S~IETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS OF AIME PAPER

6200 North Central.Expressway NUMBER SPE 3830

Dallas, Texas 75206

rms m A PIEwmir SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

Permeabi 1 ity Damage from Dri I I ing

Fluid Additives

BY
Bruce A. Barna, Humble Oil & Refining Co., and
John T. Patton, Member AIME, Michigan TechnologicalU.
0 Copyright 1972
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This paper was prepared for the Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting of the Society of Petroleum
Engineers of AIME, to be held in Denver, Colo., April 10-12, 1972. Permission to copy is restricted
to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrationsmay not be copied. The abstract should
contain conspicuousaclmowledgmentof where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication else-
where after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEEIEl
JOURNAL is ususlly granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement
to give proper credit is made.

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the
Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussionmay be presented at the above meeting and,
with the paper, may be considered for publication in one ofthe two SPE magazines.

ABSTRACT evaluate permeabilitydamage. Plugging of the

cores was arbitrarilydefined as the point at
This detailed evaluation of various which the pressure drop across the drilling
drilling mud particulate additives indicates fluid filter cake exceeded 100 psi. The plugged
that the compositionof fluid loss and rheology core was backflushedwith brine at a pressure
agents has a decided influence on the less than 50 psi before assessing the degree of
permeabilitydamage characteristicsof the permeabilitydamage.
resulting drilling fluids. Research was
conducted at Michigan Technological.U. in an Significant differencesin the amounts of
effort to quantify the loss in wellbore permeabilityregain were noted for the different
permeability attributableto the particulate types of particles but not for the particle
additives in various drilling fluid sizes. The greatest damage was noted for the
formulations. gelatinous starch particles. Calcium carbonate
and bentonite additives,however, were found
Preliminary tests were performed on Berea actually to improve the performance of the base
ssndstone followed by experimentswith cores fluid. This aspect may be explained by the
from the Huntington Beach field, Calif. This formation of a protective filter cake that limit
is an area where significantpermeability the invasion of gelatinous, colloidal particles.
damage during drilling has been reported. This cake is effectivelyremoved when the flow
of fluids is reversed to stiulate the clean-up,
Water-base laboratory muds were for?nulated which occurs when a new well is placed in
with 1 lb/bbl of clarified Kelzan XC polymer anc production.
6 lb/bbl of the type and size of particle to be
tested. Particulatematerials investigated The results of this study should have
include drill solids, calcium carbonate, valuable applicationsin the design of drilling
bentonite and starch. The latter three were fluids used in partially depleted reservoirs.
fractionatedinto three size ranges from -200 tc They may also be used in designingnondamaging
-400 mesh plus an Mas receivedttsample of each weli-~iltig and workover fluids.

Permeabilitiesto brine, before and after INTRCI)UCTION

plugging with drilling fluid, were used to
n.m.a-=.- :11 . ..-+--+4 A-.= .+ ,sr,rl nf llSner. Operators in many oil fields have
llJaeItmLeLY ai-ld J-L.LU=ULO.ULWIL. a. .*.U . &cA=.. .
2 DAMAGE FRO] )RILLINGFLUID ADDITIVES
PERlfEABILLTY
encountereddifficultiesin drilling and com-
pleting wells without adversely affecting the
wells potentialto produce oil or accept in-
jection fluids. Such well damage results from
the interaction of the drilling or completion
fluid with the exposed formation face and can b
influenced by proper fluid formulation.
Selection of a drilling fluid is also
influenced by the depth of the well.,anticipate
drill$ng difficulties,and drilling fluid costs
The final selection for any given well, then,
must be an economic decision relating drilling
costs and fluid costs to anticipatedproduc-
tivity of the well. The problems associated
with this decision are further complicatedby
the difficulty of accuratelypredicting poten-
tial well productivity or evaluatingdrilling
fluid damage.
Three distinct mechanisms have been postu-
lated to explain the reduction in flow potentia
or permeabilitydamage, as it is sometimes
called. The first involves interaction of the
filtrate of the drilling fluid with the solids
in the formation. The swelltig or dispersion o
clay minerals or the migration of formation
particles into pore openings would explain this
phenomena.
The second form of permeabilitydamage can
be attributed to interactionbetween the fil-
trate of the drilling or completion fluid and
the fluids within the reservoir. Permeability
damage may then occur by oilwetting of the
invaded pores? causing a reduction in the
permeabilityto oil. This effect is sometimes
called water blocking. Damage may also be
=Pfn-+=d hv
Q...- -J ~.he fmmat,,on of emulsions or minimizing fluid loss, however, have been the
netision blOdcingl*
The third mechanism tivolves physical
blocking of the pore openings in the wellbore
by the particulate matter from the drilling
fluid. It is expected, then, that this damage
is related to the shape and size distribution
of pore openings and to the shape, size,
deformabilityand nettability of the particles
in the well fluid. Also importsnt should be
the differentialpressure involved during the
drilling and clean-up phase of the operation.
The decrease in productivity caused by
permeabilitydamage around the wellbore (skin
damage) is easily demonstrated. Muskat has
derived the expression for well productivity
fi a.mat:on
contmu~y a-:. ?.:Y$;e :y:m&;ng
m permeatJuA~Y.-I ~~
fluid production capacity of a damaged well to
that of an undamaged well, this is best pre-
sented as reduced flow potentiai and is given b
Q *log (re/rw)
=
Q. log (ro/rw)+*log (re/ro) -
SPE 3830
For a given drainage radius (re) and well-
bore radius (rw), reductions in flow potential
are affected by the depth of permeability
damage (ro) and by the amount of permeability
damage (1 - a), wherea is the ratio of the
permeability in the damaged zone to that in the
undamaged zone. Similar reductions in flow can
AL .- be effe~td b=*~m@+vQ nwmeahili+.v
.L,U= -au----. - r----------u
damage in the narrow zone around the wellbore
or by lesser permeabilitydamage that extends
to a greater depth.
Fig. 1 demonstratesthe effects of such
flow reduction on productivityloss. The
results are based upon a representativewell on
40-acre spacing (drainageradius equals 660 ft)
with a wellbore radius of 3 in. and l-in. skin
damage around the wellbore. For a well having
an undamaged potential of 1,000 B/D and the
relativelylow sldn damage of 0.20 (20 percent
permeabilityreduction in the damaged zone),
the production loss would be approximately9
B/D of crude oil, or $10,000/year at $3/barrel.
Thus, it is usuaiiy tinecase that _._--
~esearch
directed toward minimizing drilling fluid damag
is justifiedby large returns associatedwith
productivityincreases.
Fluid loss control, natural or supple-
mented, is necessary during drilling to remove
---..-.LL-l A,.,n.,+ - . . .
CUt~bL&, fJMVG1lb ULUWUUIJa ad m~~!~~e mud
costs. Recognizingthis fact and accepting the
mechanism of damage by filtrate invasion,
operators have been inclined to select drilling
fluids that minimize fluid loss. Often this ha
involved the use of particulatematter to seal
the pores of the weiibore face and tinusitiii
fluid loss. The most effective additives for
fine, hydratableparticles such as bentonite,
starch, lignosulfatesand some polymers. These
particles tend to aggravate the particle
blocking problem, and in some cases, their use
may have increased damage even though limiting
filtrate invasion.
For fluid-sensitiveformations,the damage
due to filtrate invasion can be the controlling
factor in flow reduction since the depth of
damage could be exbensive. In such cases,
particulate sealing of the pores may be justi-
fied even though special techniques,such as
acid washing, bore scraping, or even fracturing
of the formation, are often necessary to remove
the damage and achieve the desired productivity
For formationswhich are not excessivelyfluid
sensitive,the technique of particulate sealing
of p.~~f ~th~ugh reducfig productivityand
increasing drilling costs, has been justified
for preventing fluid loss for biowout controi
.-?-l
~Lu 7...
+<-,-?
~utuu,6 - Wlmlr.al
.e,,,vvu.
Present advances in the area of fluid loss
reduction involve the use of water-base,polyme
SPE 3830 BRUCE A, BARNA and JOHN T. PATTON
fluids that exhibit a high degree of pseudo-
plasticity. This non-Newtonianflow property
is characterizedby high viscosities at low
shear rates which effectivelylimits filtrate
invasion and by low viscosity under high shear
which protides for ease in pumping and improved
hole cleaning. These fluids have the added
advantage of betig relatively inexpensive,
temperature stable, and compatiblewith most
drilling fluid additives. The polymer that
appears to have the most desirable properties
and that is widely used is xanthan gum, a bio-
synthesizedpolymer produced by bacteria of the
genus Xanthomonas. This polymer is presently
being marketed by the Xanco Division of the
Kelco Co. and by Enjay Chemical Co., a sub-
sidiary of Standard Oil Co. (N.J.).
PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Researchersin the past have investigated
the mechanisms and effects of permeability
damage and have achieved some success in pre-
dicting and lessening permeabilitydamage.
Miller, Morgan and Muskat15 cited, in their
1945 publication, evidence that initial capac-
ities of wells in California oil fields were
generally greater when using oil-base muds than
when using water-base muds.
Radford21 related field data in 1947 com-
paring oil-base and water-base muds. Seversl
California field studies were evaluated in-
cluding one, in particular, consisting of a
single field drilled with four water-base and
four oil-base wells. He found that, initial
specific productivityindices for oil-base well
range from 50 to 200 percent higher than those
of the clay-base (clay-water)wells. After a
period of 6 to 7 years, this relationshipstill
exists.
Bertnessl also related water damage to wel
productivityin 1953. Contrary to Radfords
results, he found that productivityis not di-
rectly related to water sensitivityand that
oil productivity of some consolidatedsands
could be restored by the flow of oil. This
+.v he su~gests: is related to the draw-
EbilL.Jj
down available for oil flow. His results are
based upon laboratory tests on Stevens zone
car~~ ~.ldp~e~u~t.i~jtyrecords of four wells in
the Stevens zone of California.
18
Nowak and Krueger published a detailed
study in 1951, isolating the effects of mud
filtrates and mud particles upon core perme-
abiiities.Filtrate effects were civsm{nd
.AwLA...-by
using filtered fluids in conjunctionwith cores
from the Stevens zone of the Paloma field,
California. They conciuded that, first, fresh
~.a$ercr fre~b.water-base filtrates provide
the greatest permeabilitydamage; second, poly-
valent salts are more effective than monovalent
3
. .-.-4.-..-,
Smts in bsacllul~ pe.rmeaA..J
.hil++v ~~rn~ge; third:
filtrates from saline muds cause little
permanent damage; and fourth, filtrates of oil-
base muds have little effect on the effective
oil permeability. They further suggested that
filtrate invasion may produce greater damage
than that resulting from particle invasion or
face plugging.
Krueger and Voge113 commented on the natun
of particle invasion in a paper published in
1954. They correlated reductions in perme-
ability (under dynamic scraping conditions as
used by Nowak and Krueger) to testing time and
cumulative filtrate loss. Berea sandstone core,
were used because of the absence of water-
sensitive clays.
An interesting result of their work is tha
all fluids tested produced an equivalent amount
of damage in a core for a given fluid loss. In
addition, they found that, for long exposure
times of 20 to 30 days, damage due to particle
invasion compared in magnitude to that produced
by water invasion of water-sensitivecores.
Thus, the 6&minute tests used by Nowak and
Krueger may have disguised the cumulative effec
of particle invasion. These results are partic,
ularly important when it is noted that the
relatively high drawdown pressure of 600 psi pe:
foot of core was used for removal of plugging.
Finally, Kennedy and Pfile,10 in 1955,
published the results of their work at Texas
A&N U. They used relatively small cores
(0.5-in. cubes) to investigatethe effects of
distilled water, four salt solutions, a dilute
caustic soda solution and six drilling mud
filtrates on the effectivepermeability of thes
cores. Highly alkaline filtrates and solutions
were found to produce even greater permeability
reductions than that of distilled water. This
was attributed to the swelling for intergranular
clays.
EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE
The basic equipment used in the determina-
tion of permeabilityregain consists of a
positive displacementpropor%iiirdmg puiip;a
Hasler sleeve-typecore holder; reservoirs for
brine, drilling fluid, and acid; and pressure
gauges to measure pressure differentialsduz-fiig
t~~e~.&-iOI~~
pb.a~e~ Of e.~eriment.
the
Brine was used for drilling fluid fonmila-
tion, core saturationand permeabilitymeasure-
ments. Its use is justified by the lack of
detrimental effect on water-insensitivecores
(such as the Berea cores), its close approxi-
mation t~ the compositionof the formation wate:
of the Huntington Beach field, and the assumpt-
ion that drilling fiuid.damage is mst detri-
r,erlt~~-~~e~,ideplet.ed
Walks In such
 PERMEABILITYDAMAGE FROM DRILLING FLUID ADDITIVES spE /.=-
%3ao

semidepletedwells, the productivity should be The initial average permeabilityto brine

related to the flow of tijection water or to was measured at two different flow rates. The
the flow of the two-phase oil with formation test fluid was then pumped through the outlet
water. Thus the permeabilityto brine should valve and into the core until plugging occurred
be a measure of potential well productivity. as indicated by a line pressure of 100 psi.
The volume of fluid required to plug the core
The brine used in all test work was pre- was recorded.
pared by dissolving sodium chloride, calcium
chloride and sodium borate in distilled water Finally, the brine was reconnectedto the
to produce concentrations(weightpercent) of inlet of the core holder and the core was
3 percent, 0.4 percent and 0.2 percent, respec- flushed with 100 ml at a differentialpressure
tively, of the salts. below 50 psi. The permeabilityto brine was
remeasured at two different flow rates and the
Regain tests were perfonneciwitn severai percent regain was calculated.
water-base fluids to permit selection of a
base fluid for suspensionof the particulate RESULTS
matter in particle tests. The tests were
nc.mfn-aAA.
yv.~.,,,tiu P.-,- ~~~e+-fill
.-..-.
m,.linr?: Unlv.m Yf? (1 lh/ +ven+.een
e-.-------- different. drillin~
---------------a fluids were
-
bbl), clarified Kelzan XC ~s~:~;-~<j;b~j ~d initially tested with Berea cores in an effort
guar gum (2 lb/bbl). Average regains were to evaluate their damage characteristicsand
o-.--d.- u-
LULUIUbu Ue
or ----..J.
>> percalb, 82
------
percent
.-2
allu
CM -..
Q1. pcL--
..-.A:A+
pLGuJ_Lu
+hfi4n
ULLGAA
nam~n-.n..a
p=...t,nauti
,.r++h
..-..
U,,m+incr+nn
.,w.u.~...
lbs~h
-w..

cent, respectively,for the three fluids when core samples. Several of the best formulations
tested with Berea cores. Clarified Kelzan XC were then tested with Huntington Beach cores.
was selected as the base fluid. A stock solu- Results f this study were reported by
tion of clarified Kelzan was prepared con- Kennedy~l They indicate that blocking of the
taining 5 lb/bbl of polymer in distilled water formation pore spaces by particulate matter
and approximately5 lb/bbl of formaldeh@e to suspended in the drilling fluid is the mecha-
m-a.,am+h+mlnminal
p. Q-.. &.A.#A~Auu
Aocrwsrls+<nn
u~. u-u.-... l%+.
. ---- .+.nr.b
..-.. ~-i~rn ~~~ncm=ihle
=-------- for
--- ~ l~~ge mount
_..___ of the

solution was then diluted 1:4 with brine, con- permeabilityreduction around the wellbore.
taining the appropriateamount of excess salts, Results of the study also indicate that damage
to yield the base fluid with 1 lb/bbl of poly- is related to the size and surface characteris-
mer in the desired brine. The solution was tics of the particles.
allowed to hydrate overnight, 0.2 lb/bbl of
potassium chrome alum was added, and the poly- A second series of tests was performed in
mer was then cross linked at a pH of 8 to 10. an effort to evaluate particulate additive
Finally, the required type and size of particu- effects on the regain characteristicsof
late material was added to provide a working drilling fluids. These tests were performed on
fluid containing6 lb of solids per barrel. Berea cores using drilling fluids containing
6 lb/bbl of the test material suspended in the
Berea sandstone cores were obtained from base fluid containing 1 lb/bbl of clarified
the Cleveland Quarries Co. of Amherst, Ohio. Kelzan XC (2.4).
The 2-in. dismeter specimens were cut into l-in
long samples with the aid of a diamond saw Duplicate tests were run on fluids con-
using tap water lubrication. The specimens taining calcium carbonate,bentonite, or starch
were subsequentlydried at room temperaturefor particles in the size ranges of -400 M, -200 +
a period exceeding at least 1 week and blown 400 M, -200 + 270 M and as received or
free of loose particles using low pressure air. agglomerate (Aggl). Results are plotted as
permeability regains in Fig. 2.
In a typical permeabilityregati test, the
core sample was first positioned in the sleeve- From the bar graph, Fig. 2, it is apparent
type holder and the annulus pressurized to 150 that the calcium carbonate fluid yields con-
psi. The core was then evacuated and saturated sistently high regains for all size ranges;
with brine by flushing 100 mm through the core. bentonite gives high regains, with the possible
The core was-then pressurizedto 20 psi with exception of the -270 + 400 M size fraction,
brine and permitted to remain in this state for and starch additives yield consistentlylow
1 hour or longer to establishwater saturation. regains especially for the -270 + 400 M size
The restored state for the cores was finally fraction.
establishedby pumping 50 mm of oil (2:1 light
machine oil-kerosenemixture directly from the An analysis of variance was performed on
pump) through the core and subsequentlydis- the data to quantify the particle test results.
placing as much oil as possible from the core The test was performed for a two-way classifi-
by flushing with 50-ml portions of brine in cation (type of particle and size of particle)
alternate flow directions. with two replicates per cell.14 Results of the
statistical calculationindicate that, for a
WE ?830 BRUCE A. BARNA and JOHN T. PATTON
random, !&pe II model (random selection of
particle type and size), the effects due to
..+1 .1 .
~iiIbAGAG 4.-.
LIJ~G =~
i +-in2ni-.
~i~kA.wA.
~~ ~.h~ 99=5 per-
cent confidencelevel and effects due to inter-
actions between particle type and size are
significantat the 99 percent confidencelevel.
Effects due to particle size slone are rela-
tively insignificant (approximately70 percent
confidence). These statisticalresults corre-
late with the low regains for all starch-type
fluids snd also with the low regains noted for
the fluids prepared with -270 + 400 M size frac-
tions of starch bentonite. The extremely low
regains measured for all starch fluids could
have dominated the significanceof particle
type in the snalysis of variance. Therefore,
Tuckeys t-test22 was performed to detenntie
if calcium carbonate fluids produced signifi-
cantly higher regains than bentonite fluids.
Tuckeys t-test indicates that fluids con-
taining calcium carbonate could be expected to
perform better than those containingbentonite
at about an 80 percent confidencelevel.
DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION OF RESULTS
Particulate additive test results indicate
that the type of particulate additive has a
significanteffect on the permeabilitydamage
characteristicsof drilling fluids. Results
further indicate that particle size has a
significant effect only for certain types of
particles. These phenomena may be explained on
the basis of predicted mechanisms for perme-
ability damage. Assuming that physicsi blockirq
of the pore openings is the mechanism respon-
sible for most of the particulate damage, it
would be expected that the gummy, hydratable
particles would be the greatest offenders. Thi:
is as observed for the starch and bentonite
additives. In addition, such particles should
be most harmful when their size permits easy
.Lm.tr14~iQn.
l~n.t.~
the pore openingsg thus providin[
highly effective blocking when swelltig or
hydration takes place. This effect appears to
occur for the bentonite and starch additives in
the -270 + 400 M size ranges.
It is difficult to evaluate this effect in
the absence of actual pore-size measurements.
Gray and Rex5 do discuss pore-size dimensions
for Berea cores in a paper published in 1966.
They cite results of clay migration tests on
Berea cores having initial brine pexmeabilities
of 200 to 300 md, which are compara.bieto tlnose
permeabilitiesto brine (of 30 to 100 md in the
presence of interstitialoil) for the cores
used in the particulate additive tests. The
results of the clay migration studies seem to
indicate average pore dimensions of less than
1 micron within the cores. The -270 + 400 M
particulate material.,however, has an average
diameter between 38 and 53 microns. Insuffi-
cient evidence, then, is available to explain
1
the additional damage that occurs with starch
and beiitmite addlt.ivesin the -~?~ + -?--
),00M
--
size rsn~e. Possible explanationsticlude
deformat~on of particles; displacementof grain:
from the core during sawing, thus causing
larger pore openings at the exposed face; or
irregular particle shapes or pore shapes that
might tend to magnify the damage for particular
sizes of particles. Purther experimentation
would be necessary to evaluate this effect.
Many of the test results are directly
applicable to field operations and can be used
to minimize permeabilitydamage during drilling
and work-over operations. The tests on
Huntington Beach cores show that very low
permeabilitydamage, even in water-sensitive
formations, can be achieved using water-base
polymer fluids with proper additives. The
drilling ease and inexpensivenessof such
fluids is generally recognized. As an example,
xanthsn gum is used in etiremely low concentra-
tions with water, thus minimizing fluid costs
and the resulting fluid is highly pseudoplastic,
thus lowering pumping costs. Xanthan fluids
also exhibit excellent fluid loss control
properties and low permeabilitydamage charac-
teristics. In addition, the water-base fluids
formulatedwith such polymers are relatively
temperature stable and compatiblewith most
additives and are reasonably good lubricants.
For the nondeformable,nonhydratable
particle such as calcium carbonate,indications
----4L_L
are una~ pai-uiCl~ SIZ~
hee l+++la
..== --..+.
nffar.+.
. . . . . .
o~a t~~
fluidls damage characteristics. This suggests
that use of such an additive would eliminate th(
need for sizing and/or selectivePuiichase,thds
lowering mud costs. Likewise, the presence of
drill solids appears either to improve or have
little effect upon performance of the drilling
fluid. Thus, for cases where improvement is
noted, possible savings could be effected by
utilizing lower concentrationsof additives.
Performance of the water-basepolymer
fluids with additives such as calcium carbonate
or bentonite suggests the formation of a polyme]
interlaced filter cake that adheres loosely to
the formation. The result, then, is excellent
fluid loss control with minimal formation
damage.
Finally, use of a particulate additive sucl
---....1-.. .-nh.m.+a
aa GaA.GAb4A11 Clx u..-.
~~AQIJ_M p~~~:~~ ~x~euen-t
acid clean-up properties. Simple washing of th(
wellbore with hydrochloricacid should effec-
tively remove the filter cske and any calcium
carbonate plugging that has occurred. Similar
removal could be performed with the commonly
used 4:2 mud acid. Water-base polymer fluids
containing calcium carbonate as an additive
should perform well even in water-sensitive
formations.
6 PERMEABILITYDAMAGE FRO DRILLINGFLUID ADDITIVES SPE 3830

The results of this study are especially 10. Kennedy, H. T. and Pfile, R. A.: The
applicable to infill drilling of semidepleted Effect of Various Mud Filtrates on the
formations that do not have the energy required Permeability of Sandstone Cores, J. Phys.
to clean up naturslly once the well is placed and Chem. (1955) 2, ~o-9730
on production. They can further be used in the 11. Kennedy. J. L.: it~illfigMud P@icdateS
design of well-killingand workover fluids. Can Ca~&e Formation Damag=, Oil and Gas J.
(Aug. 2, 1971)62A4.
ACKNOWMDGMENTS 12. Kersten, G. V.: Oil-Base Fluids - Results
and Use in Drilling and CompletingWells,
We wish to acknowledgethe financial Oil and Gas. J. (April 27, 1946)135-136,
assistance of the Union Carbide Corp. and E. I. 139, 143.
du Pent de Nemours and Co., whose contributions 13. Krueger, R. F. snd Vogel, L. C.: Damage
in the form of grants-in-aidto the Chemistry to Sandstone Cores by Particles from
and Chemical EngineeringDept., Michigan Tech- Drilling Fluids, Dfil. and Prod. Prac.,
nological U., made this work possible. We are API (1954)158-171.
also indebted to the Kelco Corp. that supplied 14. Li, C. C.: Intraiuctionto Experimental
equipment and chemicals used in this research. Statistics,McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New YorkT1964) 418-428.
REFERENCES 15. Miller, K: T.,Morgan,F. and Muskat, M.:
nsome permeabilityExperiments on Cores
10 Bertness, T. A.: nObse~atiOnS of Water from the Stevens Sand, Paloma Field,
Damage to Oil Productivity,Drill. and California,Prod. Monthly (Nov., 1946)
Prod. Prac., API (1953) 287; or Oil and 31-34.
~v. 13, 1953)5=o. 16. Moore. J. E.: lfclay~erdogy Problems in
2. Eivck.H. T.: ~~~e Effect of Formation Oil Recove , Pet. Eng. (Feb., 1960, snd
P&meability on the Plastering Behavior of March, 19607 .
Mud Fluids; Oil and Gas J. (%y30, 1940) 17. Muskat, M.: Physical principles of Oil
39, No. 3, 50-51. Production,McGraw-Hill.Book Co., Inc.,
3. =udle, B: H., Slobod. R. L. and New York (19,L9)
. . . . 2L2-2L5.
. ..
Brownscombe,E. R.: ~~~~her Developments 18. Nowak, T. J. snd Krueger, R. F.: The
in the Laboratory Determinationof Relativ Effect of Mud Filtrates and Mud Particu-
Permeabilityf, Trans., AIME (1951)~, late Upon the Permeabilitiesof Cores,
1Jc4cn
L4J-A>u. World &l (July, 1951) 125-130; and (AM.,
4. Geffen, T. M., Owens, W. W., Parrish, D. R =;162.
and Morse, R. A.: ExperimentalInvesti- 19. . .: Hsndbook of Statistical
gation of Factors Affecting Laboratory Tabl& Addison Wesley Publishing Co.,
Relative PermeabilityMeasurementsf, -g, Mass. (1962) 62-7o.
Trans., AIME (1951) 192, 99-110. 20. Patton~J. T.: %dified Heteropoly-
5* ~ D. H. and Rex,= W.: Formation saccharides,U. S. Patent pending S. N.
Damage in Sandstones Caused by Clay Dis- 15,590 filed March 2, 1970.
persion and Migration!,Clays and Cl~ 21. Radford, H. E.: ~!FactorsInfluencing
Minersls, Proc., Ikth National Conference Selection of Mud Fluid for Completion of
~6. Wells!,Drill. and Prod. Prac., ~ (19.47)
6. Haider, M, L.: l!~oductitityIndexf ~, 23-28.
Drill and Prod. Prac., API (1936) 181-190. 22. Tukey, J. W.: The Problem of Multiple
7* Hewitt, C. H.: ~~~~flicti Techniquesfor Cornarisons, Princeton U. Press, Princeton,
RecognizingWater-SensitiveReservoir -).
Rocks, J. Pet. Tech. (Aug., 1963) 813- 23. Wade, F. R.: ?~~e Evaluation of Completion
818. Practice from Productivity-Indexand
8. Johnston, N. and Beeson, C. M.: water PermeabilityData, Drill: and Prod. Prac.,
Permeability of Reservoir Sands, Trans., API (19L7) 186-21L.
Am (1945A ~60, 43-55. 24. White,E~J.,Baptist, O. C. and Land, C.
0
7* Tom%, .
r ..n~p_f~lJence Qf chemical s .: !IphYsic~ properties ~d ClaY ~erd
Composition of Water on Clay Blocking of Contents Affecting Susceptibilityof Oil
Permeability,J. Pet. Tech. (April, 1964] sands to Hater Ihiage, IU 6093, L!SB!4
441-446. (1962).
 Based Upon:
Depth of Damage = 1
Price of Crude = $3.00/bbl
Undamaged Potential:

+= 50 bbllday

A= 1000 bbllday
a 2(X)0 bbllday

o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

SKIN DAMAGE (1 - X)

Fig. 1 - Potential 10ss vs skin damage.

 Ilein -
U> II Iy:

R@r@a Cntw
m v. ..
Base Fluid -1#/bbl Clarified Kelzan X-C
100 Particulate -6#/bbl

80

60

40

20

0
-400 -270 -200 AGGL -400 -270 -200 AGGL -400 -270 -200 AGGL PARTICLE SIZE

+400+270 + 400+ 270 + 400+ 270

CALCIUM CARBONATE BENTONITE STARCH PARTICLE TYPE

Fig, 2- Particletype affects regain.