Base Isolation Eddited

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Earthquake safe outline of RC structures is a proceeding with region of research
since the quake designing has begun in India as well as in other developed nations also.
The structures still harm because of somebody or the other reason amid seismic tremors.
Despite every one of the shortcomings in the structure, either code imperfections or
mistake in examination and plan, the basic setup structure has assumed an imperative part
in calamity.
Reinforced concrete flat slabs are a standout amongst the most well-known floor
frameworks utilized as a part of private structures, auto parks and numerous different
structures. They speak to rich and simple to-develop floor frameworks. Flat slabs are
supported by both architects and customers as a result of their tasteful interest and
monetary favorable position. A level piece floor framework is regularly the decision with
regards to heavier loads, for example, multi-story auto stopping, libraries and multi-story
structures where bigger ranges are additionally required.
The construction of reinforced concrete buildings with flat slab systems has
become widely used in some high seismicity European countries. This sort of
structures is especially basic in South European nations, for example, Italy, Spain and
Portugal, both for office and private structures. Despite the fact that national codes
may incorporate principles for the plan of these structures, this matter is not secured
by the most recent draft of Euro code 8.The conduct of this sort of basic frameworks
with flat slabs outlines utilized as seismic safe components demonstrate critical
disadvantages, for example, the basically non-dissipative elements of their seismic
reaction. Besides, flat slabs building structures are altogether more adaptable than
conventional concrete wall/frame or casing structures, accordingly ending up plainly
more powerless against second request P- impacts under seismic excitations.
Subsequently, the attributes of the seismic conduct of level piece structures propose
that extra measures for directing the origination and plan of these structures in seismic
districts are required.
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The review uncovers that much work has been accomplished for the examination and
outline of multi-story structures having flat slabs under seismic stacking, yet the work
to enhance the execution of the conduct of flat slabs is yet to be actualized.
To enhance the execution of structures having Flat pieces under seismic stacking,
arrangement of Drops, shear dividers and border pillars are considered. These
customary seismic plan endeavors to make structures that don't crumple under solid
quake shaking, however may manage harm to non-auxiliary components (like glass
exteriors) and to some basic individuals in the building. This may render the building
non-useful after the tremor, which might be risky in a few structures, similar to
healing facilities, which need to stay useful in the result of the seismic tremor.
Exceptional strategies are required to plan structures with the end goal that they
remain for all intents and purposes undamaged even after an extreme seismic tremor.
Structures with such enhanced seismic execution for the most part cost more than
typical structures do. Nonetheless, this cost is defended through enhanced seismic
tremor execution. Two fundamental innovations are utilized to shield structures from
harming seismic tremor impacts. These are Base Isolation Devices and Seismic
Dampers. The thought behind base separation is to withdraw (disconnect) the working
starting from the earliest stage such a path, to the point that seismic tremor
movements are not transmitted up through the building, or possibly incredibly
diminished. Seismic dampers are exceptional gadgets acquainted in the working with
assimilate the vitality given by the ground movement to the building (much like the
way safeguards in engine vehicles retain the effects because of undulations of the
street).
The uninvolved control is more examined and connected to the current structures than
the others. Base seclusion is a uninvolved vibration control framework that does not
require any outside power hotspot for its operation and uses the movement of the
structure to build up the control strengths. Execution of base secluded structures in
various parts of the world amid tremors in the current past set up that the base
disconnection innovation is a feasible other option to traditional quake safe plan of
medium-ascent structures. The use of this innovation may keep the working to remain
basically versatile and consequently guarantee wellbeing amid substantial tremors.
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Since a base-detached structure has central recurrence lower than both its settled base
recurrence and the predominant frequencies of ground movement, the principal
method of vibration of confined structure includes disfigurement just in the
disengagement framework while superstructure remains practically inflexible. Along
these lines, the separation turns into an alluring methodology where security of costly
delicate gear's and inward non-auxiliary parts are required. It was important to check
the distinction between the reactions of a fixed flat slab structure and the isolated base
flat slab structure under seismic stacking. This was the essential inspiration of the
present review.
1.2 Importance of present study
The flat sab framework is a unique basic type of strengthened solid

development that has real focal points over the regular conventional beam slab method
(Figure 1.1). The former framework gives design adaptability, unobstructed space, bring
down building tallness, less demanding formwork and shorter development time. There
are in any case, some major issues that require examination with the flat slab
development framework. One of the issues which were watched is the conceivably huge
transverse relocations on account of the nonattendance of deep beams and additionally
shear dividers, bringing about low transverse strength. This prompts exorbitant distortions
which thus causes harm of non-auxiliary individuals notwithstanding when subjected to
tremors of direct power. Another issue is the fragile punching disappointment because of
the exchange of shear powers and uneven moments among sections and segments. Flat
slab frameworks are likewise vulnerable to critical diminishment in firmness coming
about because of the splitting that happens from development loads, benefit gravity loads;
temperature and shrinkage impacts and horizontal burdens. In this manner, it was
prescribed that in areas with high seismic risk, Flat slab development ought to just be
utilized as vertical load conveying framework in structures supported by edges or shear
walls in charge of the parallel limit of the structure. However , Flat slab frameworks are
frequently embraced as the essential parallel load opposing framework and their
utilization has demonstrated famous in seismically dynamic regions, for example, in the
Mediterranean bowl. In these cases, the plan of Flat slab structures is commonly done in a
way like normal edges. Where the last practice is taken after, the reaction under direct
tremors shows broad harm to non-basic components notwithstanding when the code
arrangements for float impediment are fulfilled. This perception stresses the need of
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examining the helplessness of Flat slab development, for which no delicacy bends are
accessible in the writing, since the structure displays unmistakable reaction modes, when
contrasted with ordinary moment opposing ends.
Fig. 1.1 Illustration of a typical flat-slab structural form
1.3 Earthquake resistant design

Over the previous decades tremor safe outline of building structures has been to a
great extent in light of a flexibility plan idea around the world. The exhibitions of the
expected malleable structures (e.g. Northridge, 1994; Kobe, 1995; Chi-Chi,
1999.......etc.), however, have ended up being inadmissible and in fact far beneath desire.
High vulnerability of the soft plan system is basically ascribed to:
1) The sought "strong column weak beam" system may not frame in actuality,
because of presence of dividers.
2) Shear failure of beams because of unseemly geometrical extents or short-section

impact.
3) Construction trouble in grouting, particularly at beam column joints, because of

unpredictability of steel fortification required by the flexibility plan.
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To improve auxiliary security and trustworthiness against serious tremors, more
powerful and solid procedures for seismic outline of structures in view of basic control
ideas are craved. Among the basic control plans created, seismic base isolation is a
standout amongst the most encouraging options. It can be received for new structures and
also the retrofit of existing structures and extensions.
1.4 Vibration control
Vibration control is the system to relieve vibrations by decreasing the mechanical

cooperation between the vibration source and the structure, hardware and so on to
be secured.
Structural control depends on inflexibility and damping devices in a structure to
control its reaction to undesirable excitations brought about by winds and direct
quakes. The tuned mass damper and base isolation frameworks are cases of such
generally current passive structures
1.5 Base isolation

1.5.1 Concept of base isolation
Seismic base isolation of structures, for example, multi-story structures
(Appendix-V), atomic reactors, extensions, and fluid stockpiling tanks are intended to
protect basic honesty and to avoid harm to the tenants and harm to the substance by
decreasing the tremor prompted strengths and distortions in the super-structure. This
is a sort of uninvolved vibration control. The execution of these frameworks relies on
upon two fundamental qualities:
(1) The limit of moving the framework crucial recurrence to a lower esteem.
(2) Which is well remote from the recurrence band of most normal tremor ground
movements.
(3) The energy dissemination of the isolator.
1.5.2 Types of Bearings
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Taking after sorts of heading are accessible according to writing according to their
materials:
a) Flexible Columns.
b) Rocking Balls.
c) Springs.
d) Rubbers.
e) Other materials than elastic.
Rubbers are additionally partitioned into four classes,
a) Rubber Bearing
b) Steel covered elastic bearing (RB).
c) Lead elastic Bearing (LRB).
d) High damping elastic bearing (HDRB).
1.6 Response of the working under Earthquake.
1.6.1 Building recurrence and period
The size of Building reaction for the most part increasing speeds depends
basically upon the frequencies of info ground movements and Buildings characteristic
reappearance. At the point when these are equivalent or about equivalent to each other,
the structures reaction achieves a pinnacle level. Sometimes, this dynamic intensification
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level can expand the building increasing speed to an esteem two times or progressively
that of ground quickening at the base of the building. For the most part structures with
higher regular recurrence and a short common period have a tendency to endure higher
increasing speeds and littler relocation. Structures with lower common recurrence and a
long normal period have a tendency to endure bring down increasing velocities and
bigger dislodging. At the point when the recurrence substance of the ground movement is
around the building's characteristic recurrence, it is said that the building and the ground
movement are in reverberation with each other Resonance tend to increment or increase
the building reaction by which structures experience the ill effects of ground movement at
a recurrence near its own particular normal recurrence.
1.6.2 Building solidness
Taller the building, longer the common time frame and the building is more adaptable
than shorter building.
1.6.3 Ductility
Ductility is the capacity to experience expression or disfigurement without finish

breakage or failure. Keeping in mind the end goal to be seismic tremor safe the building
will have enough flexibility to withstand the size and sort of quake it is probably going to
involvement amid its lifetime.
1.6.4 Damping
All structures have some natural damping. Damping is because of interior

grinding and adsorption of vitality by structures auxiliary and non-basic parts. Tremor
safe outline and development utilize included damping gadgets like safeguards to
supplement misleadingly the natural damping of a building.
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1.6 Objective and scope of present investigation
Objectives of the present work are discussed below
1) To find the modal time period, axial load under the columns for 5 cases of Flat
slab structures with fixed base. The five cases are presented below-
Table 1
MODEL MODEL
CHARACTERISTIC
NO NAME
1 FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE WITH FIXED BASE M1
FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE WITH DROPS WITH FIXED

2 M2
BASE
FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE WITH DROPS
3 STRENGTHENED BY PERIMETER BEAMS WITH M3
FIXED BASE
4 STRENGTHENED BY PERIMETER BEAMS + SHEAR M4
WALL AT CORE -WITH FIXED BASE
5 STRENGTHENED BY PERIMETER BEAMS + SHEAR M5
WALL AT PERIPHERY -WITH FIXED BASE
2) To design the Lead-Rubber bearings in accordance with the Target time period
and required vertical stiffness of the bearing to carry the axial loads.
3) Providing Base isolators to the above structures. 5 more cases of flat slab
structures will be obtained after providing the isolators. The cases are-
MODEL
CHARACTERISTIC
NO
1 FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE WITH ISOLATED BASE BIM1
FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE WITH DROPS WITH

2 BIM2
ISOLATED BASE
3 STRENGTHENED BY PERIMETER BEAMS WITH BIM3
ISOLATED BASE
4 STRENGTHENED BY PERIMETER BEAMS + SHEAR BIM4
WALL AT CORE -WITH ISOLATED BASE
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5 STRENGTHENED BY PERIMETER BEAMS + SHEAR BIM5
WALL AT PERIPHERY -WITH ISOLATED BASE
4) To analyse the structure for both Seismic Static and Seismic dynamic cases. In
Seismic dynamic case both response spectrum analysis and Time-history analysis
to be carried out. Time-history analysis to be carried out for EL-Centro earthquake
ground motion.
5) To compare the performance of Base isolated structures with Fixed base

structures- to conclude the effectiveness of base isolation in earthquake resistant
design of flat slab structures.
1.7 Methodology
a) A careful writing audit to comprehend the seismic powerlessness and seismic

assessment of the Flat-slab structures, dynamic investigation, vibration
control, Base isolation.
b) A brief review on basics of Base isolation and sorts of course.
c) Mathematical detailing of base isolators, reaction range investigation and time

history examination.
d) ETAAB displaying of the required Flat-section structures reinforced by drops,

shear dividers and border shafts with settled base and disengaged base of the
same.
e) Implementing Base isolation to the above settled base flat slab structures.
f) Response spectrum investigation and Time-History examination of the basic

models.
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g) Comparing the execution of fixed base and base isolation structures.
h) Drawing conclusion on the powerful Response control of structures utilizing

base isolators.
1.8 Organisation of the Thesis
This initial part exhibits the foundation, goal and philosophy of the venture. The
initial segment of Chapter 2 gives a concise history of Base isolation and the second part
gives an audit of the diaries examining the seismic vulnerability and seismic assessment
of the flat slab structures, Dynamic examination, fortifying the flat slab structures
utilizing shear dividers, drops and border pillars and inactive vibration control utilizing
Base isolators lastly draws the goal and extent of the present review. Chapter 3 gives the
numerical detailing of Base isolators, Response spectrum examination and Time-history
investigation, additionally a little description and outline of the basic models considered
are depicted. Chapter 4 exhibits the outcomes acquired from the examination and has
discourses on it. Chapter 5 introduces the conclusions gotten from the above review. It
additionally introduces the future extent of the work which can be broadened advance.
Chapter 6 introduces the references considered amid the work. At long last, in Chapter 7
supplements have been given for appraisal of certain data.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 A Brief History of Base Isolation

In spite of the fact that the primary licenses for base separation were in the 1800's,
and cases of base isolation were guaranteed amid the mid 1900's (e.g. Tokyo Imperial
Hotel) it was the 1970's before base disconnection moved into the standard of auxiliary
designing. Disconnection was utilized on extensions from the mid 1970's and structures
from the late 1970's. Scaffolds are a more common possibility for isolation than structures
since they are frequently worked with course isolating the superstructure from the
substructure.
The principal connect applications added vitality dispersal to the adaptability as of

now there. The lead rubber bearing (LRB) was designed in the 1970's and this enabled the
adaptability and damping to be incorporated into a solitary unit. About a similar time the
main applications utilizing elastic direction for detachment were built. Be that as it may,
these had the downside of minimal intrinsic damping and were not sufficiently inflexible
to oppose benefit loads, for example, wind.
In the mid 1980's improvements in elastic innovation prompt new elastic mixes
which were named "high damping rubber" (HDR). These mixes created heading that had
a high firmness at low shear strains however a decreased solidness at higher strain levels.
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On emptying, these heading framed a hysteresis loop that had a lot of damping. The main
building and scaffold applications in the U.S. in the mid 1980's utilized either LRBs or
HDR course.
R.P.Apostolska This paper deals with the seismic analysis which was performed using
Finite Element method and SAP2000v10.0.9 Advanced computer programme [Wilson
and Habibullah, 1998]. The 3D mathematical model of each of the analysed structures
was formulated by discretization of the bearing system into Finite Element elements. The
vertical loads were defined in accordance with the valid national technical regulations and
the purpose of the structures. Type of structural system used for modelling are Frame-M1,
Purely Flat Slab-M2, Flat Slab with increased thickness-M3, Flat Slab strengthened by
perimeter beams-M4, Flat Slab strengthened by RC walls-M5 and Flat Slab strengthened
by perimeter beams with RC walls-M6.
Seismic Analysis was completed in consistence with the directions for outline of elevated
structures in seismically inclined areas[Rulebook on Technical Norms for Construction of
High ascents in seismically inclined ranges, 1981]. The flat loads were characterized as a
plan range of increasing speed as per Euro Code8,[Euro Code 8, 2004] scaled such that it
creates the aggregate shear compel at the base to the measure of 10% of the heaviness of
the structure.
Dynamic Analysis was carried out for selected structural systems exposed to the
effect of the EL centro earthquake with amax = 0.32g.The results obtained from the
analysis of different structural systems were presented in the form of : Dynamic
characteristics(Periods and Mode shapes), Max displacements and relative storey Drifts in
both orthogonal directions, Time Histories of absolute displacements at the top as well as
bearing capacity and deformability of the selected structural systems[Necevska-
Cvetanovska, Petrusevska, 2008].
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Dr. Uttamasha Gupta concentrated "Seismic Behaviour of Buildings Having Flat Slabs
with Drops". As Flat Slabs building structure are essentially more flexible than
conventional solid edge/divider or casing structures, in this manner winding up plainly
more helpless against seismic stacking. Consequently, the attributes of the seismic
conduct of flat slab buildings recommend that extra measures for managing the
origination and plan of these structures in seismic districts are required. To enhance the
execution of structures having level chunks under seismic stacking, look at the conduct of
multi-story structures having level pieces with drops with that of execution of these two
sorts of structures under seismic strengths. Look into works gave a decent wellspring of
data on the parameters Lateral uprooting and Story Drifts.
Research was completed to concentrate the conduct and the reaction parameters chose
were Lateral removals and Story Drifts.
P.N.Dubey (2008) has briefly described the behaviour of base isolated buildings under
actual earthquakes. Two number of three storied RCC framed buildings have been
constructed at IIT ,Guwahati campus, one with base isolation using Lead Rubber plug
bearing(LRB) and the other with conventional foundation. Accelerometers are installed at
first floor and third floor of both of the buildings in order to record and compare the
seismic responses of base isolated and conventional foundation buildings. The
experimental buildings experienced earthquake of 5.2 Richter magnitudes on Nov 06,
2006. A study has been made on the state of buildings and a comparison has also been
made on the recorded data. Improvements required in the conventional analysis
procedures are clearly brought out to obtain realistic structural seismic response in this
paper.
A.V. Shoushtari (2010) made an attempt to evaluate the seismic behaviour of tall
building structures by friction damper. The finite element modelling technique(SAP2000)
is used in this study to learn the met behaviour of structure equipped by friction damper.
Three different methods of analysis (Free vibration, Response Spectrum analysis and
Time History analysis) have been done to achieve this purpose.
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T.K. Datta (2010): This paper introduced different types of data sources; unearthly
examination of structures for ground movement and reaction range investigation for fixed
base and base isolated structures, and the idea of flexibility.
Petros Komodromos (2000): This best in class volume gives a careful investigation of
seismic confinement, an imaginative execution based approach, which can be utilized to
limit tremor incited stacks, and to relieve or decrease coming about harm in low-to-
medium-ascent structures.
A. B. M. Saiful Islam (2011): The author chose isolation frameworks to be specific, the
lead rubber bearing (LRB) and high damping rubber bearing (HDRB) for his examination
work. Numerical plan and restricting criteria for outline of each individual part have been
fortified. The reasonableness to join isolators for seismic control has been investigated in
detail. The review reveals streamlined outline systems for LRB and HDRB for structures
in Bangladesh. The detail outline movement has been proposed to be incorporated into
Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC).
Evany Nithya S. also, Dr. Rajesh Prasanna (2012): This paper addresses the
significance of keeping the superstructure stable while the establishment is being shaken
by a quake. So there emerges a need to outline a framework that puts this idea into
practice, alongside numerous different architects doing autonomous work in different
nations, have delivered an abundance of data about base isolators and have turned out to
be regular information to auxiliary specialists. By presenting base isolators, the most
extreme expected parallel constrain that will happen because of seismic ground
movement at the base of a structure is significantly diminished. This idea has made a leap
forward in auxiliary outline and as years go, it will turn out to be an existence sparing
advancement of noteworthy extents.
Sajal Kanti Deb (Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology

Guwahati): The target of seismic isolation building is to decouple the building structure
from the harming segments of the tremor input movement, i.e., to keep the superstructure
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of the working from engrossing the earthquake energy. The whole superstructure must be
strengthened on discrete isolators whose dynamic attributes are uncoupled the ground
movement. Some isolators are additionally - Designed to include significant damping.
Dislodging and yielding are accumulated at the level of the separation gadgets, and the
superstructure carries on particularly like an unbending body. A portion of the regularly
utilized isolated frameworks are covered elastic (or electrometric) orientation and sliding
separation frameworks. Overlaid elastic orientation are utilized with detached dampers
for control of unreasonable base uprooting. Overlaid elastic orientation with intrinsic
vitality dissemination limits are likewise created. Lead elastic bearing and high damping
elastic heading are cases of this class of confinement system. Sliding course for the most
part uses Teflon-stainless steel, level or round, interface. Now and again isolate
components are given to re-entering of the disengaged framework. Execution of base
disengaged structures in various parts of the world amid quakes in the current past set up
that the base detachment innovation is a practical other option to regular seismic tremor
safe plan of medium-ascent structures.
M. Sener, S. Utku, ``Control of Seismic Energy Flow Into Buildings Through Adaptive
Base Isolation,'' Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Adaptive
Structures, pages 367-376, Key West Florida, November 13-15, 1995. Passive base
confinement frameworks utilized for the seismic reaction control of structures have all the
earmarks of being viable for little to medium quality tremors. Cross breed base
segregation frameworks, which utilize a dynamic framework together with the inactive
base detachment framework, might be utilized to control the reaction of structures
subjected to bigger ground movements made by bigger greatness quakes. A crossover
base detachment framework, which utilizes latent base confinement cushions together
with redirection embedding actuators, is proposed. The framework, put between the
establishment of the building and its superstructure, is utilized to limit the powers forced
on the superstructure by the seismic tremor initiated ground movement. A three
dimensional basic model is produced to concentrate the viability of the versatile base
separation framework. The impact of the construct separation framework in light of the
adaptable methods of the structure, including the Torsional modes, is examined.
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P.P. Thakre (2011) has quickly depicted the conduct of 3-story RC building which is
situated in seismic zone-4 is utilized as a test show. Lead plug bearing is utilized and
spoken to utilizing bilinear drive misshaping conduct. There are two principle partitions.
The two bits are base isolators outline and relative investigation of execution of fixed
base and base isolated conditions. Static Analysis on settled base condition and reanalysis
of dynamic examination on base secluded condition is utilized. Likewise, Response
Spectrum examination and straight Time History investigation are utilized on both fixed
base and Base isolated structures. The outcomes are Base segregation helps in lessening
the outline parameter i.e. base shear and twisting minute in the auxiliary part over the
detachment interface by around 4.5 times. The outright dislodging increments yet relative
relocations are lessened, along these lines diminishing the harm to the structure when
subjected to a tremor. The shear constrain and twisting minutes are decreased because of
the higher day and age of the base confined structure which brings about lower
quickening following up on the structure and furthermore, because of expanded damping
in the structure bue to the base segregation gadgets.
By the Dynamic examination it has been seen found that the base shear diminished by 55-
60% in Response Spectrum Analysis while in Time History base shear decreases by 70-
80%. For the most part, the pinnacle removals acquired when History are not exactly
those of the Response Spectrum technique for examination. This is the situation on the
grounds that damping because of the hysteric impact is more than the proportional
damping considered in the Response Spectrum strategy for examination.
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CHAPTER 3
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
3.1 NUMERICAL MODELLING
The displaying of the structure is being finished by Finite Element bundle. The
shafts and segments are demonstrated as the solid edge components. The pieces and the
shear dividers are demonstrated as the shell components. The edge component comprises
of six degrees of flexibility at a hub which are three turns and three removals.
3.1.1 Shell Element:-
The shell question is a range component that can be utilized for plane anxiety,
plane strain and axisymmetric strong conduct. The quantity of degrees of opportunity in
shell component is six at every hub. The shell is the blend of the layer and the plate
components i.e. a shell can carry on as plate and additionally layer. The shell has six
degrees of opportunity at every hub, by controlling the ordinary interpretation and bowing
pivots the shell goes about as a layer and when the in plane interpretations and the
twisting about the typical are limited the shell goes about as a plate component.
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Fig 4.1 Shell element with its degrees of freedom at a Node
Fig 4.2 plate element with the degrees of freedom
Fig 4.3 membrane element with the degrees of freedom
There are a few requirements to be met while using the shell elements in most of
the conventional packages. Few of them are being listed below:
1. The shell could be used as a four or a three nodded element, but a four nodded
element is preferred over the triangle of the reason that the triangle can undergo
only translations and the stress recovery of the element is poor.
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2. The angle at the corner should not be greater than 1800, the best results could be
obtained when the angle is close to 900, and the angle should lie between 450 to
1350.
3. The aspect ratio of the elements should be close to unity with a tolerance up to
four and in no case should the ration be greater than ten. The aspect ratio in case
in the ratio of the longer side to the shorter side and in the quadrilateral the ratio is
the longer distance between the mid points of the opposite sides to that of the such
shorter side.
4. The joints in the shell could be non coplanar but the accuracy of the results
depend on the angle between the normal at the joints. Best results could be
obtained when the larger of these angles is less that 300 and in no case the angle
should be greater than 450.
There are thickness formulations in using the shell elements. There are two
thickness formulations, the thick (Mindlin) plates and the thin plates (Kirchoff) plates.
The thick plates give consideration to the transverse shear deformations and the thin
plates neglect the transverse shear deformation. Shearing deformations are important
when the thickness is greater than 1/10th to 1/5th the spans, they are important when
there is higher stress concentrations due to bending, geometrical discontinuities. The
thick plates are preferred over the thin plates for the reason that thick plates are
accurate though they are stiffer and the accuracy of the thick plates depend on the
mesh distortion and larger aspect ratio of the plates.
3.1.2 Floor Constraints:
The constraints are used at the floor at every storey height to ensure that all the
joints at a particular height should undergo the same deformation. In the real life
problems the deformation undergone by joints at the same height have very small
differences and hence to simulate that the constraints are used. There many constraints
that are available in the package but two constraints were used they are:
1. Diaphragm constraints
2. Plate constraints
The diaphragm constraints are used to restrain the deformation of the membranes
by making the membrane rigid for in plane deformations and to ensure that all joints in
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plane move in the same pattern. The in plane stiffness of the floor system is very large as
compared to that of the out of plane stiffness and hence when floors are modeled with the
in plane stiffness and the numerical accuracy of the solution reduces which may be very
large. The joint connectivity of the floor should be in the same plane.
Plate constraints are also kind of constraints in which even the out of plane
bending that is allowed in the diaphragm constraints. The joint connectivity shall be on
any points in space.
There few more constraints that being offered by the package but the applicability
was found to suit the plate and the diaphragm constraints.
3.1.3 BEAM ELEMENT
Yield Convention for Frame Element Internal Forces
The edge component inner strengths are:
P, the hub drive
V2, the shear drive in the 1-2 plane
V3, the shear drive in the 1-3 plane
T, the pivotal torque (about the 1-hub)
M2, the twisting minute in the 1-3 plane (about the 2-hub)
M3, the twisting minute in the 1-2 plane (about the 3-hub)
The sign tradition for casing component inward powers is shown in the figure
underneath. This sign tradition can be depicted by characterizing the idea of positive and
negative appearances of a component. Consider a segment sliced through the component
in the 2-3 plane. At this segment, the positive 1 face is the face whose outward typical
(bolt that is opposite to the area and indicating far from the segment) is in the positive
neighborhood 1 heading. At this same area, the negative one face is one whose outward
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typical is in the negative nearby 1 heading. The positive 2 and 3 appearances are those
countenances with outward ordinary in the positive nearby 2 and 3 bearings, individually,
from the unbiased pivot. Take note of the accompanying about the edge component inside
powers:
Positive inside strengths (P, V2 and V3) and positive hub torque (T) following up
on a positive 1 face are arranged in the positive bearing of the relating component
corresponding facilitate hub. For instance, when V2 following up on a positive 1
face is sure, it is situated toward the positive nearby 2-pivot.
Positive interior strengths (P, V2 and V3) and positive pivotal torque (T)
following up on a negative 1 face are situated in the negative heading of the
relating component There are a few requirements to be met while using the shell
elements in most of the conventional packages. Few of them are being listed
below:
The shell could be used as a four or a three nodded element, but a four nodded
element is preferred over the triangle of the reason that the triangle can undergo
only translations and the stress recovery of the element is poor.
The angle at the corner should not be greater than 1800, the best results could be
obtained when the angle is close to 900, and the angle should lie between 450 to
1350.
The aspect ratio of the elements should be close to unity with a tolerance up to
four and in no case should the ration be greater than ten. The aspect ratio in case
in the ratio of the longer side to the shorter side and in the quadrilateral the ratio is
Page 21
the longer distance between the mid points of the opposite sides to that of the such
shorter side.
The joints in the shell could be non coplanar but the accuracy of the results
depend on the angle between the normal at the joints. Best results could be
obtained when the larger of these angles is less that 300 and in no case the angle
should be greater than 450.
There are thickness formulations in using the shell elements. There are two
thickness formulations, the thick (Mindlin) plates and the thin plates (Kirchoff) plates.
The thick plates give consideration to the transverse shear deformations and the thin
plates neglect the transverse shear deformation. Shearing deformations are important
when the thickness is greater than 1/10th to 1/5th the spans, they are important when there
is higher stress concentrations due to bending, geometrical discontinuities. The thick
plates are preferred over the thin plates for the reason that thick plates are accurate though
they are stiffer and the accuracy of the thick plates depend on the mesh distortion and
larger aspect ratio of the plates.
3.1.2 Floor Constraints:
The constraints are used at the floor at every storey height to ensure that all the
joints at a particular height should undergo the same deformation. In the real life
problems the deformation undergone by joints at the same height have very small
differences and hence to simulate that the constraints are used. There many constraints
that are available in the package but two constraints were used they are:
Diaphragm constraints
Plate constraints
The diaphragm constraints are used to restrain the deformation of the membranes
by making the membrane rigid for in plane deformations and to ensure that all joints in
plane move in the same pattern. The in plane stiffness of the floor system is very large as
compared to that of the out of plane stiffness and hence when floors are modelled with the
in plane stiffness and the numerical accuracy of the solution reduces which may be very
large. The joint connectivity of the floor should be in the same plane.
Page 22
Plate constraints are also kind of constraints in which even the out of plane
bending that is allowed in the diaphragm constraints. The joint connectivity shall be on
any points in space.
3.2 Modal Analysis

Modular investigation is the investigation of the dynamic properties of structures
under vibration excitation. In auxiliary designing, modular investigation utilizes the
general mass and firmness of a structure to locate the different periods at which it will
normally reverberate. An ordinary method of a wavering framework is an example of
movement in which all parts of the framework move sinusoidal with a similar recurrence
and with a settled stage connection. Eigenvector examination decides the undamped free
vibration mode shapes and frequencies of the framework. These normal modes give a
magnificent understanding into the conduct of the structure. Ritz vector examination
looks to discover modes that are energized by a specific stacking. Ritz vectors can give a
superior premise than do eigenvectors when utilized for reaction range or time-history
examinations that depend on modular superposition. Along these lines, modular
investigation is finished by taking after strategies,
1. Eigenvector analysis
2. Ritz vector analysis
3.3 Earthquake Response Analysis
As specified above, in the modular strategy, the MDOF framework progresses

toward becoming n free uncoupled SDOF framework in modular facilitate framework.
The ground quickening because of quake is changed over to comparing stacking and the
reaction of every mode could be figured by unravelling each SDOF framework. The total
removal of the structure at a coveted time is acquired by superposing the commitment of
all modes assessed as of now. Normally, the modes with the least characteristic
frequencies contribute most to the general reaction. It is a direct result of the way that the
Page 23
cooperation variables of these modes for tremor excitation are high in contrast with those
of the higher modes. It is additionally because of the nearness of in the denominator of
the Duhamel fundamental. Hence, a satisfactory guess of the reaction is gotten by
including various least modes as it were.
3.4 Response Spectrum Analysis
Reaction range technique for examination should be performed utilizing the plan
range determined, or by a site-particular outline range as per IS1893:2002.
3.4.1 Concept of Response Spectrum
Reaction range of any quake ground movement is just a plot of the most extreme
reaction amid that tremor of a single degree of freedom (SDF) framework as an element
of its natural vibration period (Tn) or frequency (fn), for a given benefit of damping.
Greatest reaction might be removal, speed or increasing speed. Each such plot has a
settled damping proportion x, and a few such plots for various estimations of x are
incorporated to cover the scope of damping esteems experienced in real structures.
Presently a focal idea in tremor building, the reaction range gives an advantageous
intends to outline the pinnacle reaction of all conceivable direct single level of
opportunity frameworks to a specific part of quake ground movement.
3.5 Time-History Analysis:
Time history analysis of the casing was done to decide the reaction of the casing
under a given dynamic stacking.
Time history investigation is the most regular and natural approach. The reaction
history is partitioned into time increases t and the structure is subjected to an
arrangement of individual time-autonomous drive beats f (t). The nonlinear
reaction is in this manner approximated by arrangement of piecewise straight
frameworks.
Page 24
Here time history records of El Centro 1940 North South Component (Peknold
Version) accessible from PEER Strong Motion Database
(http://peer.berkeley.edu/) is utilized for examination.
3.6 Lead elastic bearing:
In the present paper, the isolators were at first intended to take after some
accessible suggestions of the Uniform Building Code (UBC-97). The mechanical
properties of the LRB disconnection framework were set to conform to a proposal of the
UBC-97 construction standard. The plan parameters considered here are: the proportion
Q/W of the trademark quality Q over the aggregate weight on the detachment framework
W, the yield constrain Fy , the isolator measurement D, the lead center distance across d,
the quantity of elastic layers n, and the layer thickness t. For plan and examination, the
state of the nonlinear forcedeflection relationship, named the hysteresis loop has a
flexible (or emptying) stiffness ke and a yielded (or post-versatile) stiffness kp.
Energy dissipation core
Layers of rubber and steel
Steel mounting Plate
Fig. 7- The Lead rubber Bearing. (The top mounting plate is not shown)
Table 1. Parameters of basic hysteresis loop of isolator for bilinear modelling

Symbols Terms
ke = Elastic stiffness
K2 or Kp = Yielded Stiffness
Keff = Effective Stiffness
= Designed displacement
Dy = The yield displacement of the isolator.
Page 25
eff = Effective damping ratio
Fy = Yield force
Tiso = Fundamental isolation period
3.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIMEN
3D RC Flat Slabs of 3x3 bays having five storey are taken into consideration. the
concrete is M40 and Tor steel are used for reinforcement.
3.8 DESIGN
The RC frames comprises of columns, beams (perimeter beams) and slabs (flat
slabs). Analysis of the frames is done using ETABS 2013 software. Dead load, imposed
load, and earthquake load are considered for analysis.
i) Dead load (DL)
The dead load is considered as per IS 875-1987 (Part I-Dead loads).
Density of Concrete = 25 kN/m3

Floor finish = 1.0 kN/m3
Roof finish = 1.0kN/m3
ii) Imposed Load (LL)
The imposed load is considered as per IS 875-1987 (Part II-Imposed loads), Code of
Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures.
Lived load on slab = 4.0 kN/m2

Lived load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2
iii) Earthquake Load (EL)
The earthquake load is considered as per the IS 1893-2002(Part 1). The factors considered
are
Zone factors = 0.36 (zone V)

Importance factor = 1.0
Page 26
Response reduction factor = 5.0
Soil condition = Medium soil
Damping = 5%
vi) Load Combinations
The following load combinations are taken as per IS 875-1987
a. 1.5 (DL + IL)
b. 1.2 (DL + IL WL or EL)
c. 1.5 (DL WL or EL)
d. 0.9 DL 1.5 WL or EL
3.9 DETAILS OF RC FRAME WITH FLAT PLATE & FLAT

SLAB
Dimensions of Edge Beam (bxd) = (0.25x0.60) m

Dimensions of Column (bxd) (For Five Storey) = (0.70x0.70) m
Thickness of Flat Slab, FSD ,D = 0.25 m
Thickness of Drop, D = 0.35 m
Thickness of Shear wall, W = 0.25 m
Height of column, hcol = 3.0 m
Moment of Inertia of Beam / Column = 2.6 x 10-3 &10 x 10-3 m4
Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 3.16 x 107 kN/m2
3.10 ETAABS models for the study
Taking after are the 10 instances of 3D RC flat slab structures should be

examined. The models are finished utilizing ETAABS 2013 adaptation programming, and
afterward subjected to seismic static and seismic dynamic investigation. In unique
investigation, both Response range and time history are examined. 1940 EL centro tremor
north south segment is taken as the ground movement information. The outcomes got are
Page 27
then arranged and contemplated. In acquiring the punching shear worry in level pieces,
the floors are sent out to SAFE 2012 form programming to get the punching shear stretch
outcomes.
Different models considered are:-

MODEL CHARACTERISTIC
BASE
NO.
FIXED M1
1 FLAT SLAB
ISOLATED BIM1
FIXED M2
2 FLAT SLAB+DROP
ISOLATED BIM2
FIXED M3
3 FLAT SLAB+DROP+PERIMETER BEAM
ISOLATED BIM3
FIXED FLAT SLAB +DROP+PERIMETER M4
4
ISOLATED BEAM+SHEAR WALL AT CORE BIM4
FIXED FLAT SLAB +DROP+PERIMETER M5
5
ISOLATED BEAM+SHEAR WALL AT PEIPHERY BIM5
3.11 BASE ISOLATOR CHARACTERISTICS/LINK PROPERIES

The lead rubber bearing isolators are designed keeping in view the Target time
period (TD=2.5 sec) and vertical stiffness requirement to carry the axial loads. For every
model two isolators are designed for
1. For Interior columns
2. Outer periphery columns
The parameters designed to define the base isolators in ETAABS are-
1. MODEL -1(BIM1):
a. For inner columns
U1 Linear Effective Stiffness = 3486257.143 KN/m
U2 &U3 Linear Effective Stiffness = 2902.34 KN/m
U2 & U3 Nonlinear Stiffness = 5086.842 KN/m
U2 & U3 Yield Strength = 124.63 KN
U2 & U3 Post Yield Stiffness Ratio = 0.1
b. For periphery columns
U2 &U3 Linear Effective Stiffness = 732.911KN/m
Page 28
2. MODEL-2(BIM2):
c. For inner columns
d. For periphery columns
3. MODEL-3(BIM3):
e. For inner columns
f. For periphery columns
Page 29
4. MODEL-4(BIM4):
g. For inner columns
h. For periphery columns
5. MODEL-5(BIM5):
i. For inner columns
j. For periphery columns
3.12 Pictures of ETAAB models
Page 30
MODEL-1:-FLAT SLAB
MODEL-2:- FLAT SLAB WITH DROPS
MODEL-3:- FLAT SLAB WITH DROPS +PERIMETER BEAMS
Page 31
MODEL-4:- FLAT SLAB WITH DROPS +PERIMETER BEAMS+SHEAR WALL
AT CORE
MODEL-5:- FLAT SLAB WITH DROPS +PERIMETER BEAMS+SHEAR WALL

AT PERIPHERY
Page 32
FIGURE 3.1- Elevation showing typical base isolated structure
Page 33
CHAPTER-4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 TIME PERIOD
Fundamental Natural Time Period as per IS 1893-2002 and as per analysis using
Finite Element software are tabulated in Table No. 1 to for Flat slab structures .
FIXED BASE ISOLATED BASE
FIF
Figure no 1: Typical Mode shape (mode 1= Translation X) of Flat slab structure

with fixed base and isolated base
Figure no 2: Typical Mode shape (mode 2= Translation Y) of Flat slab structure

Page 34
Figure no 3: Typical Mode shape (mode 3= Torsional) of Flat slab structure
Codal Natural Time Period as per IS 1893:2002 Cl. no. 7.8.1 P.no.24
T = 0.075H0.75 where, H=Height of the Building
For 5 Story Structure,
T = 0.075(H) 0.75
= 0.075 (15)0.75
= 0.5716 s
Table no 1: Modal periods of Flat slab structures with fixed base.
MODE 1 MODE 2 MODE 3

MODELS Time Time Time
Period, s Period, s Period, s
M1- FLAT PLATE WITH FIXED
0.879 0.879 0.754
BASE
M2- FLAT SLAB WITH DROP WITH
0.708 0.708 0.624
FIXED BASE
M3-FLAT SLAB WITH DROP
STRENGTHENED BY PERIMETER 0.703 0.703 0.617
BEAMS WITH FIXED BASE
M4- FLAT SLAB WITH DROP
+PERIMETER BEAM+ SHEAR
0.199 0.199 0.147
WALL AT CORE WITH FIXED
BASE
M5- FLAT SLAB WITH DROP
0.266 0.266 0.157
WALL AT PHERIPHERY WITH
FIXED BASE
Page 35
Time Period Comparison
fixed base flat slab structure
1
Time Period in Secs. 0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
MODE 1
0.879 0.708 0.703 0.199 0.266
Time Period, sec
MODE 2
0.879 0.708 0.703 0.199 0.266
Time Period,sec
MODE 3
0.754 0.624 0.617 0.147 0.157
Time Period, sec
Graph no 1: Variation of Natural Time period of Flat slab structures with fixed base
Table no 2: Modal periods of Flat slab structures with isolated base.
MODE 1 MODE 2 MODE 3

MODELS Time Time Time
Period, s Period, s Period, s
BIM1- FLAT PLATE WITH BASE
2.488 2.488 2.422
ISOLATION
BIM2- FLAT SLAB WITH DROP WITH
2.48 2.48 2.231
BASE ISOLATION
BIM3-FLAT SLAB WITH DROP
STRENGTHENED BY PERIMETER BEAMS 2.498 2.498 2.24
WITH BASE ISOLATION
BIM4- FLAT SLAB WITH DROP
+PERIMETER BEAM+ SHEAR WALL AT 2.296 2.296 2.064
CORE
+PERIMETER BEAM+ SHEAR WALL AT 2.498 2.498 2.11
PHERIPHERY BASE ISOLATION
Page 36
Time Period Comparison
fixed base flat slab structure
3
2.5
Time Period in Secs
1.5
0.5
0
BIM1 BIM2 BIM3 BIM4 BIM5
MODE 1
2.488 2.48 2.498 2.296 2.498
Time Period
MODE 2
2.488 2.48 2.498 2.296 2.498
Time Period
MODE 3
2.422 2.231 2.24 2.064 2.11
Time Period
Graph no 2: Variation of Natural Time period of Flat slab structures with isolated
base
Table no 3: Comparative study of Time period for fixed base and base isolated flat
slab structures for Mode -1 (Translation-X)
Time period, T seconds (mode-1)

MODEL
FIXED BASE BASE ISOLATED
1 0.879 2.488
2 0.708 2.48
3 0.703 2.498
4 0.199 2.296
5 0.266 2.498
slab structures for Mode -2 (Translation-Y)

MODEL
1 0.879 2.488
2 0.708 2.48
3 0.703 2.498
Page 37
4 0.199 2.296
5 0.266 2.498
slab structures for Mode -3 (Torsional)

MODEL
1 0.754 2.422
2 0.624 2.231
3 0.617 2.24
4 0.147 2.064
5 0.157 2.11
2.5
1.5 FIXED BASE

BASE ISOLATED
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5
Graph no 3: Comparative study of Time periods (mode 1,2) of fixed base and Base
isolated building
Page 38
3
2.5
1.5 FIXED BASE

BASE ISOLATED
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5
Graph no 4: Comparative study of Time periods (mode 3) of fixed base and Base
isolated building
4.1.1 Discussions:-
Resonance-The earthquake motion can be considered to consist of combination of

harmonic motions of different frequencies and of different magnitude. When any
of the frequencies in the ground motion matches with that of natural frequency of
the structure resonance occurs (i.e. manifold increase in response) leading to
complete collapse. For resonance to build up sustained harmonic force is require
but fortunately such sustained harmonic excitations do not occur. Therefore, the
complete collapse of the structure is very rare, but significant damages occur
when ground motion has reasonable amount of energy associated with the
frequencies closure to its natural frequency.
Base isolation shifts the fundamental period of the structure from the dominant
period of the earthquake. It generally shifts the fundamental time period of the
structure more than 2 to 3 seconds. (In the present study, target Time period taken
was 2.5 seconds). The dominant periods of the earthquake are in the 0.2 to 0.6
seconds range. The severe accelerations of an earthquake are avoided due to
period shift provided by isolation. This shifting of the period by providing base
isolation can be observed in the Graph no-1 &2 shown above.
Page 39
Fixed base Flat slab structures are very flexible in nature. Provision of shear walls
makes the structure very rigid which drastically reduces the natural time period of
the structure as shown in the table-1 above.
Flat slab structure with shear wall at the core is more rigid than the one with shear
wall at periphery which is proved with lesser time period (T (M4) < T (M5)) as
observed in the Graph no-1 above.
Providing Drops makes the Flat slab structure more rigid (increases the stiffness)
than the one without drops which can be observed with the reduction of natural
time period as shown in Table no-1 above.
T (M10.879sec) > T (M2=0.708sec
4.2 BASE SHEAR
Base Shear results for both Seismic Static and Dynamic cases are tabulated below in the
Tables 1 to 3 with their respective Graphs below them.
Table no-6: Base Shear results of Flat slab structures with fixed base
X-direction Y-direction
Seismic Seismic Seismic Seismic

MODELS
Static, Dynamic, Static, Dynamic,
KN KN KN KN
M1 - FLAT PLATE WITH FIXED

1801.35 981.78 1801.35 981.78
BASE
M2 - FLAT SLAB WITH DROP WITH
2332.71 1309.40 2332.71 1309.40
FIXED BASE
M3 - FLAT SLAB WITH DROP
STRENGTHENED BY PERIMETER 2465.78 1389.48 2465.78 1389.48
BEAMS WITH FIXED BASE
+PERIMETER BEAM+ SHEAR 3326.22 1818.22 3326.22 1818.22
WALL AT CORE WITH FIXED BASE
3551.78 1789.90 3551.78 1789.90
WALL AT PERIPHERY WITH FIXED
BASE
Page 40
Base Shear comparision (Fixed Base)
4000
3500
Base Shear, KN
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Seismic Static
1801.35 2332.71 2465.78 3326.22 3551.78
X-Direction,KN
Seismic Dynamic
981.78 1309.40 1389.48 1818.22 1789.90
X-direction, KN
Seismic Static
1801.35 2332.71 2465.78 3326.22 3551.78
Y-Direction, KN
Seismic Dynamic
981.78 1309.40 1389.48 1818.22 1789.90
Y-Direction, KN
Graph no-5: Base Shear results of Flat slab structure with fixed base
Table no-7: Base Shear results of Flat slab structures with Base isolation
X-direction Y-direction
Seismic Seismic Seismic Seismic
MODEL
Static Dynamic Static Dynami
KN KN KN c KN
BIM1- FLAT PLATE WITH BASE
652.22 434.81 652.22 434.81
ISOLATION
BIM2- FLAT SLAB WITH DROP WITH
714.59 476.39 714.59 476.39
BASE ISOLATION
BIM3-FLAT SLAB WITH DROP
STRENGTHENED BY PERIMETER BEAMS 680.1 453.40 680.1 453.40
WITH BASE ISOLATION

+PERIMETER BEAM+ SHEAR WALL AT 799.03 532.69 799.03 532.69
CORE
+PERIMETER BEAM+SHEAR WALL AT 771.51 511.21 771.51 511.21
PHERIPHERY BASE ISOLATION
Page 41
Base Shear comparision (Isolated Base)
900
800
Base Shear, KN 700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Seismic Static
652.22 714.59 680.1 799.03 771.51
X-Direction, KN
Seismic Dynamic
434.81 476.39 453.40 532.69 511.21
X-direction, KN
Seismic Static
652.22 714.59 680.1 799.03 771.51
Y-Direction, KN
Seismic Dynamic
434.81 476.39 453.40 532.69 511.21
Y-Direction, KN
Graph no-6: Base Shear results of Flat slab structure with Isolated Base
Table no 8:-Comparative study of Base Shear results for Fixed base and Base
isolated structures
X-DIRECTION Y- DIRECTION
SEISMIC SEISMIC SEISMIC SEISMIC
MODEL
STATIC DYNAMIC STATIC DYNAMIC
KN KN KN KN
FB 1801.35 981.78 1801.35 981.78
1- FLAT PLATE BI 652.22 434.81 652.22 434.81
2- FLAT SLAB WITH DROP FB 2332.71 1309.40 2332.71 1309.40
BI 714.59 476.39 714.59 476.39
3-FLAT SLAB WITH DROP FB 2465.78 1389.48 2465.78 1389.48
STRENGTHENED
BY PERIMETER BEAMS BI 680.10 453.40 680.10 453.40
+PERIMETER BEAM
+ SHEAR WALL AT CORE BI 799.03 532.69 799.03 532.69
+PERIMETER BEAM+
SHEAR WALL AT PHERIPHERY BI 771.51 511.21 771.51 511.21
Page 42
Base Shear comparision
(seismic static case)
4000
3500
3000
Base Shear, KN
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
FB BI FB BI FB BI FB BI FB BI
1 2 3 4 5
Base Shear 1801.4 652.22 2332.7 714.59 2465.8 680.1 3326.2 799.03 3551.8 771.51
Graph no-7: Comparative study of Base Shear for Flat Slab Structures with Fixed
base and with isolated base for Seismic static case.
Base Shear comparision

(seismic Dynamic case)
2000
1800
1600
Base Shear, KN
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5
Base Shear 981.8 434.8 1309 476.3 1389 453.4 1818 532.6 1790 511.2
Graph no-8: Comparative study of Base Shear for Flat Slab Structures with Fixed
base and with isolated base for Seismic Dynamic case
Page 43
4.2.1 Discussions:-
Base shear is reduced almost by 50-60% by the introduction of Base isolation to a

fixed base structure. Base isolation induces horizontal flexibility to the structure at
the base level. Hence the resistance offered by the isolated structure against
horizontal forces is low, and hence the reduction in development of Base shears.
This reduction can be observed in the graphs 7&8.
Base shear is an estimate of the maximum expected lateral force that will occur
due to Seismic ground motion at the base of a structure. It is proportional to the
Seismic weight. Hence it can also be said that Base Shear is a mass dependent
phenomenon. Higher the mass, higher is the Base shear. This is well proved with
the increase in Base shear due to increase in mass in terms of Drops, perimeter
beam, Shear wall etc.
The results showing the increase in Base shear from M1 to M5 and BIM1 to
BIM2 can be observed in Graphs 7&8.
Stiffer the structure, it attracts large lateral loads. Provision of Shear walls induces
high stiffness to the structure. Hence the base shear generated at the base of M4,
M5 and BIM4, BIM5 are very high which can be observed in the Table no-6&7.
Base shear for Static load case is higher than that for Dynamic case because of
lesser build up of force over consecutive time steps. Also this may differ from one
Ground motion to the other i.e., Ground motion having longer strong motion may
produce higher base shear.
4.3 STOREY DISPLACEMENTS
According to IS-456:2000 (cl.no 20.5 p.no.33), maximum limit for lateral displacement is
H/500, where H is building height
For 5 Storey Structure: H-15.0m

Maximum limit for lateral displacement- H/500 = 15000/500 = 30mm
Note: Displacements are in mm.
Page 44
Table no-9: Storey Displacements in Seismic Static case of Flat Slab structures with
Fixed Base
Storey M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Height
15 31.8 24.6 24.3 1.4 4.9
12 25.2 20.3 20.1 1.1 3.7
9 17.6 14.7 14.6 0.8 2.5
6 9.7 8.4 8.4 0.5 1.3
3 3 2.8 2.8 0.2 0.4
0 0 0 0 0 0
Storey Displacements
seismic staic case
15
STOREY HEIGHT, m
12
9 M1
M2
6 M3
3 M4
M5
0
0 10 20 30 40
Displacement, mm
Graph no-9: Variation of storey displacements of Flat slab structure with fixed base
in Seismic static case.
Table no-10: Storey Displacements in Seismic Dynamic case of Flat Slab structures
with Fixed Base
Storey M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Height
15 14.9 12.1 12 0.7 2.2
12 12 10.1 10.1 0.5 1.7
9 8.5 7.5 7.5 0.4 1.1
6 4.8 4.4 4.4 0.3 0.6
3 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.1 0.2
Page 45
0 0 0 0 0 0
Note: Displacements are in mm.
Storey Displacements
seismic dynamic case
15
STOREY HEIGHT, m
12
9 M1
M2
6 M3
3 M4
M5
0
0 5 10 15 20
Displacement, mm
Graph no-10: Variation of storey displacements of Flat slab structure with fixed
base in Seismic dynamic case.
Table no-11: Storey Displacements in Seismic Static case of Flat Slab structures
with isolated Base
Storey BIM1 BIM2 BIM3 BIM4 BIM5

Height
15.5 55.8 50.3 53.3 42.4 60.9
12.5 52.8 49 51.2 42.3 56
9.5 49.2 47.3 48.6 42.1 51
6.5 44.8 45.1 45.2 41.9 45.9
3.5 39.6 42.3 41.2 41.7 40.8
ISO 34.74 39.43 37.02 41.59 38.37
0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 46
Storey Displacements of Base isolated Flat slab structure
(seismic staic case)
15
12
STOREY HEIGHT, m
9 BIM1
BIM2
BIM3
6
BIM4
BIM5
ISO
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Displacement, mm
Graph no-11: Variation of storey displacements of Flat slab structure with isolated
base in Seismic static case.
Table no-12: Storey Displacements in Seismic Dynamic case of Flat Slab structures
with isolated Base
Storey BIM1 BIM2 BIM3 BIM4 BIM5

Height
15.5 34.4 32.5 33.6 29 39.3
12.5 33 32 32.7 28.9 36.7
9.5 31.3 31.2 31.4 28.8 34.1
6.5 29 30.1 29.7 28.8 31.5
3.5 26.1 28.5 27.4 28.6 28.8
ISO 22.78 26.44 24.5 28.57 26.34
0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 47
Storey Displacements of Base isolated Flat slab structure
(seismic dynamic case)
15
12
STOREY HEIGHT, m
9 BIM1
BIM2
BIM3
6
BIM4
BIM5
ISO
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Displacement, mm
Graph no-12: Variation of storey displacements of Flat slab structure with isolated
base in Seismic dynamic case.
Table no-13:- Comparative study of Storey displacements of flat slab structures with
fixed base and isolated base in Seismic static case
1 2 3 4 5
storey
5 31.8 55.8 24.6 50.3 24.3 53.3 1.4 42.4 4.9 60.9
4 25.2 52.8 20.3 49 20.1 51.2 1.1 42.3 3.7 56
3 17.6 49.2 14.7 47.3 14.6 48.6 0.8 42.1 2.5 51
2 9.7 44.8 8.4 45.1 8.4 45.2 0.5 41.9 1.3 45.9
1 3 39.6 2.8 42.3 2.8 41.2 0.2 41.7 0.4 40.8
ISO / 34.74 / 39.43 / 37.02 / 41.59 / 38.37
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 48
Table no-14:- Comparative study of Storey displacements of flat slab structures with
fixed base and isolated base in Seismic Dynamic case
1 2 3 4 5
storey
5 14.9 34.4 12.1 32.5 12 33.6 0.7 29 2.2 39.3
4 12 33 10.1 32 10.1 32.7 0.5 28.9 1.7 36.7
3 8.5 31.3 7.5 31.2 7.5 31.4 0.4 28.8 1.1 34.1
2 4.8 29 4.4 30.1 4.4 29.7 0.3 28.8 0.6 31.5
1 1.5 26.1 1.5 28.5 1.5 27.4 0.1 28.6 0.2 28.8
ISO / 22.78 / 26.44 / 24.5 / 28.57 / 26.34
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.3.1 Discussion:-
Base isolation introduces high horizontal flexibility to the structure at the isolator
level. This leads to an increase in the displacement as compared with that of a
conventional fixed base structure. However these large displacements are
concentrated at the isolator level only. The whole structure above the isolator is
displaced together like an ideal stiff body. Tables 13 to 14 show the increase in
displacement of the structure with the introduction of base isolators.
Introduction of Shear wall to the structure induces large stiffness and hence
increases the lateral load resisting capacity of a Flat slab structure. This is evident
with the large reduction in lateral displacements of Flat slab structures, which can
be observed in the Tables 13 to 14.
The total horizontal displacement of Base isolated Flat slab structure with shear
wall (BIM4 & BIM5) is very large in contrasting to that of a fixed base flat slab
structure with shear wall (M4& M5)( these large increase in displacements
comparatively is observed in graph 9.10.11&12 ) . However the objective of
inducing the stiffness to the structure is not questioned, as the relative
displacement (drift) between stories of these structures is almost negligible. These
can be observed in the graph 9.10.11&12.
Thus providing Base isolation and shear wall together to a Flat slab structure
eliminates its vulnerability to resist lateral loads.
Page 49
4.5 PUNCHING SHEAR
Punching Shear results are observed near the Core, Corner and Edge columns and
tabulated below in Tables 17 to 19.
.
Punching Shear ratio= .
Concrete Shear stress capacity =0.25 2

2
=0.2540
= 1.5811N/mm2
Table no-23: Punching shear stress Ratio for Flat Slab structures with fixed base
STOREY Models Interior Corner Edge

STOREY 5 M1 0.7914 2.1953 1.1078
STOREY 5 M2 0.8507 2.539 1.1927
STOREY 5 M3 0.8493 2.1348 1.1383
STOREY 5 M4 0.881 2.166 1.1474
STOREY 5 M5 0.8267 0.5117 1.1176
Punching Shear ratio

(fixed base)
3
Punching shear ratio
2.5
2
Interior
1.5
Corner
1
Edge
0.5
0
Graph no-21:- Variation of punching shear ratio for Flat slab structure with fixed
base at various critical sections like near interior, corner and edge columns.
Table no-24: Punching shear stress Ratio for Flat Slab structures with isolated base
STOREY Models Interior Corner Edge

STOREY 5 BIM1 0.7914 2.1953 1.1078
STOREY 5 BIM2 0.8507 2.539 1.1927
STOREY 5 BIM3 0.8493 2.1348 1.1383
STOREY 5 BIM4 0.881 2.166 1.1474
STOREY 5 BIM5 0.8267 0.5117 1.1176
Page 50
Punching Shear ratio
(fixed base)
3
Punching shear ratio 2.5
2
Interior
1.5
Corner
1
Edge
0.5
0
Graph no-22:- Variation of punching shear ratio for Flat slab structure with isolated
base at various critical sections like near interior, corner and edge columns.
Table no-25: Comparative study of Punching Shear Stress Ratio of Flat Slab
structure (storey 5) with fixed base and isolated base
Interior column Corner column

STORE Edge column
Y RED RED RED
FB BI FB BI FB BI
% % %
0.791 0.791 2.195 2.195 1.107 1.107

Model 1 0
4 4 3 3 0 8 8 0
0.850 0.850 1.192 1.192
Model 2 0 2.539 2.539
7 7 0 7 7 0
0.849 0.849 2.134 2.134 1.138 1.138
Model 3 0
3 3 8 8 0 3 3 0
1.147 1.147
Model 4 0.881 0.881 0 2.166 2.166
0 4 4 0
0.826 0.826 0.511 0.511 1.117 1.117
Model 5 0
7 7 7 7 0 6 6 0
Page 51
4.5.1 Discussions:-
The critical load combination for punching shear design is due to vertical loads
only. Hence the provision of Base isolation does not bring any difference in the
maximum Punching Shear developed at the slab-column joints. The punching
shear ratio which is a ratio of Maximum Punching shear stress developed to the
concrete shear stress capacity is tabulated in the tables 23 & 24 above. Also as
seen in table 25, it proves that there is no reduction in the maximum punching
shear developed after installing Base isolation.
The punching shear developed near the corner columns are very much high as
compared to those at Interior columns and Edge columns. The punching shear
developed at the interior columns is the least, followed by that developed at Edge.
4.6 SUPPORT MOMENTS AND SPAN MOMENTS
Figure no-4:- Typical moment contour for Flat slab structure
Table no-21: Results showing Support moments and Span moments for Flat slab
structures with Fixed Base
SUPPORT MOMENTS Mmax KN- SPAN

m/m MOMENTS
MODEL
INTERIOR CORNER EDGE Mmax KN-
COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN m/m
MI -127.16 -174.28 -238.53 29.95
M2 -258.63 -178.48 -303.76 26.59
M3 -257.42 -176.30 -346.32 27.27
M4 -446.45 -190.34 -352.93 30.36
M5 -234.34 -260.13 -314.40 28.60
Page 52
Critical Support moments
( fixed base & isolated base)
Suppoert moments KN-m/m

0
-100
-200 INTERIOR COLUMN
-300 CORNER COLUMN

EDGE COLUMN
-400
-500
Graph no-17: Variation of critical support moments of flat slab structure with fixed
base.
Maximum Span Moments
( fixed base)
31
Span moments KN-m/m
30
29
28
SPAN MOMENTS
27
Mmax KN-m/m
26
25
24
Graph no-18: Variation of Maximum span moments of flat slab structure with fixed
base.
Table no-22: Results showing Support moments and Span moments for Flat slab
structures with Isolated Base
Support Moments SPAN

Mmax Kn-M/M MOMENTS
MODEL
Interior Corner Edge Mmax
Column Column Column KN-m/m
BIMI -127.16 -174.28 -238.53 29.95
BIM2 -258.63 -178.48 -303.76 26.59
BIM3 -257.42 -176.30 -346.32 27.27
BIM4 -446.45 -190.34 -352.93 30.36
BIM5 -234.34 -260.13 -314.40 28.60
Page 53
Critical Support moments
(isolated base)
0
-50
Suppoert moments KN-m/m
-100
-150
-200 INTERIOR COLUMN
-250
CORNER COLUMN
-300
-350 EDGE COLUMN
-400
-450
-500
Graph no-19: Variation of critical support moments of flat slab structure with
isolated base.
Maximum Span Moments
( Isolated base)
31
30
Span moments KN-m/m
29
28
SPAN MOMENTS
27 Mmax KN-m/m
26
25
24
Graph no-20: Variation of Maximum span moments of flat slab structure with
isolated base.
4.6.1 Discussions:-
The critical combination of load for moment calculation is gravity load; hence the
provision of base isolation has no much effect on the moments developed in the
slab.
The same can be observed in the table 21 &22 above.
Provision of drops, perimeter beams and shear walls increases the fixity at the slab
column joints. This increase in rigidity increases the negative support moments
Page 54
at that point. However the increase in negative support moment is associated with
the decrease in positive span moments, as seen in the tables 21&22above.
The support moments near the edge columns seem to be very much higher than
that at corner columns. (graph 17&19)
4.7 TIME HISTORY RESULTS
The ground motion data considered for the design was El Centro 1940 North South
Component (Peknold Version) obtained from the website http://peer.berkeley.edu/ . The
results obtained are tabulated in the tables-26&27 and the graphs are drawn below them.
Fig no-5: El Centro 1940 North South Component (Peknold Version) Ground
motion.
Table no-26: Time history results of fixed base flat slab structures.
Displacements, Acceleration, Velocity,

MODEL
mm m/sec2 m/sec
M1 149.42 7.57 1.14
M2 85.2 7.97 0.94
M3 85.43 8.02 0.94
M4 4.83 8.67 0.41
M5 18.42 13.52 0.45
Page 55
TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS (fixed base)
Maximmum Displacements, mm
M5 18.42
M4 4.83
M3 85.43
M2 85.2
M1 149.42
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Displacements, mm
Graph no-23:- Time history results of Maximum displacements for fixed base flat
slab structures.

Acceleration,m/sec2
M5 13.52
M4 8.67
M3 8.02
M2 7.97
M1 7.57
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Acceleration, m/sec2
Graph no- 24:- Time history results of Maximum Acceleration for fixed base flat
slab structures
Page 56
Velocity, m/sec
M5 0.45
M4 0.41
M3 0.94
M2 0.94
M1 1.14
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Velocity, m/sec
Graph no-25:- Time history results of Maximum Velocity for fixed base flat slab
structures
Table no-27: Time history results of Base Isolated flat slab structures.
Displacements, Acceleration, Velocity,

MODEL
mm m/sec2 m/sec
BIM1 279.4 2.41 0.75
BIM2 265.96 1.94 0.74
BIM3 275.66 2.19 0.76
BIM4 226.44 1.64 0.67
BIM5 320.83 2.52 0.87
TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS (isolated base)

Maximmum Displacements, mm
BIM5 320.83
BIM4 226.44
BIM3 275.66
BIM2 265.96
BIM1 279.4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Displacements, mm
Graph no-26:- Time history results of Maximum displacements for base isolated flat
slab structures.
Page 57
Acceleration,m/sec2
BIM5 2.52
BIM4 1.64
BIM3 2.19
BIM2 1.94
BIM1 2.41
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Acceleration, m/sec2
Graph no-27:- Time history results of Maximum Acceleration for base isolated flat
slab structures

Velocity, m/sec
BIM5 0.87
BIM4 0.67
BIM3 0.76
BIM2 0.74
BIM1 0.75
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Velocity, m/sec
Graph no-28:- Time history results of Maximum Velocity for base isolated flat slab
structures
Table no-28:- Comparative study of Time-history results of fixed base and Base
isolated Flat slab structures.
Displacements, mm Acceleration, m/sec2 Velocity, m/sec

MODEL
FB BI FB BI FB BI
1 149.42 279.4 7.57 2.41 1.14 0.75
2 85.2 265.96 7.97 1.94 0.94 0.74
3 85.43 275.66 8.02 2.19 0.94 0.76
4 4.83 226.44 8.67 1.64 0.41 0.67
5 18.42 320.83 13.52 2.52 0.45 0.87
Page 58
Comparative study of Time-history Displacement results of
fixed base and base isolated Flat slab structures
ISOLATED BASE FIXED BASE
5 320.83
18.42
4 226.44
4.83
3 275.66
85.43
2 265.96
85.2
1 279.4
149.42
DISPLACEMENTS, mm
Graph no- 29:- Comparative study of Time-history Displacement results of fixed

base and base isolated Flat slab structures
Comparative study of Time-history Acceleration results of

5 2.52
13.52
4 1.64
8.67
3 2.19
8.02
2 1.94
7.97
1 2.41
7.57
ACCELERATIONS, mm/sec2
Graph no-30: Comparative study of Time-history Acceleration results of fixed base

and base isolated Flat slab structures
Page 59
Comparative study of Time-history Velocity results of
5 0.87
0.45
4 0.67
0.41
3 0.76
0.94
2 0.74
0.94
1 0.75
1.14
VELOCITY, m/sec
Graph no-31: Comparative study of Time-history Acceleration results of fixed base

and base isolated Flat slab structures
4.7.1 Discussions:-
Reduction of storey accelerations:-Analysis of base isolated structures has shown

significant reduction in acceleration as compared to fixed base structures. From
the graph 30 above, it can be seen that base isolation has decreased the
acceleration by 55-75%.
Velocity of base isolated Flat slab structures is decreased in case of Rigid
structures like M3, M4 &M5 , whereas in case M1 &M2 which are flexible,
implementation of Base isolation has increased the velocity( as seen in Graph 31).
Displacement is proportional to stiffness of the structure. Hence M1, which is very
flexible is having higher displacements whereas M4&M5, which are rigid (having
shear walls) has very low displacements. The intermediate structures having
partial flexibility has intermediate displacements.
Page 60
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSIONS
Base separation is known to be very viable vibration control device.
However, in this review, it is demonstrated that base isolation is compelling in
decreasing the reaction when contrasted with the fixed base framework. In the
present work, Building structure with elastomeric lead rubber bearing having
linear force deformation behaviour is utilized. The outcomes are introduced in
near frame
1. Shift of natural time period: As a result of the increased flexibility of the system
by the implementation of Base isolators, natural period is shifted to the target time
period of T=2.5 sec, distancing natural period of the system from the predominant
periods of earthquake. This prevents the structure from resonating with string
frequencies of earthquake, thereby leading to manifold increase in the response of
the structure and then collapse of the structure.
2. Reduction of Base shear: Reduction of Base shear is evident in the structure
with implemented Base isolation. Base isolation induces large flexibility to the
structure at the isolator level, thus leading to large reduction in the Base shear as
compared with those of fixed base. The reduction is seen to be almost 50-60%
with the implementation of Base shear.
3. Increase of Displacements: Increased flexibility of the structure by introducing
Base isolation led to the increase in total displacement of the system. However
this large displacement is concentrated at the isolator plane level only.
4. Reduction of interstorey drifts: Implementation of base isolator have reduced
the interstorey drifts when compared to the fixed base buildings. Its seen base
separated structures behave well under the seismic forces.
5. Reduction of storey accelerations: Analysis of Base isolated structures has
shown significant reductions in storey accelerations. The isolation has reduced the
accelerations almost by 55-75%.
6. The problem of punching shear is not reduced with the implementation of Base
isolation as the critical combination of loads causing it is due to vertical loads.
Page 61
7. Support moments and span moments remain unchanged too as in the case of
Punching shear, as the critical combination of loads which is causing these
moments is again due to vertical loads.
8. Energy dissipation mechanism: Contrasting the classical structure where the
energy dissipation mechanism is based on the plastic deformations at certain
points of the structure, in the seismically isolated structure energy dissipation
mechanism is concentrated at the isolation level enabling simple design, control
and eventual repair. The lead core present at the centre increases the energy
absorption capacity of the isolator.
9. For all the cases considered, in the fixed base structures drift values follow a
parabolic path along storey height with maximum value lying somewhere near the
middle storey . Whereas in the case of base isolated structures, the isolation makes
the drifts almost negligible by displacing like an ideal stiff body above the
isolation.
10.The Displacement control is an important part of design for any structural system.
A Beamless structural system with Columns only shall not be preferred in a Zone
of high Seismicity as it shall result in excessive displacements and Interstorey
drifts. Therefore Shear walls become an integral part of a design for displacement
control.
11. Finally, one indirect confrontation of punching shear related problems in slabs can
be achieved by the use of more shear walls in the structural system. Shear walls
reduce the earthquake displacements resulting in a reduced punching shear stress
on slabs.
The simply Flat-slab RC structure framework is significantly more

adaptable for level burdens than the conventional RC outline structures which
adds to the expansion of its powerlessness to seismic impacts. The basic minute in
plan of these frameworks is the chunk section association, i.e., the entrance
compel in the piece at the association, which ought to hold its bearing limit even
at greatest relocations. The flexibility of these frameworks is for the most part
constrained by the deformability limit of the section piece association.
To build the bearing limit of the level piece structure under flat loads,
especially when talking about seismically inclined territories and constraint of
Page 62
disfigurements, alterations of the framework by including basic components are
important. The adjustments with certain basic components like Drops, border
pillars, Shear dividers at different areas and so forth enhances the low bearing
limit and deformability of the framework and prompts more satisfactory seismic
conduct of the absolutely level section structure.
The acknowledged examinations in this proposition have demonstrated

that Flat-chunk basic framework with Base confinement is extremely powerful in
opposing these even seismic burdens. The outcomes demonstrate that Base
segregation has radically lessened the reverberation impact (by moving of normal
day and age out of the most extreme ghastly reaction district), Base shear, floats,
and increasing speeds. Despite the fact that the even relocations are vast, this is at
the isolator level as it were. Additionally, facilitate the lead elastic heading have
ended up being great in vitality dispersing component. In this manner it can be
finished up from the outcomes exhibited here that base detachment is
exceptionally compelling seismic control measures for Flat chunk structures,
making them more protected and manageable to be utilized as a part of districts
inclined to high seismic movement, and can accordingly be dealt with as a
framework with worthy seismic hazard.
SCOPE OF FURTHER RESEARCH
1. This investigation is focused on symmetric structure for low to medium rise

building. Future studies can be made by considering the irregular configurations
and for vertical setback in the building.
2. Prestressed Flat Slabs can also be studied for lateral loads.
3. More research in earthquake time history records will help to study the behaviour
of the structural model under a given loading.
4. With recent advancement in material technology, more study can be focussed on
material qualities used in isolators like their strength, durability, high vertical
stiffness, low horizontal stiffness and high energy dissipating capacity.
Page 63
5. The effect of different ground motions with different frequency content can be
studied and the system behaviour can be compared after normalisation.
6. The variation in the Span and their effect can also be studied.
7. Behaviour of the system for external dampers can be studied.
Page 64

Base Isolation Eddited

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CHAPTER 1

1.2 Importance of present study

The flat sab framework is a unique basic type of strengthened solid

Fig. 1.1 Illustration of a typical flat-slab structural form

1.3 Earthquake resistant design

2) Shear failure of beams because of unseemly geometrical extents or short-section

3) Construction trouble in grouting, particularly at beam column joints, because of

1.4 Vibration control

Vibration control is the system to relieve vibrations by decreasing the mechanical

1.5 Base isolation

(3) The energy dissemination of the isolator.

1.5.2 Types of Bearings

e) Other materials than elastic.

Rubbers are additionally partitioned into four classes,

b) Steel covered elastic bearing (RB).

c) Lead elastic Bearing (LRB).

d) High damping elastic bearing (HDRB).

1.6 Response of the working under Earthquake.

1.6.1 Building recurrence and period

1.6.2 Building solidness

Ductility is the capacity to experience expression or disfigurement without finish

All structures have some natural damping. Damping is because of interior

FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE WITH DROPS WITH FIXED

1 FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE WITH ISOLATED BASE BIM1

FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE WITH DROPS WITH

5) To compare the performance of Base isolated structures with Fixed base

a) A careful writing audit to comprehend the seismic powerlessness and seismic

b) A brief review on basics of Base isolation and sorts of course.

c) Mathematical detailing of base isolators, reaction range investigation and time

d) ETAAB displaying of the required Flat-section structures reinforced by drops,

f) Response spectrum investigation and Time-History examination of the basic

h) Drawing conclusion on the powerful Response control of structures utilizing

1.8 Organisation of the Thesis

2.1 A Brief History of Base Isolation

The principal connect applications added vitality dispersal to the adaptability as of

Sajal Kanti Deb (Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology

3.1 NUMERICAL MODELLING

3.1.1 Shell Element:-

Fig 4.2 plate element with the degrees of freedom

Fig 4.3 membrane element with the degrees of freedom

3.1.2 Floor Constraints:

3.1.3 BEAM ELEMENT

Yield Convention for Frame Element Internal Forces

The edge component inner strengths are:

P, the hub drive

V2, the shear drive in the 1-2 plane

V3, the shear drive in the 1-3 plane

T, the pivotal torque (about the 1-hub)

3.1.2 Floor Constraints:

3.2 Modal Analysis

2. Ritz vector analysis

3.3 Earthquake Response Analysis

As specified above, in the modular strategy, the MDOF framework progresses

3.4 Response Spectrum Analysis

3.4.1 Concept of Response Spectrum

3.5 Time-History Analysis:

3.6 Lead elastic bearing:

Energy dissipation core

Layers of rubber and steel

Steel mounting Plate

Table 1. Parameters of basic hysteresis loop of isolator for bilinear modelling

3.7 DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIMEN

i) Dead load (DL)