Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Contents:
1. Teaching methods and teaching strategies
2. Small group learning and Co-operative learning
3. Techniques to increase learner participation
4. Teaching aids and preparing teaching material.
5. Evaluation of lesson planning
Teaching methods
There are various methods of education which can be used by the teacher
as required for successful education .There is following strategies
Lecture method
Lecture can be defined as a highly structured method by which the teacher
verbally transmits information directly to groups of learners for the purpose of
instruction
This method is useful for the imparting education to the group of any size.
The preferable size of group should be 30-45 .The information should not be
given for more than 45-50 minutes preferably it should be 20-30 minutes. The
lecture can be made interesting and meaningful by using audio-visual aids and
by having answer-question session at the end
Advantages
1. An efficient, cost-effective means for transmitting large amounts of
information to a large number of people at same time and within a
relatively reasonable time frame
2. Useful to demonstrate patterns, highlight main ideas, summarize data,
and present unique ways of viewing information
3. An effective approach for cognitive learning, especially at the lower
levels of cognitive domain
4. Useful in providing fundamental background information as a basis of
subsequent learning such as group discussion
5. Easily supplemented with handout materials and other audio-visual aids
to enhance learning
Limitations
1. Largely ineffective in influencing affective and psychomotor behaviours
2. Does not provide for much stimulation or participatory involvement of
learners
3. Very instructor centred, and thus most active participant is more
frequently the most knowledgeable one (the teacher)
4. Does not account for individual differences in background, attention
span, or learning style
5. All learners are exposed to the same information regardless of their
cognitive abilities, learning needs, or stages of coping
6. The diversity within groups makes it challenging, if not impossible, for
the teacher to teach all learners equally
Group discussion
It is a method of teaching whereby learners get together to exchange
information, feelings, and opinions with one another and with the teacher.
Group size, a major consideration in group teaching, should be determined by
the purpose or task to be accomplished. Group size can vary, but discussions
most effective with relatively small groups because learners can take an active
role. For patient education, 2-20 members within an average of 10 has been
recommended as the most desirable size
advantages
1. As commonly employed instructional techniques, this method is learner-
cantered as well as subject-centred.
2. This method is effective in both the effective and cognitive domains
3. Stimulate learners to think about issues and problems
4. Encouraging members to exchange their own experiences, thereby
making learning more active and less isolating
5. Provides opportunities for sharing of ideas and concerns
6. Fosters positive peer support and feelings of belonging
7. Reinforce previous learning
Limitations
1. One or more members may dominate the discussion
2. Easy to digress from the topic, which interferes the achievement of the
objectives
3. Shy learners may refuse to become involved or may need a great deal of
encouragement to participate
4. Requires skills to tactfully redirect learners who digress or dominate
without losing their trust and that of other group members
5. Particularly challenging for the novice teacher when members do not
easily interact
6. More time consuming for transmission of information than other
methods such as lecture
7. Requires teachers presence at all sessions to act as facilitator and
resource person
Demonstration
Demonstration is done by the teacher to show the learner how to perform a
particular skill. Prior to giving demonstration, the teacher should inform
learners of the purpose of the procedure, the sequential steps involved, the
equipment needed and the actions expected of them. Equipment should be
tested before use to ensure that it is complete and in working order. Watching
demonstration can be a passive activity for the learner whose role is to
observe the teacher presenting an exact performance of a required skill. It can
be enhanced if teacher slows down the pace of performing the demonstration,
exaggerates some of the steps or breaks lengthy procedures into short series.
Its important to explain why each step needs to be carried out in a certain
manner
advantages
1. especially effective for learning in the psychomotor domain
2. actively engages the learner through stimulation of visual, auditory, and
tactile senses
3. repetition of movement and constant reinforcement increases
confidence, competence, and skill retention
4. provides opportunity for over-learning to achieve the goal
Limitations
1. requires plenty of time to be set asidefor teaching as well as learning
2. size of audience must be kept small to ensure opportunity for practice
ad close supervision
3. equipment can be expensive for purchase and replace
4. extra space and equipment is needed for practicing certain skills
5. competency evaluation requires 1:1 teacher-student ratio
role-playing
it is a method by which learners participate in an unrehearsed
dramatization.they are asked to play assigned parts of a character as they think
the character would act in reality. the responsibility of the teacher is to design
a situation with enough information for learners to be able to assume the role
of someone else without actually giving them script. The purpose is to help
learners see and understands a problem through the eyes of others.
Advantages
1. Opportunity to explore feelings and attitudes
2. Potential for bridging the gap between understanding and feeling
3. Narrows the distance between and among the clients and professionals
Limitations
1. Limited to small groups
2. Tendency by some participants to overly exaggerate their assigned roles
3. A role part loses its realism and credibility if played too dramatically
4. Some participants may be uncomfortable in their roles or unable to
develop them sufficiently
Brain storming
In this method the participants are asked to throw out there as many ideas as
possible on a given issue/problem or topic. These ideas are recorded at the
same time which are discussed and later finalized. This method encourages
participation of all members, their free and frank expression of ideas and
views. It thus helps in finding solution to previously unsolved problems. At
times the ideas suggested may not be possible to implement. Some ideas may
get criticized when discussed by the group. But the moderator should guide
healthy criticism
Advantages
1. A brainstorming session is often the last resort when other techniques
and methods do not deliver the desired solutions.
2. There are only a few basic rules to follow. These are easy to learn and
perform. Once the rules are accepted by all participants, any barriers to
creativity fall quickly.
3. In addition, the costs for a brainstorming session are very low in relation
to the output.
4. The biggest advantage is the high amount of generated ideas. At best,
participants with different knowledge and different experiences come
together. They bring together various ideas and suggestions. Sometimes
non-professionals have the best and ideas and inspire the expert with
their unusual idea
5. Because the ideas are not criticized or rejected during a brainstorming
session, interesting proposals can be refined gradually. The participants
of the brainstorming build their solutions on the ideas of others, think
them up and improve them. This synergy effect allows that better and
better ideas are generated.
6. Finally, joint brainstorming improves the working atmosphere. Working
creatively motivates participants. The solutions found are generally
more accepted by the team and will be implemented with more support
in the organization.
Limitations
1. Brainstorming only works when everyone in the room has something to
say or can logically construct a good argument or claim.
2. People who lack imagination or people who are shy and quiet will not
contribute much, if anything, to the creative process. This hindrance in
brainstorming process can harm the entire group dynamic.
3. without strict control or a leader present in the brainstorming session,
the group may take a long time to reach a consensus
Advantages
1. It has additional benefit of group interaction and entertainment during
travelling time
2. It also motivates for further information and experiences
3. they allow students to have a real-world experience
4. It also allows the students to learn outside of the classroom.
Limitations
Clinical areas
In clinical areas learning is through history taking and physical examination,
which makes the basis of all medical practice an experienced practitioners can
take their expertise for granted
Advantages
1. Learner makes diagnosis easily because 90% diagnosis is based on the
history and physical examination
2. It provides the learner to help the patients in health promotion as well
as increase their knowledge
Limitations
1. Passing on these skills requires the ability to assess a learners needs and
effective communication
2. There may be miss-interpretation of the information provided by the
patient and their family members
3. In a patient-led interview, staying focused is a challenge
Labs
Laboratory and practical work are characteristic features of an undergraduate
degree program in any teaching discipline
Advantages
1. Motivate students and stimulate their interest in the subject
2. Help them to deepen their understanding through relating theory to
practice
3. Provide opportunities for students to work together on analysing and
solving engineering problems
4. Develop skills and attitudes that will enable graduates to operate
effectively and professionally
Limitations
1. Practical skills are time consuming to organize, manage and assess
2. Space and equipment can be limited
3. Practical work is expensive to run
Self-learning
It is also called auto didacticism or self-education is the act of self-directed
learning about a subject or subjects in which one has had little to no formal
education
Advantages
1. It allowed students to complete certain levels of study from the comfort
of their own homes and in their own time
2. The students have no need to register with a college or high tuition so
cheap method of learning
3. students find that it is easier to balance work and home life by learning
at their own pace
Limitations
1. students who lack motivation may fall behind as can those with bad
study habits
2. Students who are used to traditional classroom environments may have
a hard time not being a routine or having an instructor looking over
their.
3. Learner has the feeling of isolation
Andagogy
It is the art and science of teaching adults. Education within this framework is
more learner-centred and less teacher-centred, that is instead of one party
imparting knowledge on another; the power relationship between the
educator and adult learner is much more horizontal
These skills are difficult to develop and require feedback and interaction with
other individuals. Although, this practice is not the best way for the students to
develop and improve these skills. There are some ways to make this effective
for both the students and instructor
Co-operative learning
Definition
It is a successful teaching strategy in which small team, each with students of
different levels of ability, use a variety of learning activities to improve their
understanding of subject. Students must work in groups to complete tasks
collectively toward academic goals. Unlike individual learning which can be
competitive in nature, students learning co-operatively can capitalize on one
anothers resources and skills
Teaching Aids
Teaching aids is a tool used by teachers to help the learners improve reading
skills, illustrate or reinforce the skills, fact or idea and relief anxiety and
boredom.
Auditory aids
Visual aids
Folk media
AUDITORY AIDS
Anything by means of which learning process may be encouraged through the
sense of hearing
Where other health education aids and methods are not possible;
At the time of emergency situation messages can be given through
radios even in the remotest areas.
Such aids especially useful for teaching people with auditory deficit.
AUDIO-VIDEO AIDS
Audio-video aids have combined effects of senses of hearing, vision and
touch. it includes motion-talky pictures, television, video-audio
cassettes/discs, video-audio players and recorders.
These are very appealing to sense of vision, hearing and catch attention
of people.
These aids are useful for both audio and visually handicapped people in
some way or the other.
FOLK MEDIA
It includes puppets, folk songs, drama, storytelling, folk dances. In the
community such people as singers, writers, actors, story tellers, and
puppeteers get involved.
Cost involved is minimal, people get involved and the audience identifies
with them because they are from same community and speak the same
language, share same social characteristics and values.
The community people get encouragement and support from each other
to solve their own health problems, promote and maintain health
practice.
Well prepared
Well presented
Readable
Legible
Visible to all
Relevant
Pertinent to topic
Up-to-date
Consistent with local protocols
Chalkboard/Whiteboard
Flipcharts
Overhead Projector/Transparencies
Power Point
Audiotapes/CDs
Videotapes/DVDs
Podcasts
Chalkboard/Whiteboard
CONSTRUCTION:
Coloured chalk and markers can enhance the presentation
Using students as recorders can increase involvement and free
instructors hands
PROPER USE:
Reliable:
Dependable format
Repetitious:
ADVANTAGES
1. No special preparation required except when displaying a complex
table/chart/ diagram
2. Technology is not dependent on electricity or other possible glitches.
3. Can be used by students for problem-solving, etc.
4. Forces the teachers to concentrate on important points
5. It is cheap and can be easily improvise (e.g. draw simple diagrams to
emphasize on a point if needed)
DISADVANTAGES
1. Time-consuming if you have a lot to write.
if electricity is unavailable,
CONSTRUCTION:
Commercially available
Needs a stand
PROPER USE:
Involve students
ADVANTAGES
1. Flipcharts dont need electricity
2. Flipcharts are economical as they dont require special films and printers
to produce them
3. Colours can be added easily
4. Flipcharts allows you spontaneity (any last minute changes can be made
easily)
5.
6. Inexpensive can be made from butcher paper
7. Reasonably portable
8. Can save the data
DISADVANTAGES
OVERHEAD PROJECTOR/TRANSPARENCIES
PROPER USE:
Prepare complicated transparencies ahead of time, by hand, computer,
printing, printer or photocopier
Arrange in order use something to keep in order number them
Cover unwanted portions until ready for audience to see
Leave on long enough for audience to read, take notes, etc.
Highlight/point-out key concepts
Involve students
CONSTRUCTION:
Focus Projector
Make sure font size is large enough to be readable
Use non-permanent pens for spontaneous additions
Highlight permanent parts with different colours
Create on computer, etc.
Use clip art or other graphics
Run through copy machine to put on transparency make sure using
right machine and blank transparencies
Set machine at right length away from screen
Do not use a full typewritten page only bullets or outline type
Draw as you go for best effect
Turn off if not using fan, light, etc. distracting
Advantages:
1. It is attention getting tool
2. It is relatively inexpensive
3. Easy to prepare
4. Instructor can face audience
5.Reasonably portable
6. It can sometimes leave room lights on
7. Fairly reliable machinery
8. One can write on while talking
9.Allows you to prepare all your slides in advance.
10. Particularly suited for complex diagrams, charts and illustrations.
11. Can build up information point-by-point through the use of overlays.
12. Dont have to turn your back on the audience.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Requires equipment and they are large and bulky, difficult to
transport from venue to venue.
2. One must know how to use equipment and troubleshoot (change
bulbs, etc.)
3. Limitations on room and audience size
4. Projectors bulbs are expensive to replace.
5. File corruption can occur which can lose data.
6. A blown bulb or power failure can spoil all your hard work.
7. Image quality can also be a problem.
8. Can be disorienting to manipulate transparencies on projector plate.
POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS
PROPER USE:
Make certain that projector is focused
Leave word slides on longer than action slides
Use to reinforce and highlight
Know how to change bulbs, troubleshoot, etc.
CONSTRUCTION:
Use colored background darker for computergenerated slides lights
can be brighter in room
Keep slides simple should only take a moment to figure out what slide
is about
Use graphics and images when appropriate
No more than seven to ten words to a line and seven lines to a slide
Use short sentences and bullet lists not complete sentences
Use full screen
Use colored background darker for computergenerated slides lights
can be brighter in room
Have back up notes in case the slide projector or computer quit
One idea per slide
Charts and graphs are great
No more than 3 colours per slide
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
1. The system sometime does not work due to equipment failure.
2. It is expensive
3. Can be difficult to produce easier with computer graphics
4. Room must be darkened somewhat
5. Requires equipment and knowledge of that equipment
6. Relatively portable
Smart Boards are rapidly being integrated into classrooms around the
world and are essentially enhanced whiteboards that are used in
conjunction with projectors and laptops.
This allows access to a wide variety of computer-based multi-media
content on the board in front of the class.
The teacher or student is able to touch the surface of the board to
control applications, write notes and manipulate objects.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Good for large rooms and audiences
2. Allows for reference back/info. can be saved for later use
3. Lights can be on
4. Interactive nature of smart boards provides a platform for students to
demonstrate their grasp of subject through, touching and writing.
5. Smart boards are neat and easy to use. There is no need for using
unhygienic chalk or markers pen.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Very expensive many students/teachers dont have access to this type
of technology
3. Not portable!
AUDIOTAPES/CD
When to USE:
Particularly suited for language learning, media studies, English
literature, etc.
Valuable when referring to recorded historical events (e.g. Martin Luther
Kings I have a dream speech).
Background music can also be played before class starts and during
group activities.
VIDEOTAPES/DVD
When to USE:
Adds a dimension not available through audio alone - helps students to
visualise.
Essential when illustrating things that are impractical to do in real life.
Particularly suited for language learning, media studies, engineering, etc.
Valuable when referring to recorded historical events.
PADCASTS
A series of digital media files, usually digital, audio, or video, that is
made available for download via web
Possibilities: Lessons could be downloaded on iPod, i-Phone, mP3 player,
etc.
Advantages:
For those students who are very technical and it is less time consuming.
Disadvantages:
Podcast software will be needed which is expensive, also training might
be needed to use the program.
1. Characteristics of learner
2. Characteristics of media
3. Characteristics of task
Characteristics of learner:
Characteristics of media:
Characteristics of task:
Written material
Commercially prepared material
Instructor composed material
Written material:
Handout, leaflets, books, pamphlets, brochures and instruction sheets are
most widely employed and most accessible type of media used for teaching.
Although printed material have been described as frozen language .They are,
nonetheless, the most common form of distinct advantages they provide to
enhance teaching and learning.
Who produces the item? Evidence should make it clear if input was
provided by health care professionals with expertise in the subjects
matter.
Can the item be previewed? The educator should have an opportunity
the accuracy and appropriateness of content to ensure that information
needed by target audience is provided.
Is the price of the teaching tool consisting with its educational value?
Getting across important message effectively may justify a significant
cost outlay, especially if the tool can be used with large numbers of
learner.
By writing your own material you can tailor the information to: