Vertical = group

Horizontal = period

Group(vertical)
- Elements with same numbers of valence electrons arranged in same group.
- 18 vertical columns. Group 1, 2, 3 until 18.
- Group 1 : alkali metals.
Group 2 : alkali earth metals.
Group 3- 12 : Transition elements.
Group 17 : Halogens
Group 18 : Noble gases.

Period(horizontal)
- 7 rows, Period 1, 2, 3 until 7.
Period 1 : 2 elements
Period 2 ,3 : 8 elements
Period 4, 5 : 18 elements

Period 6 : 32 elements
Period 7 : 23 elements

1-3 : short periods

4-7 : long periods

Group 1, 2, 13 are metals.

Transation elements in group 3-12 are also metals.
Non metals usually have 5, 6, 7 valence electrons.
Carbon and sillicons from 14 also non metals.

 number of valence electrons in an atom of an element determines the position of the group of
element.

REMEMBER!
1. elements with 1 or 2 valence electrons, group number of that element equal to number of
valence electrons.
2. elements with 3 to 8 valence electrons, group number of that element is equal to the number
of valence electrons +10

 number of shells occupied with electrons in atom determines position of period of element.

numbers of shells = period

elements with same number of valence electrons will exhibit similar chemical properties.

ex: atom Y has 2.8.2, atom Z has 2.8.8.2, exhibit similar chemical properties because both have 2
valence electrons.
Group 18 Elements [NOBLE GASES]
Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Radon - all of them are noble gases.

*our air consists of 1% of noble gases*

Physical Properties.
1. atomic size (atomic radius)
Atomic size increases when going down from helium to radon because the number shells increases.

2. melting point and boiling point

- all noble gas are colourless and have low melting and boiling points
- noble gas are made up of single atoms (monoatomic) held together.
- melting and boiling points of noble gases increases when going down.

3. density
- all noble gas have low density.
- density of noble gas increase slowly when going down.

4. solubility
- insoluble in water.

5. electrical and heat conductivity

- all noble gas cannot conduct electricity and are poor conductor of heat.

*helium gas is very light, cyclist fill their tyres with helium gas*

Group 1 Elements, ALKALI METALS!

Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubudium, Caesium and Francium

a. all alkali metals grey solids with shiny surfaces at room conditions
b. all alkali metals soft solids and easily cut
c. all alkali metals have low densities compared to heavy metals such iron or copper
d. all alkali metals can conduct electricity and heat
e. all alkali metals have low melting & boiling points compared heavy metals.
For examples, melting point of copper is 1083*c, which is 1019*c higher than potassium.

Chemical properties
1. all of atoms of alkali has one valence electron. Hence, alkali metals exhibits similar chemical properties.
2. altough it is similar, the reactivity increase when going down Group 1.
- all alkali metals have one valence electron.
- each atoms of alkali metals will release one valence electron during chemical reaction to achieve
stable electron arrangement of a noble gas. Hence, an ion with a charge of +1 is formed.

3. reactivity of an alkali depends on its ease to release the single valence electron. The easier it
release the single valence electron, the more reactive is the alkali metal.
4. when going down group 1, the atomic size of alkali metals increase.
5. hence, the single valence electrons becomes furter away from the nucleus.
6. thus, thesingle valence electrons becomes more weakly pulled by the nucleus.

This cause the single valence electron to be released more easily to form ions with a charge of +1 when
going down group 1.

+ -
Y Y + e

--- the reactivity of alkali metal INCREASES when going down group 1.

alkali is good reducing agents, very reactive and very eletropositive because atom easily released to
achieve a stable electron arrangement. M/S 71 ! heyyy read up!
Group 17 [HALOGENS]
Fluorine F2
Chlorine Cl2
Bromine Br2
Iodine I2
Astatine At2

1. All halogens exists as diatomic covalent molecules.

2. Halogens are reactive non-metals. Exist in various mineral salts in the earth’s crust and sea
water.

Physical properties
a. Atomic radius (atomic size) of halogens increases gradually when going down group 17
because the number of shells increases.
b. Halogens have low melting and boiling points because hologens molecule attracted each
other. Melting and boiling points increase when going down Group 17 due to increases of
molecular size of halogens. Hence, the force of attraction btw halogen molecules become stronger
when going down.
c. Low density. Density increase when going down group17 because increase in atomic mass is
bigger than the increase in atomic size.
d. Colour of halogens becomes darker when going down.
e. cannot conduct electricity
f. Weak conductors of heat

All halogens have high electronegativity which means the strength of its atom in a molecule to pull
electrons towards its nucleus is strong. Decrease when going down. Cause the outermost accupied
shells to become futher away from necleus. So, the strength of the nucleus to attract electrons
become weaker.

Chemical properties.
a. All have 7 valence electrons and all halogens exhibit similar chemical properties.
b. Different in reactivity
c. Reactivity decreases when going down.

m/s 76.
Elements in a Period.