (PLB)

Class B - Passenger Loading Bridge- For cleaning & maintenance contractors

Class F - Forklift or Fork Truck

Class 3T - Motor Tractors (unladen weight less than 2500 kg) – Internal License approved by CAAS

Class 3A - Motor Cars and Motor Tractors with auto-transmission (unladen weight less than 2500 kg)

Class 3 - Motor Cars and Motor Tractors (unladen weight less than 2500 kg)

Class 4T - Motor Tractors (unladen weight more than 2500 kg but less than 7250 kg) – Internal
License approved by CAAS

Class 4D - Heavy Motor Cars and Motor Tractors (unladen weight more than 2500 kg) – Internal
License approved by CAAS

Class 4 - Heavy Motor Cars and Motor Tractors (unladen weight more than 2500 kg)

Class 5S - Motor Vehicles which are not constructed to carry any load and the unladen weight is
more than 7250 kg – Internal License approved by CAAS

Class 5 - Motor Vehicles which are not constructed to carry any load and the unladen weight is more
than 7250 kg

11
2.3 SPEED LIMIT

2.3.1 Drivers shall obey all regulatory signs in the airside and adhere to the speed limits
of :

(a) 5 km per hour within 10m of an aircraft;

(b) 25 km per hour on roadways within 15 metres of an aircraft stand; and
(c) 40 km per hour on roadways situated more than 15 metres away from any
aircraft stand.
(d) 10 km per hour in the Baggage Handling Area.

2.3.2 The speed limit signs painted on the surface of airside roadways as illustrated
below refers to the speed permissible in km/h.

25 40

2.3.3 The speed limit signs are the maximum speed for ideal conditions for that
particular stretch of road and must be reduced when visibility conditions
deteriorate.

2.3.4 No overtaking is allowed where a continuous double white line is painted in the
centre of the roadway.

2.4 SPEED LIMIT EXEMPTION

2.4.1 Emergency vehicles such as fire vehicles, ambulance and police vehicles on call
must be given priority to move ahead quickly and safely. Any indication of their
approach such as sirens or flashing lights should prompt the driver to give way by
moving to the left, slowing down or stopping if necessary.

2.4.2 ¹’Follow Me’ vehicles with a flashing blue, red or yellow light signal, including the
vehicles they escort are exempted from the speed limit when attending to an
emergency. They may leave the established roadways if necessary.

2.4.3 The vehicles described above, must give way to taxiing and towing aircraft at all
times.

¹ Adapted from ICAO Document Annex 14 Volume I

12
SAFETY IN THE VICINITY OF AIRCRAFT

When Aircraft is Stationary with Engines Running

2.5.1 Drivers and airside personnel must be aware of the dangerous effects of jet blast
injuries that could be caused by rotating propellers and potential ingestion when
in close proximity to aircraft with its engine running.

2.5.2 They shall not cross in front or behind a taxiing aircraft that would subject
themselves and or aircraft in danger.

2.5.3 No driver shall drive a vehicle towards

an aircraft with its engine running. An
aircraft with its engine running will
have its anti collision light on
(displaying a flashing red light signal)

2.5.4 Any person except maintenance staff working on a stationary aircraft with its
engine running:

(a) shall not pass within 7.5¹ metres from the air intake of the aircraft
engine.
(b) shall not pass within 76² metres from the rear of an aircraft jet engine.
(c) must be at least 5³ metres clear from the wing tip of a parked aircraft.

¹ Adapted from ACI Apron Safety Handbook, 1996 Edition (Pages 28 & 31)
² Adapted from ICAO Doc 9157 - Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 2 Taxiways, Aprons & Holding Bays
(Appendix 2)
³ Adapted from CAAS Aerodrome Regulations (Regulations 39)

13
When Aircraft is Taxiing

2.5.5 Personnel and vehicles shall give way to aircraft at all times irrespective of
whether the aircraft is taxiing or on tow. The picture below provides a guide to the
safety distances where vehicles or personnel shall maintain from a taxiing aircraft:

When Aircraft Being Refuelled

2.5.6 (a) Drivers shall not start their vehicles when within 15³ metres of a refuelling
aircraft.

(b) Drivers of vehicles shall keep clear of the aircraft engines and shall no
pass within 2.5 metres radius around the aircraft fuel tank vents.

(c) Drivers of vehicles shall not drive over any hose or bonding cable laid
during aircraft refuelling.

1 Adapted from CAAS Aerodrome Regulations (Regulations 36)

14
2.6 SAFETY AROUND AIRCRAFT PARKED AT THE STAND

2.6.1 Points to remember:-

(a) Do not drive behind an aircraft when its engines are running or when the
aircraft anti-collision light is still on (flashing red light);

(b) Do not approach an aircraft until the ground engineer gives the ‘thumb up’
signal when the aircraft has come to a complete stop, the wheels have
been chocked and the engines shut down;

(c) Do not walk or drive in front of an aircraft when its engines are running.
Maintain at least 7.5 metres clearance of the front of its engine. Beware of
engine ingestion and to keep clear of propellers;

(d) Do not drive or park under aircraft or aircraft wings unless the vehicles are
used for servicing the aircraft;

(e) Do not obstruct the path of an aircraft waiting for push back;

(f) Approach stationary aircraft at an angle and keep to the aircraft on the
driver’s side(not meant for docking to aircraft);

(g) Overtaking is strictly prohibited on aircraft stands;

(h) Use a marshaller or guideman when reversing towards aircraft;

(i) Do not leave vehicle unattended with the engine running near the aircraft;

(j) Keep the PLB safety zone free of any obstruction. Do not stop or park in
the PLB safety zone;

(k) Deposit all Foreign Object Damage (FOD) in bins provided after handling
of each flight;

(l) Report all fuel, oil and other chemical spillages;

(m) Wear high visibility safety vest at all times; and

(n) To engage the handbrake whenever the vehicle is stationary.

2.7 SEAT BELT

2.7.1 Drivers and passengers shall fasten their seat belts when the vehicle is in motion.
All drivers and passengers shall belt up where seat belts are installed in a vehicle.

15
2.8 SAFETY VEST

2.8.1 All personnel entering/performing work at all apron areas, including all aircraft
stands and the compass swing area are required to wear the high visibility (hi-
vis) safety vest at all times. It is also mandatory for cyclists to wear this safety
vest while cycling on airside roadways.

2.8.2 The specifications for the high visibility (hi-vis) safety vest to be used at
Singapore Changi Airport are as follows :

(a) The basic colour of the background material of the high visibility (hi-vis)
safety vest shall be yellow or lime green.

(b) Comply with Class 2 in the European Standard EN 471, British Standard
BS EN 471 or American Standard ANSI 107 in the following aspects :

i) minimum area of 0.5m2 of background material.

ii) minimum area of 0.13m2 of retro reflective material.

(c) The airport pass should be visibile when wearing the high visibility (hi-
vis) safety vest.

(d) The high visibility (hi-vis) safety vest shall be imprinted with the
respective organisations’ logo for easy identification.

2.8.3 During inclement weather, all personnel entering/performing work at all

movement areas, are required to wear the high visibility (hi-vis) raincoat / rain
suit at all times. The specifications for the high visibility (hi-vis) raincoat / rain
suit to be used at Singapore Changi Airport are as follows :

(a) The basic colour of the background material of the high visibility (hi-vis)
raincoat / rain suit shall be yellow or lime green.

(b) Comply with Class 3 in the European Standard EN 471, British Standard
BS EN 471 or American Standard ANSI 107 in the following aspects :

i) minimum area of 0.8m2 of background material.

ii) minimum area of 0.2m2 of retro reflective material.

(c) The airport pass should be visibile when wearing the high visibility (hi-
vis) raincoat / rain suit.

(d) The high visibility (hi-vis) raincoat / rain suit shall be imprinted with the
respective organisations’ logo for easy identification.

16
2.8.4 It is also acceptable if the high visibility (hi-vis) safety vest is worn over a non-
high visibility (hi-vis) raincoat / rain suit.

Front View of Safety Vest Back View of Safety Vest

Cyclist is also required to wear safety vest.

All airside workers are required to wear safety vest at

all times when operating in the aircraft stand

17
Illustration 1: Hand signals to guide vehicles

18
2.9 DRIVING AREAS

2.9.1 Service Roadways

(a) It is located in front of all aircraft parking stands. It is meant for movement
of vehicles and equipment. All drivers must ensure the height of their
vehicles(including loads or equipment on tow) do not infringe the height
restriction signs mounted on airside facilities and infrastructures.

(b) The speed limit is 25 km/h.

(c) Drivers shall not use the aircraft parking stands as short cuts to get to their
intended destination. Under no circumstances shall vehicles enter the
aircraft stand outside the Equipment Restraint Area (ERA) when aircraft is
taxiing into the stand.

Service Roadway
Uninterrupted white lines in front
of aircraft parking stand

(d) Tall vehicles e.g. catering trucks, travelling along the service roadways in
front of all Passenger Loading Bridges shall immediately clear the roadway
whenever an aircraft is approaching the gate. This is to avoid obstructing
the view of the Aircraft Marshaller when he operates the Aircraft Docking
Guidance System (ADGS).

(e) The height limit of gangway under Passenger Loading Bridge is 4 metres.
Tall vehicles, exceeding 4 metres in height shall refrain from travelling on
the holding strip under the Passenger Loading Bridge.

4.0m

19
(f) Height restriction limit signs are installed on the Passenger Loading
Bridges, at the underpasses and at the tunnel roadways. Tall vehicles
exceeding the respective height restriction limits indicated by such signs
are to use the secondary roadways or other alternative road ways.

4.5 metres Height Restriction No Entry to Passenger Step

(g) Tall vehicles (those capable of extending or rising) must be driven in the
retracted or lowered position and shall use the secondary roadways and
avoid those infrastructures with height restrictions as shown in above
pictures with height limit signs mounted.

(h) Stop signs painted on roadways R4 (T1), R7S (T2) and R1N (T3) outside
the Baggage Handling Areas serve to give uninterrupted flow to tractors
towing baggage containers into and out of the Baggage Handling Areas.
All drivers are to give way to such tractors. Nonetheless, these tractor
drivers shall also ensure traffic on these roadways have stopped before
proceeding.

20
2.9.2 Secondary Roadways

Secondary Roadway Interrupted white lines behind

aircraft parking stand

(a) It is located behind aircraft parking stands and in front of jet blast fence at
Terminal 1, 2 and 3 Baggage Handling Area.

(b) The speed limit on the secondary roadways is 25 km/h.

(c) Tall vehicles (including load) exceeding 4.5 metres in height are only
allowed to use only the secondary roadways.

(d) Vehicles using the secondary roadways:

(i) shall move away from the roadway and hold at the edge of the
stands and wait for the aircraft on the taxiway to clear; or

(ii) shall wait till the aircraft has been fully pushed back from its stand
onto the taxiway and taxied off before joining the roadway to
continue their journey.

(e) Tall vehicles, exceeding 4.5 metres in height travelling along the roadway,
in front of the jet blast fence opposite Terminal 2 Baggage Handling Area
shall stop at the entry to the taxiway and ensure that there is no aircraft
movement before continuing their journey.

2.9.3 Perimeter Roadways

(a) It is located near the fences that

surround the airside.

(b) The speed limit on the perimeter

roadways is 40 km/h.

21
2.9.4 Manoeuvring Area

(a) The manoeuvring area (excludes the apron) is reserved for flight
operations, e.g. take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft. Walking or
driving on the manoeuvring area is strictly prohibited.

(b) A vehicle not equipped with a two-way radio communication system shall
not enter the runway or taxiway. In the event that a radio communication
failure occurs, the driver of the affected vehicle must leave the
manoeuvring area immediately while looking out and giving way to
aircraft. He shall also look out for light signals from the direction of
Changi Tower and react accordingly. They are:

(i) Continuous GREEN Light directed at the vehicle - the driver is

authorised to enter and drive on the runway or taxiway;

(ii) Continuous RED Light directed at the vehicle - the driver shall
stop the vehicle immediately;

(iii) Intermittent RED Light is directed at the vehicle - the driver must
drive the vehicle clear of the runway or taxiway immediately;

(iv) Intermittent GREEN Light is directed at the vehicle - the driver

whose vehicle has been ordered to stay clear of the runway or
taxiway may return to the runway or taxiway; and

(v) Intermittent WHITE Light is directed at the vehicle, the driver is to

return at once to his starting point.

(c) If the driver do not understand any of the light signal directed at his
vehicle by the Changi Tower, the driver must not enter the runway or
taxiway and to stay clear of any parts of these areas.

2.10 CROSSING RUNWAYS

2.10.1 Drivers shall not cross a runway under any circumstances unless positive
permission has been given and acknowledged by the Changi Tower.

EXCEPT AIR TRAFFIC

NO ENTRY CONTROLCLEARANCE
RUNWAY AHEAD

‘NO ENTRY RUNWAY AHEAD’ is painted on the ground

(These signages and similar wordings marked on the ground are placed at the entrances
of roadways leading into the runway).

22
2.10.2 Drivers proceeding to any part of the manoeuvring area shall obtain prior approval
from the Duty Tower Controller over the radio transmitter on VHF 121.9 MHz
before proceeding to their destinations.

2.10.3 Drivers entering the manoeuvring area shall stop at the point of entry and
ascertain that there is no aircraft movement before entering the manoeuvring
area.

2.11 RESTRICTION ON SURFACE ROADWAYS CROSSING TAXIWAYS

2.11.1 Only authorised vehicles are allowed to cross the taxiways with conditions (see
paragraphs 2.9.4 and 2.10). This is to minimise interaction between aircraft and
vehicles.

2.11.2 These roadways are located at the North Cross Taxiways, South Cross Taxiways
and taxiways behind aircraft parking stands and taxiways along the Perimeter
Roadways. Please refer to Map of the Airside Roadway System attached.

2.11.3 The ‘Warning Give Way (yield) To Aircraft’ sign is painted on the secondary
roadway after the STOP line. This is to caution drivers of aircraft movement
crossing ahead.

2.11.4 Only authorised vehicles are allowed to use the surface roadways R3N and R5N
crossing the North Cross Taxiways. They are:

(a) Vehicles proceeding to Aircraft Stands 300 – 310 for aircraft handling or
other approved works;
(b) Air tugs;
(c) Joint Container Pallet Loaders (JCPL);
(d) Main Deck Loaders (MDL);
(e) Tankers / Bowsers carrying flammable liquid having a flash point of 61
degrees Celsius or less (e.g. Jet A1 fuel, Avgas or Petrol);
(f) Vehicles transporting explosive shipments; and
(g) Vehicles (including load) exceeding 4.5 metres in height.

2.11.5 Vehicles other than those mentioned above are to use the tunnel roadways R1N
and R7N.

23
2.11.6 Drivers of vehicles under para 2.9.4 shall stop before the stop line at the
respective junctions of R3N, R3S, R5N and R5S and look both left and right to
ensure there is absolutely no aircraft taxiing or about to taxI along the North Cross
Taxiways before proceeding.

2.12 SAFETY RULES FOR VEHICLES CROSSING TAXIWAYS

2.12.1 Only authorised vehicles are allowed to cross the North Cross or South Cross
Taxiways or any other Taxiways. All drivers must comply with all traffic signs and
markings, including traffic light signals provided, at the roadway crossing. Drivers
are to stop before the vehicle stop-line, look out for aircraft movements on the
taxiway at all times and ensure that there is no aircraft movement before crossing
the taxiway.

2.12.2 No vehicle is allowed to stop in any part of the roadway crossing that is within the
taxiway. In the event of a vehicle breakdown within the taxiway, the driver must
ensure it is reported to Apron Control Centre immediately. The vehicle shall not
be left unattended.

2.12.3 All airside organisations are to ensure that their drivers are familiar with the
rules and regulations governing the use of all roadways that cross the taxiways.

CAUTION
GIVE WAY
TO AIRCRAFT

24
2.12.4 Signs indicating 'No Entry" except "Authorised Vehicles" are installed at both
ends of the Roadway, R7S link which cut across South Cross I and II. Both
ends of this roadway are also barricaded to prevent any unauthorised entry.
Only drivers of passenger steps and vehicles / equipment above 4.5 m in
Height who need to gain access to aircraft stands 103 or 104 or the Budget
Terminal from T2 and vice versa must make prior arrangement with CAAS
Apron Control Centre at 65412257/8 with at least half an hour notice. Under no
circumstances shall the drivers of such vehicles proceed without the escort by
CAAS ACMS Enforcement Officer. Vehicles to be escorted shall park at the
holding strip at either aircraft stand 103 or 200 whilst waiting for CAAS ACMS
Enforcement Officer to escort them across.

2.13 VEHICLE ON RUNWAY OR TAXIWAY

2.13.1 All drivers on the runway or

taxiway shall drive the vehicle
on the RIGHT SIDE of the
runway/ taxiway.

2.13.2 Drivers shall not leave their vehicles unattended on the runway or taxiway.

2.13.3 All drivers shall switch on the yellow flashing light signal on top of their vehicles at
all times when operating on the runway / taxiway.

2.14 DRIVING IN AIRSIDE TUNNELS

2.14.1 Vehicles using the airside tunnels must comply with traffic signs and markings.

2.14.2 Prohibitions :

The following vehicles shall not enter the tunnel areas:

(a) Airtug;
(b) Joint Container Pallet Loaders (JCPL)

25
 (c) Main Deck Loaders (MDL)
(d) Tanker / Brwsers carrying flammable liquid having a flesh point of 61
degress Celsius or less (e.g. Jet A1 fuel, Avgas or Petrol);
(e) Vehicles transporting explosive shipments; and
(f) Vehilces (including load) exceeding 4.5 metres in height.

2.14.3 All drivers shall not enter the tunnel whenever the red light on the gantry is activated.

2.14.4 Parking or waiting in the tunnel is not allowed.

2.14.5 All drivers shall report to Apron Control Centre as soon as possible at 65412148 /
2257/8 or through any of the SOS telephones located on the wall of the tunnels if
their vehicles break down in the tunnel.

2.14.6 All drivers shall observe the speed limit of 40 km/h whilst driving inside the tunnels.

2.15 DRIVING WITHIN THE BAGGAGE HANDLING AREAS

Terminal 1 Baggage Handling Terminal 2 Baggage Handling

Area Area

2.15.1 Only baggage tractors and baggage trolleys are allowed to enter the baggage
handling area. Only hybrid tractors are allowed to enter the T3 baggage handling
area. The height clearance in the baggage handling area is 2.4 metres at
Terminal 1 and 2.3 metres at Terminal 2 & Terminal 3.

2.15.2 Baggage tractors are to move within the vehicular lanes indicated by arrows.

2.15.3 Tractors and trolleys when not in use, shall be positioned clear of the vehicular
lanes.

2.15.4 Pallet dollies and igloos are not allowed in the baggage handling areas.

2.15.5 Littering is an offence in the baggage handling areas.

2.15.6 The speed limit in Baggage Handling Area is 10 km/h.

2.15.7 Container doors / flaps are to be secured when on tow.

2.15.8 Baggage containers and trolleys are to be parked only at designated areas.

26
2.15.9 All drivers are to switched on the headlight whenever driving in the Baggage
Handling Areas.

2.16 PARKING OF VEHICLES

Figure A Figure B
2.16.1 Vehicles on the airside may only be parked in marked vehicle parking areas as
shown in Figure A.

2.16.2 On apron areas, vehicles and equipment may only park within the defined
equipment parking areas.

2.16.3 As a safety measure and to minimise accidents involving reversing vehicles,

drivers are urged to park their vehicles nose out facing the roadway as shown in
Figure B. All drivers are reminded to exercise caution when reversing their
vehicles from parking lots into the vehicular traffic lane.

2.16.4 Vehicles should not be parked in a way that will obstruct aircraft or other vehicles
or in a way that causes danger, obstruction or undue inconvenience to other
users. The chief executive officer may cause the vehicle to be removed and the
owner or driver thereof shall pay the costs or charges for the impoundment plus
storage fee of that vehicle.

2.16.5 Any vehicle not claimed within 3 months shall be disposed of in any manner the
Authority deems fit.

2.17 VEHICLE LIGHTINGS

Red Obstruction Light Yellow Flashing Light

27
2.17.1 Red Light

During the hours of darkness, a vehicle other than vehicle belonging to Airport
Emergency Services and Airport Police, shall display at its highest point a single
fixed red light, visible through 360 degrees, of a type approved by CAAS.

2.17.2 Yellow Flashing Light

Vehicles on the manoeuvring area, except vehicles used for servicing aircraft and
vehicles used only on aprons including those described in para 2.15.1, shall
display a yellow flashing light at its highest point during the hours of darkness and
during low visibility.

2.17.3 Vehicle Lights

Vehicle headlights (dipped or low-beamed), tail lights and single fixed red light
must be switched on during the hours of darkness or during low visibility in day
time (e.g. heavy rain) and when using the underpass or tunnels. Driving with high
beam headlights is prohibited except on perimeter roadways. Headlights must be
dipped if there is oncoming traffic.

2.18 DRIVER’S RESPONSIBILITY

2.18.1 Drivers in the course of duties are not allowed to consume alcohol, or for an
adequate period of time before coming on duty. The same applies to medicine or
drugs which may impair the ability of the driver.

2.18.2 Drivers must make sure that their vehicles are roadworthy before driving. Any
abnormality discovered that would compromise safety to themselves
and others, must be reported to their management immediately.

2.18.3 Passengers may be transported only in vehicles licensed for that purpose. No
person other than the driver shall travel in any vehicle in the airside unless he is
seated in a passenger seat provided in the vehicle or is standing in a section of
the vehicle which has been constructed for standing. Drivers are also reminded
that they are responsible for the safety of the passengers in their vehicle.

2.18.4 In accordance to the First Schedule of the CAAS (Aerodrome) Regulations, all
vehicles, unless exempted by CAAS, shall have seat belts installed for the driver
and front seat passenger. The driver and front seat passenger shall fasten their
seat belts when the vehicle is in motion.

2.18.5 Aircraft passengers shall have priority over all vehicular traffic.

2.18.6 Drivers must check that loads and trailers are properly secured before moving off
so as not to cause a hazard to other traffic or personnel.

2.18.7 Forklift drivers must ensure that the extended 'forks' are raised not more than 10
centimetres above the road level while travelling on the roadway.

28
2.18.8 Pedestrian Crossing

Pedestrian crossing signs are installed before the

pedestrian crossings at the service roads and
underpasses. Vehicles and equipment shall reduce
speed and stop before the crossing and give way to
pedestrians.

2.19 TOWING RULES

2.19.1 A tractor is allowed to tow a maximum of 4 container trailers/baggage trolleys or 3

pallet dollies at any one time.

2.19.2 No vehicle shall be towed by

another vehicle unless a suitable
tow bar is used for that purpose.

2.19.3 Drivers are to secure their loads before moving off.

2.19.4 If defects on the trailers or dollies are spotted during towing, the driver shall tow
the containers/cargoes to the nearest equipment staging area and replace the
faulty trailer/dolly before continue to tow. The driver must report the defect
immediately to his office to remove the equipment from staging area.

Container Trailer Baggage

/ Dolly Trolley

Pallet Dolly

29
2.20 NO SMOKING

2.20.1 Smoking is prohibited at the airside

(apron, in vehicles and Passenger
Loading Bridges, Baggage
Handling Areas and the Hangars).

2.21 RIGHT-OF-WAY

2.21.1 On right-of-way, the following priorities shall apply: -

(a) taxiing and towing aircraft;

(b) vehicles proceeding with a blue or red rotating lights and the escorted
vehicles;
(c) guide vehicles with a red rotating lamp on, including the vehicles they
escort;
(d) at road intersections or junctions, the right-before-left principle shall apply,
unless prescribed otherwise by traffic signs; and
(e) to traffic in all other areas, the right-left principle shall apply.

2.22 LITTERING

2.22.1 No person shall place, discharge or

deposit any refuse or litter at the ramp
except in the Foreign Object Damage
(FOD) bins provided.

2.22.2 All ground handling agents engaged in the servicing or handling of aircraft shall
inspect the aircraft stands to ensure that no foreign objects or materials are left on
the parking stand before every arrival and after every departure. Items that are
potential safety risks are those that may be ingested by aircraft engines or can
cause damage to aircraft tyres. Examples of such items are bolts and nuts from
ground equipment, plastic bags or sheeting.

2.22.3 The Duty Aircraft Ground Engineer shall ensure that the aircraft path to the stop
bar is clear of debris before the arrival and pushback of the aircraft. After an
aircraft pushback, the Duty Apron Officer of the respective ground handler is to
ensure that Passenger Loading Bridge (PLB) is clear of catering carton boxes. All
unwanted items taken out from the aircraft shall not be left inside the PLB or
outside the PLB’s stairs. They shall be disposed off at their respective handler’s
premises.

30
2.22.4 Before commencement of driving, the drivers shall inspect their vehicles to ensure
that the loads are properly secured to prevent them from falling off the vehicle.

2.23 INSTRUCTION OF AUTHORISED OFFICER

2.23.1 Drivers must comply with any direction or verbal instruction given by any
authorised officer who is for the time being engaged in the regulation of traffic
within an aerodrome.

2.23.2 Every person on the premises of an aerodrome shall obey the lawful directions
given by an authorised officer.

2.23.3 Drivers must produce the Airfield Driving Permit upon request by an authorised
officer.

Spot Check Speed Trap

(Note: The CAAS Apron Control/Management Service, its contracted

enforcement staff from the Auxilary Police, the Airport Police and the
CAAS Airport Emergency Service are authorised to check vehicles and
persons, within the provisions of the law including any officer
empowered by the Authority)

2.24 CYCLISTS

2.24.1 Airside organisations shall be required to send their staff who need to cycle in the
airside, to attend a briefing conducted by CAAS Apron Control/Management
Service. Only the namelist of all those who have attended the briefing are
authorised to cycle in the airside.

2.24.2 Any airside organisation wishing to operate a bicycle in the airside must write in to
obtain approval from CAAS Apron Control/Management Service.

2.24.3 Cyclists are required to check their bicycles to ensure they are roadworthy.

2.24.4 Cyclists shall travel in single file when in a group and keep to the extreme left side
of the road.

31
2.24.5 Cyclists shall park their bicycles on the kerb areas beside the apron floodlights
when attending to flights at the stand.

2.24.6 Cyclists must follow vehicular routes and give way to taxiing aircraft.

2.24.7 Cyclists on the airside roadways are also required to wear high visibility safety
vest.

2.24.8 The rules and regulations stipulated in the CAAS (Aerodrome) Regulations with
regard to 'drivers' and 'vehicles' shall apply to both cyclists and bicycles. As such,
cyclists shall observe the safety precautions and driving regulations applicable to
vehicle drivers.

2.25 REPORTING OF AIRSIDE INCIDENT / ACCIDENT

2.25.1 Drivers failing to report an accident within 24 hrs shall be guilty of an offence under the
CAAS (Aerodrome) Regulations.

2.25.2 Section 75(1)(a) of the CAAS (Aerodrome) Regulations stipulates that owners of vehicles
and equipment are required to provide drivers' particulars to CAAS Apron
Control/Management Service.

2.25.3 The details of a person alleged to have been driving or in charge of any vehicle at the
time of an accident or to have committed an offence, shall be provided to the CAAS
Apron Control/Management Service within 24 hours.

2.25.4 All personnel shall report immediately to the CAAS Duty Apron Control Centre
Supervisor, (Tel: 65412148/51 or 65412257/58) any airside incident/accident they
witness.
2.25.5 For accidents with casualties, contact the Medical Emergency Hotline (Tel:
65432223), Airport Police (65460000) and Duty Apron Control Centre Supervisor
(Tel: 65412148/51 or 65412257/58) immediately.

2.25.6 Provide transport for the medical officer or nurses from the airport medical centre
if they are called upon for immediate medical assistance prior to the arrival of an
ambulance.

2.25.7 All persons involved in an accident and witness/es shall remain at the scene of
the accident until an officer of the CAAS Apron Control/Management Service
arrives. If witnesses cannot stay at the scene due to other urgent duties, they
shall report to the CAAS Duty Enforcement Officer immediately upon
accomplishing their duties.

32
2.25.8 Drivers involved in accident shall not remove vehicle / equipment until permission
has been granted by a Police Officer or CAAS Apron Control/Management
Service except in situation where it endangers aircraft movement.

2.26 REQUIREMENT FOR ENTRY OF AMBULANCE IN THE AIRSIDE ON

REQUEST BY AIRPORT ORGANISATION

2.26.1 Contact the Medical Emergency Hotline (Tel: 65432223) for an ambulance and
provide the following details:-

(a) identify yourself;

(b) leave your contact number in case confirmation is required; and
(c) exact location of the injured / sick person.

2.26.2 Alert the Airport Police (Tel: 65460000) and provide the same information. Inform
them that an ambulance will be entering the airside.

2.26.3 Ambulance driver shall maintain a safe distance of 15 metres from a refuelling
aircraft.

2.27 PROCEDURE FOR ENTRY OF AMBULANCE OPERATORS IN

THE AIRSIDE

2.27.1 Ambulance entering the airside without Airfield Vehicle Permit shall provide the
ground handling agents the following details :
(a) Name of patient;
(b) Flight Number where necessary;
(c) Name and identification details of the ambulance driver;
(d) Ambulance vehicle registration number.

2.27.2 The Airport Police will provide the directions for the driver on the entry point into
the airside.

2.27.3 The ambulance driver is required to obtain a ‘visitor pass’ from the pass office
before meeting the ground handling agent at the entry point.

2.27.4 The ambulance driver is to position the ambulance on the 5 metre holding strip
and refrain from entering aircraft parking stand.

2.27.5 The ground handling agent will stay with the ambulance driver throughout the
assignment.

Note : Ambulances without an Airfield Vehicle Permit are to be escorted by the

Airport Police when attending to emergency call.

33
2.28 VEHICLE BREAKDOWN

2.28.1 In the event of a vehicle breakdown in the airside, the driver shall :-

(a) inform CAAS Apron Control Centre at (Tel: 65412148 / 2257) immediately;
(b) try to push the vehicle to the side of the roadway or any area that will not
cause obstruction to other traffic;
(c) inform the company maintenance section to repair or tow the vehicle away
as soon as possible;
(d) not leave the vehicle unattended;
(e) provide marshaller to divert traffic; and
(f) ensure that aircraft or vehicles are not obstructed by such breakdown.

2.29 PROCEDURE IN EVENT OF SPILLAGE

2.29.1 This procedure applies to all spillage including aviation fuel, hydraulic oil,
chemical and sewerage.

2.29.2 Aviation Fuel

(a) Fuel spillage covering an area of approximately 4m2 or more constitutes a

hazard and should be brought to the immediate attention of the Airport
Emergency Service (AES);

(b) Do not drive through the spilt liquid. Report spill to CAAS Apron Control
Centre (Tel: 65412148 / 65412257/8) and the Airport Emergency Service
(Tel: 65412526);

(c) If spillage is from an underground fuel pit, alert the Changi Airport Fuel
Hydrant Installation (CAFHI) at (Tel: 65464316) immediately and call
CAAS Apron Control Centre or AES who will advise CAFHI to activate the
fuel cut-off switch at the affected section of the fuel hydrant system;

(d) Do not start the engine of motorised equipment within spill areas until it is
cleaned up;

(e) Cordon off the spillage area;

(f) Divert road traffic;

(g) No ground equipment / vehicle shall be permitted to come within 15 metres

of the spillage area.

2.29.3 Hydraulic Oil Spill

(a) The driver responsible for the spillage shall mop up the affected area with
an absorbent material (except sawdust). The absorbent material must then
be disposed of safely.

34
 (b) For heavy oil spillage, scrubbing of the affected area is required. Contact
CAAS Apron Control Centre (Tel: 65412148 / 65412257/8) and provide the
following details:-

(i) identify yourself and leave your contact number in case

confirmation is required, and
(ii) location and extent of the spill and whether it affects aircraft and
persons.

2.30 REFUELLING OF VEHICLE

2.30.1 To refuel diesel powered engine vehicles or equipment at the apron area, the
refuelling truck must:

(a) Refuelling Location:

(i) Park away from aircraft at aircraft stand,
(ii) Park away from vehicular traffic routes in front of parked aircraft,
(iii) Position in Equipment Parking Area (EPA) leased by ground
handlers at remote stands.
(b) Safety:
(i) Display sign 'Refuelling in Progress' on top of the refuelling truck
and place safety cone to caution other vehicles,
(ii) Additional fire extinguisher,
(iii) Plug the leakage to stop the dripping,
(iv) Clean the spillage immediately.

2.30.2 In the event refuelling is necessary for a vehicle that is stationed near a parked
aircraft, the ground handling agent has to tow the particular vehicle away to
another leased area for refuelling for safety purposes.

2.31 USE OF COMMUNICATION DEVICES (MOBILE PHONES / WALKIE

TALKIES)

2.31.1 Using mobile phone or walkie talkie whilst driving within the airside is prohibited.

2.31.2 They should stop their vehicle outside the roadway or holding strip if they wish to
use any communication equipment.

[X] [X]
35
2.32 LIGHTNING WARNING

2.32.1 The Meteorological Office will inform Apron Control Tower of any expected
lightning and thunderstorm within 6 kilometres of the airport.

2.32.2 This information will be displayed on FIDS VDU to inform all airport users i.e.
LIGHTNING WARNING NO. 1: 0830 – 0930 HRS.

2.32.3 Earthing Points: The earthing points are available for use at all aircraft stands.

2.32.4 Lightning Shelters: Lightning safety shelters had been constructed at the apron at
bays 201, 206, 208, 300, 305, 307, 401, 403, and 606.

2.33 GENERAL RULES FOR PEDESTRIAN

2.33.1 Jaywalking in the apron is prohibited. All pedestrians must not walk across the
apron taxiway except workers carrying out works where approval has been
obtained and where that portion of the taxiway is closed for works.

2.33.2 Pedestrian shall use pedestrian crossings or walk paths where available and
look out for traffic at all times. Ensure vehicles stop before crossing the road.

2.33.3 Pedestrian shall not walk across the North Cross Taxiways along roadways
R3N and R7N, instead they are to walk alongside the kerbs of the tunnel
roadways, R1N and R7N to get to and from Cargo Apron and the Terminal
areas.

2.33.4 Pedestrian shall comply with traffic signs and signals.

2.33.5 Any airside organization which requires outside personnel or contractors to

their premises shall abide by the terms and conditions associated with the
issue of airport pass and the general rules applicable to pedestrians and
workers in the airside. They shall escort the outside personnel and ensure they
adhere strictly to the rules and regulations governing the airside.

2.33.6 Pedestrian shall not cross in front or behind a taxiing aircraft.

2.33.7 Any personnel who had been approved to work at certain portions of the
manoeuvring area, shall not stray outside the demarcated approved area of
works. Permission must be obtained from Air Traffic Controller if personnel are
required to go beyond the approved boundaries

36
3 AIRSIDE MARKINGS AND SAFETY SIGNS

3.1 APRON BOUNDARY LINE (ABL)

3.1.1 This line, drawn in red, provides a clear boundary between aircraft stand and
taxiways.

Apron Boundary Line (ABL)

3.1.2 Except at the West Cargo Apron, no equipment or vehicles are allowed on the
overlapping areas formed by the ABL between the aircraft stands.

3.2 EQUIPMENT RESTRAINT AREA (ERA)

Equipment Restraint Area (ERA)

Apron Safety Line (to demarcate ERA)

3.2.1 This is a closed area on which the aircraft is parked during ground handling. The
dimensions of the ERA are determined by the largest type of aircraft using the
parking position. The ERA is defined by the Apron Safety Line, drawn in red, on
the ground. Vehicles, ground handling equipment or objects are to keep clear of
the ERA while an aircraft is taxiing into the aircraft parking stand.

3.2.2 Transport vehicles which are not directly attending to the aircraft, are to keep
clear of the ERA and position at the 5m holding strip (refer to paragraph 3.6).

37
3.3 EQUIPMENT STAGING AREA (ESA)

3.3.1 This is an area set outside the

ERA to position ground handling
equipment on standby prior to
the arrival of the aircraft. This
area is located on the starboard
side of each aircraft stand and
marked by white outline before
the Apron Safety Line of the
ERA.
Equipment Staging Area(ESA)

3.3.2 Only ground handling equipment is allowed to be positioned at the ESA 20

minutes before the Estimated Time of Arrival of aircraft. All equipment should be
removed immediately after completion of aircraft handling.

3.3.3 All aircraft handling vehicles (eg. JCPL, transporters etc) and non-motorised
equipment (eg. baggage trolleys, pallet dolleys etc) whether loaded or empty,
which are involved with handling of aircraft, shall be properly lined up in an orderly
manner within the ESA as marked on the ground.

3.3.4 Warning Note:

Failure to comply with these limit lines can result in an accident when aircraft
enters the aircraft stand.

3.4 EQUIPMENT PARKING AREA (EPA)

Equipment Parking Area (EPA)

3.4.1 This is a closed area, painted in white meant for parking of ground handling
vehicles / equipment. It is used for long-term parking and leased to the ground
handling agents under a Tenancy Agreement.

3.4.2 Such equipment / vehicles shall not protrude beyond demarcated lines which
form the boundary of the rentable areas.

38
3.5 NO PARKING AREA (NPA)

3.5.1 This area is drawn to provide

manoeuvring area for airtugs to
connect to aircraft nose-wheel.
Vehicles and equipment are
prohibited to park at the NPA.

No Parking Area

3.6 HOLDING STRIP

3.6.1 This strip is located between the

roadway and the aircraft stand.

3.6.2 Only transport vehicles are allowed to park within the strip not earlier than 20
minutes before the Estimated Time of Arrival of aircraft. These vehicles shall be
removed immediately after each departure of aircraft at the stand.

3.7 PASSENGER LOADING BRIDGE SAFETY ZONE

3.7.1 Safety zone:

Red hatched lines (no parking or stopping within this area). The red hatching
defines safety areas that must remain clear at all times. Vehicles
must not park or hold in these areas.

39
Illustraction 2 : Layout of Aircraft Stand

PLAN VIEW OF APRON SHOWING DESIGNATED PARKING AREAS FOR VEHICLE

AND NON-MOTORIZED EQUIPMENT

40
3.8 OTHER AIRSIDE AND ROADWAYS MARKINGS AND SIGNAGES

3.8.1 Marshalling Box

A marshalling box has been painted on the ‘NO PARKING’ area of all cargo and
remote parking stands. It marks the location for positioning the aircraft
marshalling platform.

Aircraft marshallers are to ensure that the marshalling platform is positioned at the
marshalling box such that the equipment does not protrude onto the service road.
The marshalling platform shall be removed after completion of the marshalling
process.

3.8.2 Roadway designator

Road designators are painted at

the entrance of the roadway in
white.

3.8.3 Category II Instrument Landing System (Ils) Operations

During a prolonged period of low visibility (i.e. haze), Changi Tower may declare
CAT II ILS Operations to facilitate aircraft landing.

All airside personnel and equipment are to withdraw

from the Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ) within one hour
of the declaration.

Unauthorised entry of vehicles into roadways leading

to runways may affect the readings of the ILS which
are crucial to the final phase during the landing of an
aircraft. Ground vehicles that need to move into or in
the vicinity of the Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ) are to
seek clearance from Changi Tower in advance.

Please also refer to the Map of the Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ) attached.

3.8.4 SAFETY RULES

41
 Informative signs on the DOs and DON’Ts at the airside.

3.8.5 Designation of aircraft parking stand with coordinates.

Letters / Numbers : Yellow

Background : Black

3.8.6 Caution Sign

###
###
###
###

CAUTION
GIVE WAY TO
TRAFFIC ON YOUR
LEFT & RIGHT

3.8.6 Changi Airport Fuel Hydrant Installation

42
 CAFHI
JET A-1 FUEL
EMERGENCY SWITCH
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY :-

1. BREAK GLASS
2. PRESS BUTTON
3. INFORM CAFHI AT TELEPHONE:-
65464316 /65464317

3.8.8 Poster on SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR LIGHTNING PROTECTION

Located at the rotunda of Passenger

Loading Bridge.

3.8.9 FUEL PIT

Located on all aircraft stands. It is

the point of fuel uplift for the
aircraft. Damaged to the fuel pit
cover must be reported to CAFHI
(65464316) and Apron Control
Centre (65412257).

43
4 BUDGET TERMINAL OPERATIONS

4.1 RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR DRIVERS

4.1.1 The Rules and Regulations governing the airside also apply to the airside of
Budget Terminal.

4.2 SPEED LIMIT

4.2.1 Drivers shall comply with all regulatory and traffic signs or signals within the
airside and adhere to the speed limits of :

(a) 5 km per hour within 10 metres of an aircraft;

(b) 25 km per hour on roadways within 15 metres of an aircraft stand; and

(c) 40 km per hour on roadways situated more than 15 metres away from any
aircraft stand.

(d) 10 km per hour in the Baggage Handling Area.

4.3 DRIVING AREAS (See attached chart)

4.3.1 Apron Roadway Behind BT Parking Stands

(a) It is the only roadway with access to the aircraft parking stands. All drivers
shall :

(i) look out for rotating aircraft movement lights on top of the INS Boards
mounted at the terminal fronting all aircraft stands. The rotating light
indicates impending aircraft arrival to the stand or aircraft at the stand
is being pushed back from the parking stand. In addition, aircraft
manoeuvring guidance lights would be lighted to alert drivers of
impending arrival to the aircraft parking stand.

(ii) look out for any aircraft taxiing along the apron taxiway, L5 and give
way to the aircraft until it has turned into its parking stand and shut off
its engines and the anti-collision lights are off before continue your
journey.

(iii) stop his vehicle before the give-way marking indicated by broken
double white lines as shown in fig. (b) below and wait till the aircraft
has parked and its engine shutdown or fully pushed back from its
stand onto the taxiway and taxied off before joining the roadway to
continue their journey.

44
 (iv) the aircraft stand numbering is painted beside the yield sign,
indicating to drivers the safe position to hold for an aircraft to enter
or pushback from that particular stand.

- The broken double white lines indicate where Fig (b)

vehicles shall hold to give way to aircraft
taxiing into its stand or about to be pushed
back from its stand.
- The ‘Warning Give Way To Aircraft’ (Yield)
signs serve to caution drivers of aircraft
movements traversing the roadway and to
look out and give way to aircraft at all times.

Note : All drivers shall not use the roadway in 1

front of the aircraft stand.

4.4 DRIVING WITHIN THE BAGGAGE HANDLING AREA

(a) Only baggage tractors and trolleys are allowed to enter the baggage
handling area.
(b) Baggage tractors are to move within the vehicular lanes indicated by arrows.
(c) Tractors and trolleys when not in use, shall be positioned clear of the vehicular
lanes.
(d) Baggage pallets and igloos are not allowed in the baggage handling area.

4.5 AIRSIDE MARKINGS AND SAFETY SIGNS

4.5.1 Apron Boundary Line (ABL)

This line, drawn in red, provides a
clear boundary between aircraft
stand and taxiways.

Apron Boundary Line

(ABL)

4.5.2 Equipment Restraint Area (ERA)

(a) This is a closed area on which the aircraft is parked during ground
handling. The ERA is defined by the Apron Safety Line, drawn in red, on
the ground. Vehicles, ground handling equipment or objects are to keep
clear of the ERA while an aircraft is taxiing into the aircraft parking stand or
pushing back.

45
 (b) During the servicing of aircraft, all vehicles and equipment are to keep within
the ERA.

4.5.3 Equipment Staging Area (ESA)

(a) This is an area set outside the

ERA to position ground
handling equipment on
standby prior to the arrival of
the aircraft. This area is
located on the starboard side
of each aircraft stand.
Equipment Staging
Area(ESA)
(b) Only ground handling equipment other than transport vehicles are allowed
to be positioned 20 minutes before the Estimated Time of Arrival of
aircraft and should be removed immediately after completion of aircraft
servicing.

(c) All equipment whether loaded or empty, shall be properly lined up in an

orderly manner within the ESA.

4.6 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING

Pedestrian crossing signs are installed before

the pedestrian crossings in front of the parking
stands. Pedestrian crossing at Budget Terminal
is meant for passengers only. All vehicles and
equipment are not allowed to travel on the
roadways in front of the parking stand.

4.7 SAFETY IN THE VICINITY OF AIRCRAFT –

POINTS TO REMEMBER :

(a) Do not approach an aircraft when its anti-collision light is still on (flashing
red light);

(b) Do not approach an aircraft until it has come to a complete stop, the
wheels have been chocked and the engines shut down;

(c) Do not drive behind an aircraft when its engines are running;

(d) Do not walk or drive in front of an aircraft when its engines are running.
Maintain 7.5 metres clearance of the front of its engine. Beware of engine
ingestion and to keep clear of propellers;

46
 (e) Do not drive or park under aircraft or aircraft wings;

(f) Do not obstruct the path of an aircraft waiting for push back;

(g) Overtaking is strictly prohibited on aircraft stands;

(h) Use a marshaller or guideman when reversing;

(i) Do not leave vehicle unattended with the engine running;

(j) Deposit all Foreign Object Damage (FOD) in bins provided;

(k) Report all fuel, oil and other chemical spillages to AES;

(l) Wear high visibility safety vest at all times; and

(m) Vehicles and equipment on the airside may only be parked in defined
vehicle parking areas.

4.8 SAFETY ON ROADWAY BEHIND AIRCRAFT PARKING

STAND AT BUDGET TERMINAL (BT)

4.8.1 Holding position markings

‘Yield’ signs and give way markings (broken double white lines) are painted on
the roadway behind every parking stand to remind drivers where to stop and
give way whenever an aircraft is entering the parking stand or is pushing back
from the parking stand.

4.8.2 Lighted Warning Signs

Lighted Warning signs have been installed at both entrances to the roadway.
These signs serve to remind airside drivers to be vigilant and give way to
aircraft and emergency vehicles at all times.

4.8.3 Rotating Aircraft Movement Light

A rotating aircraft movement light mounted on top of the INS board assists to
pre-empt drivers of aircraft movement at the parking stand. Aircraft marshaller
is to switch on the aircraft movement light to warn airside drivers of aircraft
movement at the parking stand.

47
5 RADIO PROCEDURES

5.1 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

5.1.1 The Changi Tower is responsible for the control of vehicle movement on the
manoeuvring area. To maintain such control, vehicles operating on the
manoeuvring area should be fitted with radiotelephony facility (RTF) tuned to the
right channel, or closely escorted by an RTF-equipped vehicle. The RTF-
equipped vehicle must be approved by CAAS. In addition, the driver must
possess a Category One Airfield Driving Permit.

5.1.2 When vehicles are operating in close proximity to aircraft, drivers should be
extremely vigilant and are to comply with the full local procedures and Changi
Tower instructions.

5.1.3 Correct RTF operating techniques must be observed by users at all times. It is
important that all vehicles on the movement area maintain a continuous listening
watch on the RTF.

5.1.4 The driver of a vehicle is not permitted to communicate on radiotelephony set/

handphone / walkie-talkie whilst the vehicle is in motion.

5.1.5 Drivers would have to stop by the side of the roadway before responding on the
RTF.

5.2 MOVEMENT INSTRUCTIONS

5.2.1 Drivers on first call should identify themselves by their vehicle call sign, state their
position and intended destination (and possible required route).

Example: -

Rover 47 - CHANGI TOWER, THIS IS ROVER 47 AT BAY D46.

REQUEST TO PROCEED TO WORK IN PROGRESS
TAXIWAY ECHO 3.

Tower - ROVER 47, THIS IS CHANGI TOWER. PROCEED TO

TAXIWAY ECHO 3 VIA ECHO CHARLIE 3.
ACKNOWLEDGE?

Rover 47 - CHANGI TOWER, THIS IS ROVER 47. PROCEEDING

TO TAXIWAY ECHO 3 VIA ECHO CHARLIE 3.

Tower - AFFIRM, ROVER 47.

5.2.2 The driver shall not proceed until positive permission is given by Changi Tower.

48
5.2.3 Permission to proceed on the manoeuvring area may include such instructions
regarding other traffic to ensure safe operations.

Example: -
Tower - ROVER 47, GIVE WAY TO THE SIA B747 ON YOUR
LEFT THEN PROCEED TO ECHO 3, CAUTION JET
BLAST.

5.2.4 If the radio equipment in the vehicle fails, the driver must vacate the runway and
taxiway immediately and inform Changi Tower by the most expeditious means.
This could be through other vehicles with RTF, the nearest telephone or
handphone. Changi Tower can be contacted at Tel: 65412416.

5.3 CROSSING RUNWAYS / TAXIWAYS

5.3.1 Under no circumstances shall a person enter or drive into the runway or taxiway
(manoeuvring areas) unless positive permission has been given and
acknowledged by the Changi Tower.

5.3.2 A runway vacated report shall not be made until the vehicle is clear of the runway.

5.4 LANGUAGE OF COMMUNICATION

5.4.1 English language is used internationally for ground radiotelephony

communication.

5.5 TIME SYSTEM

5.5.1 0001 hours for the beginning of the day and midnight is designated 2400 hours
for the end of the day.

5.6 TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES

5.6.1 The articulation of the users of radiotelephony communication can affect the
quality reception of speech. Poor delivery of RTF can cause confusion or
misunderstanding and create potentially hazardous situations.

5.6.2 Before Transmission

5.6.2.1 Tune to the right frequency to ensure no interference to transmission from

another station. Do not interrupt if a station is making a transmission that
obviously requires a reply from another addressee.

5.6.2.2 However, any station having a distress or urgency message to transmit is entitled
to interrupt any transmission of lower priority.

5.6.2.3 Determine what to say before transmission and avoid the inadvertent use of
'hesitation sounds' like 'er', 'ah', or 'um' etc.

49
5.6.3 Microphones

5.6.3.1 Do not turn away from the microphone while talking or vary the distance between
the microphone and the mouth. Severe distortion of speech may arise from:

(a) Talking too close to the microphone.

(b) Touching the microphone with the lips.

5.6.3.2 Ensure the transmit switch is activated before talking and not released until finish.
This will prevent 'clipping' of transmissions. Drivers are to ensure that the transmit
switch is completely released after use, to prevent jamming of the frequency.

5.6.4 Pronunciation

5.6.4.1 It is important to pronounce each word slowly and clearly. Do not mispronounce
or omit consonants. This will make mutual understanding difficult or impossible
over the radiotelephone.

5.6.5 Voice Control

5.6.5.1 Speak normally. Do not whisper or shout.

5.6.5.2 Avoid lowering your voice during the transmission. Maintain an even rate of
speech (not greater than 100 words a minute).

5.6.5.3 Do not talk rapidly.

5.6.5.4 Talk slightly slower if any detail of a message has to be written down by the
recipient.

5.6.5.5 Make a slight pause between numbers to allow the listener to understand the
message.

5.7 PHRASEOLOGY

5.7.1 Use standard phraseology where possible.

5.7.2 Always be concise and unambiguous on RTF.

5.7.3 Avoid asking questions by using an inflection of the voice.

5.7.4 Always use the correct interrogative word or standard phrase.

5.7.5 Do not use expressions of politeness excessively.

5.7.6 Some General Tips

5.7.6.1 Before you go onto the manoeuvring area: -

50
 i. know the manoeuvring area
ii. know the procedures
iii. be precise - and patient
iv. comply with instruction
v. keep your eyes open and stay alert
vi. never go beyond hearing range of your radio
vii. never leave anything (equipment or tools) on the manoeuvring area.

5.8 PRONUNCIATION OF LETTERS

5.8.1 The following words are to be used when you are required to transmit individual
letters, e.g. call signs.
LETTER WORD PRONUNCIATION IN ENGLISH
A Alfa AL FAH
B Bravo BRAH VOH
C Charlie CHAR LEE
D Delta DELL TAH
E Echo ECK OH
F Foxtrot FOKS TROT
G Golf GOLF
H Hotel HOH TELL
I India IN DEE AH
J Juliett JEW LEE ETT
K Kilo KEY LOH
L Lima LEE MAH
M Mike MIKE
N November NO VEM BER
O Oscar OSS CAR
P Papa PAH PAH
Q Quebec KEY BECK
R Romeo ROW ME OH
S Sierra SEE AIR RAH
T Tango TANG GO
U Uniform YOU NEE FORM
V Victor VIK TAH
W Whiskey WISS KEY
X X-ray ECKS RAY
Y Yankee YANG KEY
Z Zulu ZOO LOO

5.8.2 The underlined syllables are emphasized.

5.9 TRANSMISSION OF DIGITS

5.9.1 Every digit of a number is normally spoken separately. However, if the number is
a whole thousand, each digit of the number of thousands is spoken separately,
followed by the word 'thousand' (pronounced 'TOUSAND').

5.9.2 A decimal point within a number is to be indicated by the word 'decimal'

(pronounced DAY-SEE-MAL).

51
5.9.3 The following words are used when transmitting single digits.

0 – ZERO 5 - FIFE
1 – WUN 6 - SIX
2 – TOO 7 - SEVEN
3 – TREE 8 - AIT
4 – FOWER 9 - NINER

• 5 and 9 are spoken as `FIFE' and `NINER' respectively

as they are easily confused when spoken normally.

5.10 RADIOTELEPHONY CALLSIGNS

5.10.1 The identification of the unit is used followed by a suffix to indicate the service
provided.

CALLSIGNS SUFFIX IDENTIFICATION

Tower CHANGI TOWER
Singapore Apron APRON CONTROL CENTRE

5.11 STANDARD WORDS AND PHRASES

5.11.1 The following words and phrases shall be used in radiotelephony

communications as appropriate and shall have the meaning given below: -

Word / Phrase Meaning

ACKNOWLEDGE Let me know you have received and understood the message.

AFFIRM Yes.

APPROVED Permission for requested action is granted.

BREAK I am indicating the separation in between portions of the message. (To

be used where there is no clear distinction between the text and other
portions of the message).

BREAK BREAK I am indicating the separation in between messages transmitted to

different aircraft in a very busy environment.

CANCEL Withdraw the previously transmitted clearance.

CLEARED Authorised to proceed under the conditions specified.

CONFIRM Have I correctly received the following ...? or Did you correctly receive
this message?

52
CONTACT Establish radio contact with .....

CORRECT That is correct.

CORRECTION An error has been made in this transmission (or message indicated).
The correct version is ......

DISREGARD Consider that transmission is not sent.

GO AHEAD Proceed with your message.

Note: The phrase 'GO AHEAD' is not normally used in surface
movement communications.

HOW DO YOU READ What is the readability of my transmission?

I SAY AGAIN I repeat for clarity or emphasis.

MONITOR Listen out on (frequency).

NEGATIVE No or Permission not granted or That is not correct.

OUT This exchange of transmission is ended and no response is expected.

Note: The word 'OUT' is not normally used in VHF communications.

OVER My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you.

Note: The word 'OVER' is not normally used in VHF
communications.

RECLEARED A change has been made to your last clearance. This new clearance
supersedes the previous clearance or part thereof.

REPORT Pass me the following information.

REQUEST I wish to know ...... or obtain ......

ROGER I have received and understood your last transmission.

SAY AGAIN Repeat all, or part, of your last transmission.

SPEAK SLOWER Reduce your speed or rate of speech.

STANDBY Wait and I will call you.

VERIFY Check and confirm with originator.

WILCO (Abbreviation for 'will comply'). I understand your message and will
comply with it.
WORDS TWICE (a) As a request: -
Communication is difficult. Please send every word or group of
words twice.
(b) As information: -
Since communication is difficult, every word or group of words in
this message will be sent twice.

53
5.12 REQUIREMENTS TO OBTAIN CATEGORY 1 AIRFIELD DRIVING PERMIT
(ADP) FOR DRIVERS ENTERING MANOEUVRING
AREAS

5.12.1 Applicant must be an Airfield Driving Permit (ADP) holder for at least three
month.

5.12.2 Applicant must write in with the following supporting documents:

(a) Justification letter endorsed by CAAS Engineering Division with reasons

to obtain the Cat 1 permit;

(b) A certified records on the completion of 10 familiarisation trips to the

manouevring area accompanied by Cat 1 ADP holder. The CAT 1 ADP
holder must endorse the trips made. The minimum 10 familiarisation
trips is inclusive of 20 percent of night trips.

5.12.3 Applicant is to attend a course on Radio Telephony (RT) phraseology,

stipulated in Rules & Regulations Handbook, conducted by CAAS Apron
Control/Management Service.

5.12.4 Applicant is also required to pass a written test and a radio telephony test into
runway or taxiway.

5.12.5 The Airfield Driving Permit (ADP) will be upgraded to Cat 1 with the following
wordings endorsed on the driving permit, upon successful completion of the
course and tests:
ENTRY INTO RUNWAY/TAXIWAY
SUBJECT TO CLEARANCE FROM CHANGI TOWER.

5.12.6 The Airfield Driving Permit (ADP) will also be endorsed with the word
‘Category 1’ on the front of the driver’s permit.

5.13 REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATION OF RADIO TELEPHONY (RT) SET

IN AIRSIDE VEHICLES FOR ENTERING MANOEUVRING AREAS

5.13.1 The vehicle must be issued with a valid Airfield Vehicle Permit.

5.13.2 The owner of the vehicle shall write in to apply for the RT set to be installed in
the vehicle.

5.13.3 If the vehicle’s intended use is other than the apron areas, the entire body of
the vehicle down to the waist and the front portion of the vehicle shall be
painted yellow.

5.13.4 Upon written approval and call-sign number is given, the vehicle must comply
with the conditions as stipulated below:

54
 (a) A warning sign (no less than 15mm height by 10mm in width) to be
displayed on the dashboard (or any position conspicuous to the driver of
the vehicle) bearing the following words:

NO ENTRY INTO RUNWAY/TAXIWAY

WITHOUT CLEARANCE FROM CHANGI TOWER

(b) A set of flashing yellow lights to be fitted on top of the vehicle;

(c) The rover number must be painted black, each letter no smaller than
60cm height by 45cm in width on top of the flat surface of the vehicle;
(d) An updated runway/taxiway map to be available in the vehicle at all
times;
(e) A copy of the Works Order on radio installation (121.9 MHz) to be
submitted to CAAS Apron Control/Management Service during the
inspection.

5.13.5 The vehicle is to be inspected by CAAS Apron Control/Management Service for

the compliance of the above conditions (para 5.13.4) within one week from the
approval.

5.13.6 The driver is to use the RT set according to procedures stipulated in the Rules
and Regulations for Airside Personnel.

55
6 REQUIREMENTS FOR A VEHICLE
OPERATING IN THE MOVEMENT AREA

6.1 TYPES OF VEHICLE PERMITS

All vehicles and equipment shall comply with the requirements as stipulated in the
First Schedule of CAAS (Aerodrome) Regulations.

Types Of Vehicle Permits

SPECIMEN SPECIMEN

Airfield Vehicle Permit without aircraft Airfield Vehicle Permit with aircraft imprint
imprint are for vehicles not permitted to are for vehicles and ground handling
go near or parked near stationary aircraft. equipment permitted to go near parked
aircraft for handling purposes.

SPECIMEN

Temporary Entry Permit (for vehicles only)

( Note: All AVP or TEP must be displayed conspicuously on the vehicle windscreen or
around the driver or passenger seat for vehicles without windscreen )

6.2 INSURANCE COVERAGE

6.2.1 Owners of all vehicles and equipment operating within the airside must ensure
that the insurance coverage for these vehicles and equipment shall include
‘operations within the airside of Changi Airport’. For application and renewal,
documentary proof is needed.

56
6.2.2 This insurance coverage also applies to all vehicles with adhoc Temporary Entry
Permits.

6.3 CONDITIONS FOR TEMPORARY ENTRY PERMIT APPLICATION

6.3.1 A Temporary Entry Permit may be issued for any vehicle to enter the movement
area on adhoc basis to set down personnel, deliver heavy equipment or for other
approved purposes. The owner of the vehicle and equipment with the Temporary
Entry Permit shall comply with the followings:

(a) Obtain prior clearance from the Licensing Section of CAAS Apron
Control / Management Service;

(b) Be accompanied by a holder of an Airfield Driving Permit who shall

act as steersman of the vehicle;

(c) Display a regulation type checkered flag [0.3m by 0.3m ] by day and
flashing yellow light by night, at its highest point. If the vehicles are
required to enter the manoeuvring areas i.e. runways and taxiways,
clearance must be obtained from Changi Tower;

(d) Not to enter any aircraft hangar and aircraft parking stand;

(e) Not to enter any runway or taxiway unless clearance given by Changi
Tower to do so;

(f) Maintain a safety distance of 15 metres from any refueling points and
fuel tank vents;

(g) Remove any debris from the airside after completion of work;

(h) Pay the repair cost of any damage caused to CAAS property plus all
administration charges; and

(i) Comply with such other conditions as may be imposed by the Chief
Executive Officer. The driver or any person who being the holder
of an airfield driving permit and acting as a steersman who acts in
contravention to any of the above conditions including the rules and
regulations governing the airside of Changi Airport, shall be guilty
of an offence.

6.4 VEHICLE USAGE AND DEPLOYMENT

6.4.1 Owners of vehicles and equipment operating within the airside must maintain
records on vehicle usage and their deployment. When requested, these records
must be submitted to CAAS Apron Control/Management Service for audit checks.

57
6.5 SPECIFICATIONS FOR AIRFIELD VEHICLE PERMIT APPLICATION

6.5.1 The petrol engine of the vehicle shall be effectively flame proofed as follows: -

(a) the mixture adjustment for the induction system shall be such that exhaust
pipe explosions cannot occur when the throttle is suddenly closed;

(b) the carburetor air intake shall be fitted with a flame trap or arrestor. (A
standard automotive type oil bath air cleaner complies with this
requirement). Alternative types of flame traps or air filters must be
approved by the chief executive officer; and

(c) the gasket between the induction manifold and the cylinder block shall be
such as to ensure an efficient gas-tight seal.

6.5.2 The exhaust system of the vehicle shall comply with the following requirements:

(a) the exhaust manifold and the section of the exhaust pipe adjacent to the
manifold shall be shrouded with a metal cover to prevent petrol, oil or other
combustible material from coming into contact with the hot metal. If the
manifold cannot be effectively protected in such a manner, a drip tray shall
be provided under the carburetor with drainpipe to direct waste petrol away
from the manifold and exhaust pipe;

(b) the tail pipe of the exhaust system shall be fitted with an approved type of
spark arrestor for vehicle without catalytic converter. Because of the rapid
ease with which screen type arrestors can collect carbon, they must be
serviced regularly to ensure that they remain in an efficient condition; and

(c) the entire exhaust system from the exhaust manifold to the tail pipe should
be checked regularly to ensure that there are no gas leaks.

6.5.3 The fuel system, of the vehicle, including the petrol tank, pipelines, fuel pump, fuel
filters, carburetors, etc. shall be free of leaks. Any leakage shall be immediately
rectified.

6.5.4 The electrical system of the vehicle shall comply with the following requirements: -

(a) spark plugs shall be of the KLG (K. LEE – Guiness) type MF50 or
equivalent;

(b) the distributor cover shall be free of cracks or mechanical defects and shall
fit tightly on the housing;

(c) all high tension cables shall be fastened by means of screwed connection
or equivalent;

(d) the voltage regulator and cut-out shall be enclosed by a close-fitting cover;

58
 (e) fuses shall be of the glass enclosed type and protected from breakage by
a cover;

(f) the battery shall be suitably covered to avoid accidental shorting of the
cells and shall be provided with adequate means of natural ventilation;

(g) all switches shall be of the enclosed type;

(h) openings in the casing of the generator and starter motor shall be covered
by a fine wire screen having not less than 30 wire-meshes of a size not
less than 30 S.W.G.; and

(i) spark suppression shall be used where possible to reduce the intensity of
sparking at switch and relay contacts and at the commutators of
generators and starter motors.

6.5.5 The diesel engine of the vehicle shall comply with the following requirements:-

(a) flame proofing of the exhaust and ignition system of diesel engines is not
required;

(b) the fuel system of the engine shall be free of leaks. Any leakage shall be
immediately rectified;

(c) the electrical equipment associated with diesel engines shall conform
where applicable to the requirements for electrical equipment associated
with petrol engines specified in paragraph 4.3;

(d) the air intake to the air blower shall be fitted with a flame trap or arrestor (a
standard automotive type oil bath air cleaner complies with this
requirement). The chief executive officer must approve alternative types of
flame traps or air filters.

6.5.6 (a) The vehicle shall be painted with a distinguishing roundel comprising a
152-millimetres diameter green circle surrounded by a 25-millimetres
white-band.

(b) The roundel shall be painted in

clearly discernible positions on
the front and rear of each vehicle
and in an appropriate position on
other items of equipment.

6.5.7 All vehicle, other than a vehicle belonging to the Airport Emergency Service and
Airport Police, shall be adequately marked as an obstruction and such markings
shall take the following form: -

59
 (a) the entire body of the vehicle down to the waist and the front portion of the
vehicle shall be painted yellow for the vehicle entering the manoeuvring
area and yellow or white for others; and

(b) the vertical yellow or white surface shall contain the owner's insignia or
logo. The size of the logo shall be at least 200mm x 260mm or 260mm x
200mm.

6.5.8 During hours of darkness, vehicles other than a vehicle belonging to the Airport
Emergency Service and Airport Police shall display at its highest point a single
fixed red light, visible through 360 degrees of a type approved by the chief
executive officer.

6.5.9 The front headlamps (low beam) and tail lights of such a vehicle shall be switched
on when the vehicle is used during the hours of darkness and the front
headlamps shall be dipped at all times.

6.5.10 The electrical and ignition equipment of such a vehicle shall be suppressed to the
satisfaction of the chief executive officer.

6.5.11 Such a vehicle shall be equipped with a fire

extinguisher (1 kg ABC dry powder or 2 kg
Halotron 1 or a suitable alternative as
determined by the chief executive officer )
securely mounted on suitable brackets affixed
to a readily accessible position.

6.5.12 The wheels of such a vehicle shall be fitted with rubber tyres.

60
6.5.13 A vehicle used for the transport of passengers
and crew shall display a 'NO SMOKING' sign
inside the vehicle visible to all the occupants of
the vehicle. During the hours of darkness this
sign shall be illuminated.

6.5.14 Every vehicle belonging to the Airport Emergency Service shall: -

(a) be marked with the Service's distinctive colour; and

(b) display a rotating red light when in operation.

6.5.15 A vehicle, unless exempted by the chief executive officer, shall be installed with
seat belts for the driver and the front seat passenger and every driver and front
seat passenger shall fasten their seat belts when the vehicle is in motion.

6.5.16 A vehicle, unless exempted by the chief executive officer, that can travel at a
speed in excess of 40 kilometres per hour shall be fitted with a speed warning
device. The device shall be set to activate when the vehicle exceeds the speed
of 50 kilometres per hour.

Note :

When applying for Airfield Vehicle Permits, all vehicle owners are required to
send their vehicles annually to an authorised inspection centres appointed by
CAAS Airport Emergency Service. The original Certificate of Inspection with the
additional endorsement must be submitted to the CAAS Licensing Counter for
retention. The CAAS appointed inspection centres are JTC, VICOM and STA
(Please see the Airport Information Circular 30/2006 dated 9 June 2006 ).

61
 No : 30/2006
Date : 9 June 2006

AIRPORT INFORMATION CIRCULAR

To all Airport Organisations

INTEGRATION OF CAAS AIRFIELD VEHICLE PERMIT INSPECTIONS WITH

ROADWORTHINESS INSPECTIONS

In accordance with the CAAS Act, Chapter 41, Section 42(1), Regulation 5, all motorised
vehicles operating on the airside at Changi and Seletar airports must comply with CAAS
stipulated safety features to reduce fire risks.

2. Presently, all vehicles operating on the airside are required to pass two
inspections annually, i.e. the airfield vehicle permit inspection carried out by the CAAS’ Airport
Emergency Service (AES) and the roadworthiness inspection by appointed inspection centres.

3. With effect from 1 July 2006, the airfield vehicle permit inspection conducted by AES will
be integrated with the roadworthiness inspections. The three Land Transport Authority (LTA)
approved inspection centres, namely, VICOM, JIC Inspection Services and Singapore
Technologies Automotive (STA), have been assigned by CAAS to conduct a one-stop
inspection covering all aspects at their vehicle inspection centres. The addresses and
telephone numbers of these centres are as follows:
I) VICOM

a) Changi 20 Changi North Crescent 65450098

b) Kaki Bukit 23 Kaki Bukit Ave 4 67495467
c) Bukit Batok 511 Bukit Batok Street 23 68959261
d) Yishun 501 Yishun Industrial Park A 67559621
e) Sin Ming 385 Sin Ming Drive 64584555
(Please note that VICOM inspection centres located at Bukit Batok, Yishun and Sin Ming are by
appointment only).

II) JIC

a) Jurong 53 Pioneer Road 68651518

b) Ang Mo Kio 21 Ang Mo Kio Street 63 64847370

III) STA

a) Sin Ming 302 Sin Ming Road 64521398

b) Ayer Rajah 2E Ayer Rajah Crescent 64760988
4. Please note that notwithstanding this, to ensure compliance with the regulations
mentioned at paragraph 1, AES will randomly check vehicles operating on the airside.

5. Please bring the contents of this circular to the attention of all your staff. Please do not
hesitate to contact us at 6541-2860/2697/2696/2535 if you need any further clarification.

ANG GUAN HIN

SUPERINTENDENT (FIRE SAFETY)
for DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION

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7 AIRFIELD RULES TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS

7.1 AIRFIELD RULES TEST

1 Holders of a Category 1 Airfield Driving Permit are permitted to enter________

upon clearance from Control Tower.

2 Holders of a __________ Airfield Driving Permit are not permitted to enter

runways and taxiways at all times.

3 A driver who is involved in __________ within a period of 12 months will have his
Airfield Driving Permit suspended.

4 What is the maximum speed limit on roadways in the vicinity of aircraft stands?

5 25 km/hr is the maximum speed limit on roadways in the vicinity of __________.

6 The speed limit of the roadways 15 metres away from aircraft stands is ______.

7 The speed limit within __________ of a parked aircraft is 5 km/hr.

8 All drivers shall not drive at a speed of__________ when operating on the aircraft
parking stand.

9 Overtaking on roadway painted with continuous double white line is _________.

10 ____ on roadway painted with continuous double white line is strictly prohibited.

11 _____ are exempted from the speed limit when attending to an emergency.

12 Drivers and passengers shall fasten their __________ where available when
vehicle is in motion.

13 Drivers of tall vehicles (those capable of extending) must ensure it is fully

__________ before driving.

14 Vehicle refuelling is not allowed at all times on the _______ of the aircraft stand.

15 The speed limit on secondary roadways is __________.

16 __________ limit signs are installed on the Passenger Loading Bridge, at the
underpasses and the tunnel roadways.

17 During aircraft servicing, all drivers shall approach aircraft __________.

18 Overtaking is strictly ________ at the aircraft stands and the manoeuvring area.

19 Overtaking is not allowed on the __________ areas.

63
20 When a parked aircraft displays a flashing red signal, it means that the ____.
21 Do not approach the aircraft when the __________ are lighted.

22 All vehicles must give way to __________ at all times.

23 The safety distance from stationary aircraft with its engine running is at least
__________ from the wing tip.

24 The minimum safety distance between your vehicle and a stationary aircraft’s
__________ is at least 5 metres.

25 The minimum safety distance from your vehicle and wing tip of a stationary aircraft
with its __________ running is at least 5 metres.

26 The minimum safety distance from rear of stationary aircraft with its engine
running is at least __________ from the rear of the aircraft.

27 The __________ safety distance when crossing behind a taxiing aircraft is at least
250 metres.

28 The minimum safety distance __________ of a stationary aircraft with its engine
running is at least 76 metres.

29 The minimum safety distance from stationary aircraft with its engine running is at
least __________ from the front of the aircraft engine.

30 __________ and persons operating at an aircraft stand shall remain at least 7.5
metres clear in front of an operating aircraft engine.

31 The minimum safety distance when __________ in front of a taxiing aircraft is 200
metres.

32 The minimum safety distance from a taxiing aircraft and your vehicle is at least
250 metres from the __________ aircraft.

33 The minimum safety distance when crossing behind a taxiing aircraft is at least
__________.

34 250 metres is the minimum __________ when crossing behind taxiing aircraft.

35 The minimum safety distance from a taxiing aircraft and your vehicle is at least 38
metres from the __________.

36 The minimum safety distance when traveling parallel to a taxiing aircraft is

__________ from the edge of taxiway.

37 The minimum safety distances from a refueling aircraft when it is safe to start up
vehicle is at least __________ radius.

38 What is the minimum safety distance for a vehicle to start up engine during aircraft
refueling?

64
39 The minimum safety distance for a vehicle to start up engine during ______ is 15
metres.
40 You must maintain a minimum safety distance of at least __________ around the
aircraft fuel tank vent when it is parked at an aircraft parking stand.

41 During aircraft refuelling all drivers shall not __________ any hose or bonding
cable laid.

42 Drivers shall reverse towards a stationary aircraft only when guided by a _____.

43 How should you reverse a vehicle towards a stationary aircraft? __________ by a

marshaller or guideman.

44 A marshaller is required when you are _________ towards a stationary aircraft.

45 Drivers shall not leave the vehicle __________ when the engine is running.

46 You need to proceed to the aircraft cabin after stopping the vehicle on the Holding
Strip. You should __________ the engines and remove the keys.

47 You are approaching an aircraft which has its engine running or is ready to
commence pushback, what must you do? Alert the aircraft ground
engineer__________.

48 The __________ must be alerted if it is necessary for drivers and Passenger

Loading Bridge operators to approach an aircraft which is ready for pushback.

49 The safety vest must be worn __________ when personnel is working on all apron
areas.

50 You can approach an aircraft when it has __________ the wheels have been
chocked and the engines shutdown.

51 Parking or driving under the aircraft or aircraft ‘s wing is __________ .

52 All drivers shall __________ under aircraft or aircraft wings.

53 Vehicles traveling on roadways behind aircraft parking stands shall give way to
any aircraft being __________ from its parking bay.

54 Vehicles traveling on secondary roadways shall __________ to any aircraft being

pushed back from its parking bay.

55 ‘__________’ are located in front of aircraft stands at T1 and T2.

56 ‘__________’ are located behind aircraft stands at T1 and T2.

57 Secondary roadways located behind aircraft stand is for vehicles exceeding

__________ in height.

58 Tall vehicles travelling on __________ shall hold at the edge of the stands and
wait for the aircraft on the taxiway to clear.

65
59 Tall vehicles traveling on secondary roadways shall __________ at the edge of
the stands and wait for the aircraft on the taxiway to taxi clear.

60 NO ENTRY RUNWAY AHEAD sign is painted on the ground and placed at the
__________ of roadways leading into the runways.

61 Before the crossing of roadways and taxiways, a triangular sign is painted on the
ground. This sign means __________.

62 A triangular sign which means ‘WARNING - GIVE WAY TO AIRCRAFT’ is painted

on the __________ before roadway and taxiway crossing’.

63 Vehicles on a vehicular route approaching a taxiway crossing point shall reduce

their speed and stop before the ‘stop’ line to ensure that the __________ is clear
of any aircraft movement.

64 When traffic light at a taxiway crossing is lighted red, drivers shall stop at the
designated stopping point to __________ to aircraft.

65 After the aircraft has taxi passed and the traffic light at the roadway crossing is still
showing red, you should never __________, until the red light goes off.

66 All personnel and vehicles, except __________ vehicles are not allowed to use
the roadways crossing the North Cross taxiways.

67 In the hours of darkness, the vehicle’s headlights and ___________ lights must be
switched on when driving on the airside roadways.

68 What additional type and colour of light is fitted and used by vehicles operating on
the taxiways and runways?

69 All drivers operating on runways and in designated areas within taxiways must
switch on __________ on top of the vehicle.

70 Smoking is not allowed __________.

71 Report all chemical spillages to __________ immediately.

72 All ground equipment or vehicle on aircraft stand shall not come within
__________ of spillage area of aircraft fuel.

73 All drivers shall refrain from using the mobile phone or walkie-talkie while
__________ in the airside.

74 The Apron Boundary Line at the aircraft stands are painted in __________.

75 The __________ painted on the ground behind the aircraft stands is to provide a
clear boundary between aircraft stands and taxiways.

76 The markings for Apron Boundary Lines behind aircraft parking stands are
demarcated by __________ lines.

66
77 _______ should be cleared of any vehicle or equipment prior to aircraft‘s arrival.

78 During servicing of aircraft, __________ are to keep within the Equipment

Restraint Area.

79 The Equipment Staging Area painted with __________ on the aircraft stand is for
Ground handling equipment.

80 All motorised and non-motorised equipment, loaded or empty, shall be lined up in

an orderly manner within the __________ prior to aircraft arrival.

81 You can park your __________ equipment in the Equipment Staging Area prior to
the arrival of an aircraft.

82 How long before the arrival of a flight are you allowed to prepare the handling
equipment at the Equipment Staging Area?

83 __________ is painted on the ground in front of the aircraft stand for the
manoeuvring of airtugs to connect to aircraft nose-wheel.

84 ‘NO PARKING’ area painted in front of aircraft stands mean do not __________
airtugs movement to push back aircraft.

85 Vehicles shall stay clear of the No Parking Area located on the ___ at all times.

86 Your__________ vehicle should be parked at Holding Strip.

87 The __________ in front of the aircraft stand is meant for transport vehicles.

88 What is the permit for a vehicle to operate in airside roadways?

89 All aircraft handling __________ must possess Airfield Vehicle Permit to operate
in the airside.

90 All drivers operating in the airside unescorted must possess a __________.

91 A driver who accumulates __________ demerit points within 12 months of the first
offence will have his Airfield Driving Permit suspended.

92 All vehicles must give way to fire vehicles, ambulances and police vehicles _____.

93 The sign __________ is painted in front of Baggage Handling Areas to ensure

uninterrupted flow to tractors towing baggage containers.

94 The markings for roadways behind aircraft parking stands are demarcated by
__________ lines.

95 Secondary roadways is painted with interrupted white lines on the taxiway behind
__________.

96 All drivers and personnel, except Airtugs, Pallet loaders, fuel tankers and vehicles
more than 4.5 metres tall, must use the ___________ at all times.

67
97 All tall vehicles not exceeding 4m in height shall travel on __________ roadway,
below the passenger loading bridges.

98 The speed limit on perimeter roadways is __________.

99 All vehicles except for the prohibited ones, traveling between the cargo buildings
and passenger terminals are to use the __________ at all times.

100 All drivers shall not enter the tunnel when the _______ at the gantry is activated.

101 Parking or waiting __________ in the tunnel roadways.

102 The height clearance at Terminal 1 baggage handling area is __________.

103 The height clearance at Terminal 2 baggage handling area is __________.

104 What is the maximum number of trailer/trolleys allowed to be towed by a tractor?

105 All vehicles or equipment, except baggage tractors, container trailer / baggage
trolley are not allowed to enter the __________ areas.

106 Drivers proceeding to park their vehicles at the Equipment __________ shall use
the marked roadways and cross the unbroken white roadway edge lines with due
care.

107 The Speed Warning Device fitted on vehicles will be activated when the vehicle
exceeds the speed of __________.

108 In hours of darkness, your vehicle’s headlights must be __________.

109 Before starting the vehicle, the __________ must check and ensure that his
vehicle is in roadworthy condition.

110 It is the responsibility of the all drivers to ensure that the vehicles they drive is in
__________ condition.

111 Which of the following shall have precedence over all vehicular traffic?

112 When driving a forklift, the vehicle forks should be raised not more than
__________ from the ground.

113 You are allowed to park your bicycle on the __________ beside the apron
floodlights of the aircraft parking stand.

114 __________ shall park the bicycle on the kerb areas beside the apron floodlights
when attending to flights.

115 For __________, drivers shall call for an ambulance, report to CAAS Apron
Control Centre and Airport Police.

116 In the event of a vehicle breakdown on taxiway, driver must report to CAAS Apron
Control Centre immediately and do not leave vehicle __________.

68
117 In the event of a vehicle breakdown, do not leave vehicle __________.

118 Vehicles entering the airside with driver not possessing Airfield Driving Permit
must be escorted by __________ with a valid Airfield Driving Permit.

119 All drivers must ensure that the Airfield Vehicle Permit of the vehicle has
__________ before entering the Equipment Retraint Area.

120 Vehicle with Temporary Entry Permit must display __________ on the highest
point of the vehicle when operating at night.

121 The steersman of a vehicle with Temporary Entry Permit must have a valid ____.

122 The steersman must ensure that __________ is displayed at the highest point of a
vehicle with Temporary Entry Permit vehicle.

123 Vehicles with Temparory Entry Permit are not allowed to enter any ___________.

124 The height limit of the PLB above the holding strip is__________.

Answers on next page

69
7.2 Airfield Rules Test Answers
1. runways and taxiways

2. Category 2

3. 2 minor accidents

4. 25 km/hr.

5. aircraft stands.

6. 40 km/h.

7. 10 metres

8. more than 5 km/h

9. not allowed

10. Overtaking

11. Emergency/Guide vehicles / Follow Me including vehicle they escort

12. seat belts

13. retracted / lowered

14. Equipment Restraint Area

15. 25 km/h

16. Height restriction

17. at an angle

18. not allowed

19. aircraft stands and the manouevring

20. aircraft’s engines are running.

21. anti-collision lights

22. moving aircraft

23. 5 metres

24. wing tip

25. Engine

26. 76 metres

27. Minimum

28. from the rear

29. 7.5 metres

30. Vehicles

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31. Crossing

32. rear of the taxiing

33. 250 metres

34. safety distance

35. edge of the taxiway.

36. 38 metres

37. 15 metres

38. 15 metres

39. aircraft refuelling

40. 2.5 metre radius

41. drive over

42. marshaller or guideman.

43. Only when directed.

44. reversing

45. unattended

46. switch off

47. first before approaching.

48. ground engineer

49. at all times

50. stopped

51. not allowed

52. not drive or park

53. pushed back

54. give way

55. Service roadways

56. Secondary roadways

57. 4.5 metres

58. secondary roadway

59. hold

60. entrances

61. WARNING GIVE WAY TO AIRCRAFT

71
62. ground

63. Taxiway

64. give way

65. Cross

66. Authorized

67. red obstruction

68. Yellow flashing light

69. yellow flashing light

70. at the airside

71. Airport Emergency Services

72. 15 metres

73. Driving

74. Red

75. Apron Boundary Line

76. uninterrupted red

77. Equipment Restraint Area

78. vehicles/equipment

79. continuous white line

80. Equipment Staging Area

81. motorised and non-motorised

82. 20 mins

83. NO PARKING

84. Obstruct

85. Holding Strip

86. Transport

87. Holding Strip

88. Airfield Vehicle Permit

89. vehicles and motorized equipment

90. valid Airfield Driving Permit

91. 12

92. on call

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93. STOP and GIVE WAY

94. Interrupted white lines

95. aircraft stand.

96. Tunnel

97. Service

98. 40 km/h

99. vehicular tunnels

100. red light

101. is not allowed

102. 2.4 metres

103. 2.3 metres

104. 4 baggage trolleys, 4 container dollies or 3 pallet dollies

105. baggage handling

106. Parking Area

107. 50 km/hr

108. dipped at all times

109. Driver

110. Roadworthy

111. Aircraft passengers

112. 10 cm

113. kerb area

114. Cyclists

115. accidents with injuries

116. Unattended

117. Unattended

118. a steersman

119. an aircraft logo stamp

120. yellow flashing light

121. Airfield Driving Permit
122. chequered flag
123. aircraft stand

73
74