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DEFINITION
CONTENTS
Introduction
Perforation Design
Expandables
INTRODUCTION
Equipment configurations with regards to both the well design and the
properties of the fluids to be produced
The use of new technologies (such as expandables) to reduce rig time and
improve production economics
There are two basic well configurations for oil and gas wells:
Open Hole
The reservoir rock across the producing interval is left exposed to the wellbore.
Fluid are produced directly through the reservoir rock along the wellbore and
into the well.
Casing is set across the producing interval, and perforated (where required).
Hydrocarbons are then produced through the perforation tunnels and into the
cased wellbore.
OPEN HOLE
The lowest casing string or liner is set above the reservoir - the lower section of the
wellbore is uncased
HOWEVER:
Permeability variations will result in fluid preferentially entering the most permeable
zone preventing an effective reservoir sweep in injectors
The main features and limitations of the open hole completion are:
It offers good zonal isolation and wellbore integrity with flow control
of produced water or gas
There are several ways in which sand production can be mitigated in oil and gas
wells:
Slotted Liners
Frac Pack
Gravel Pack
Chemical Consolidation
SLOTTED LINERS
The most basic mechanical sand control methods is the slotted liner.
Tubing sections with a series of slots cut through the tubing wall
More conservative present view is they should be about the same size as D10
SLOTTED LINERS
Perforated
Wire wrapped screens are made from API Based
Pipe
triangular shaped wrap wire.
FRAC PACK
A proppant is placed inside the fracture to hold open the fracture and
control sand production
In frac packing the fracture widths can be 1 inch or larger and lengths
usually in the region of 20 to 50 feet
FRAC PACK
wellbore packed
with screen in
wellbore
FRAC PACK
The well performance benefits of frac packing, below, shows the typical skin
behaviour of a frac pack.
In terms of sand control this improved well performance will limit the drawdown
required to obtain a particular rate and as the flow comes from a larger area
the rates will be lower thus, reducing the fluid drag
FRAC PACK
GRAVEL PACK
Gravel Packs (GP) are useful for completing sand prone reservoirs in a
wide variety of reservoir sand types and completions.
GP systems have been in common use for many years, and on their
application exists a wealth of experience and knowledge
GRAVEL PACK
TUBING
PACKER
Cemented
and
perforated
casing/line
r
SCREEN
Gravel
Squeezed
into
perforations Under-reamed
Open hole
section with
gravel pack
GRAVEL PACK
Gravel packing is more complex with increased hole angle and length
In open hole, high permeability streaks / washouts can interfere with uniform
gravel placement
Low net to gross pays can also intermix with the gravel during pumping and
impair the gravel pack permeability and hence productivity
Some systems use shunt tubes on the exterior of the screens and allows the
gravel to by-pass blockages in the well-bore annulus
CHEMICAL CONSOLIDATION
The principle is to bond the quartz grains together using a liquid resin
CHEMICAL CONSOLIDATION
Grain to Grain
contact points
Resin coated
grain
CHEMICAL CONSOLIDATION
Typical volume ratios leave 35% of the pore space filled with
resin
The remainder that has been displaced to oil will be open for
flow once the resin has set
For the two basic well configurations (open hole and cased and
perforated) there are a number of lower completion options:
Horizontal
Multi Laterals
Multi Zone
Injectors
Horizontal wells have an increased borehole contact area with the formation
Open hole
Slotted liner
Applications for horizontal wells are predominantly based around more effective
and efficient drainage of the reservoir, while minimising production problems
which may have been encountered had a vertical well been used.
They include:
Reservoir exposure
Multiple targets
Comingled flow
Dump flood
Multilateral
Completion
Level 1
Consolidated formations
Level 2
Consolidated formations
Level 3
Mother Bore Cased & Cemented, Lateral
Cased
Level 4
No hydraulic integrity
Level 5
Pressure Integrity at Junction Not Cement
Level 6
Pressure Integrity at Junction with Casing
Multi zone completions utilised where more than one distinct reservoir layer
is encountered.
One zone produces Where the upper zone Where the lower zone Here two tubing
through the tubing fluid is non-corrosive fluid is non-corrosive strings are utilised to
string while the other or abrasive, it can be or abrasive it can be produced each layer
produces through the produced through the produced through the independently
casing annulus annulus annulus
PERFORATION DESIGN
Careful consideration must be given to the design and execution of the perforation
programme and operation
Perforations are the only means by which production fluids enter the wellbore and
they must provide an adequate inflow area
The perforations must be deep enough to penetrate any mud damaged zone
around the well bore as well be free of any debris which would impair productivity
PERFORATION DESIGN
Overburden
Fluid viscous
drag Turbulence
Plastic zone
Wellbore
Damaged
zone
Steel casing
Entrance
Hole
Perforation
cavity
Debris
Cement sheat
PERFORATION DESIGN
Underbalance Perforation
Damaged formation
Cement Reservior formation
Tubing/Casing Perforation
Perforating Methods
Use more rig time to run but can perforate long intervals.
If more than four wireline runs are required, TCP will be cheaper.
Check storage
GUIDELINES
METHOD
Selective Oriented
Applications All sandstones, rock not completely unconsolidated
Typical skins 2 - 10
Strength > 500 psi TWC for gas wells Strength > 300 psi TWC for gas wells
Selection
> 800 psi TWC for oil wells ( isotropic) > 600 psi TWC for oil wells
criteria
Kv/Kh > 0.7 (Anisotropic) > 3000 psi TWC all wells
DP, any orientation (isotropic only) DP, oriented
Perforation
Density [ 4 8 ] spf Density [ 4 10 ] spf
strategy
EH < 0.4 inches, L = 5 longer than skin EH < 0.5 inches, L = maximum
Method Underbalance if possible Pcrit + 100 psi, larger gun size possible
EXPANDABLES
EXPANDABLES - SLOTTED
1 EST Base Pipe 2 Woven Filter Media 3 Outer Shroud
1
2 1
2
EXPANDABLES - SLOTTED
EXPANDABLES - SOLID
Operationally simple
EXPANDABLES - SOLID
Gas lift
Hydraulic pumps
Sucker rod
Jet pumps
GAS LIFT
Gas lift works by reducing the hydrostatic head of the reservoir fluids by adding
gas.
Gas lift will be at its most efficient if injected at the maximum depth
Lift gas will displace the annular contents down to the deepest injection point
The lift gas must be dry if corrosion of the tubing / casing is to be avoided.
HYDRAULIC PUMPS
Pump activated from surface using a metal rod 1/8 5/8 sizes
ESPs
Centrifugal pumps
Pump activated from surface using a metal rod 1/8 5/8 sizes
TYPICAL CONFIGURATIONS
ESPs
Optimum cable selection depends on the current capacity of the cable and the
environment in which the cable will be operating
JET PUMPS
Jet pumps are simple devices which use a Venturi to pump fluids from the
reservoir.
The power fluid can be any liquid.
The jet pump creates a low pressure at the suction may generate scale
Likewise mixing of power fluid and reservoir fluid may precipitate scale.
The power fluid flow path creates a potential leak to surface.
The high energy mixing of water and oil in the pump can create emulsions
The power fluid is produced to surface.
The casing rating must be checked if the pump is powered from the annulus
The tubing stress analysis must be checked with a higher external pressure.
There will be a hole angle limitation for wireline installation.
Univation/Innovative Knowledge Ltd