Raynaud et al.

(2010)

Most permeability measurements are obtained during isostatic loading or

oedometric loading. Permeability decreases as a function of loading: this is
related to diminishing volume of voids (porosity) and also to the reorientation
of clay particles.
A few studies of the permeability evolution associated with deviatoric
deformation have also been published. These later studies are mainly motivated
by observations in accretionary prisms where ductile shear zones seem to have
important role in fluid migration patterns.
Obviously, the mean average value of radiological density measured on all
cross-section areas is close to the value obtained for the undeformed sample and
corresponds to 45% porosity. That is to say, at the sample scale, the positive and
negative distribution of the porosity variations induced by the stress field are
apparently counterbalanced. This observation is consistent with very low
variation of the volumetric deformation and also consistent with very weak
permeability variation, which is a bulk rock property. In fact, the lack of
significant permeability increase following the intense shear deformation is a
strong argument for stating that zones of increased porosity associated with
shear zones are discontinuous.
The occurrence of shear bands does not appear to modify the initial density
distribution of {001} crystallographic planes. We conclude that the number of
particles, which have been re-oriented by shear, is statistically very weak.
At the particle scale, relative movements of the particles, producing a re-
organisation of the microstructure, account for deformation. (a) There is no
evidence of breakage or damage of the particles. (b) The macroscopic shear
bands are composed of a sandwich of micro-shear bands of reoriented and
non-reoriented particles (5m in width for each band). (c) In the non-reoriented
micro-bands, the elongation plane of the particles remains perpendicular to the
axial loading. In the reoriented micro-shear bands, the particles are turned off
and they tend to be oriented parallel to the macroscopic shear band direction.
Bolton et al. observe that the resulting permeability evolution depends on the
previous stress story of the sample: for under-consolidated sediments, no
significant permeability variation is associated with shear. For over-
consolidated sediments, clear increases of permeability associated with
corresponding porosity growth are attributed to the occurrence of discrete brittle
shear zones.
Despite a strong axial deformation (17%), no significant permeability increase
is seen at the sample scale in the axial direction. This behavior, which could
appear to be strange, is in fact related to the negligible volumetric deformation
of the sample.
Hatanaka et al. (2001)

The coefficient of permeability decreases with increasing confining stress. The

effect of the confining stress can be understood as the effect of the void ratio.
And the small change of the void ratio due to consolidation only leads to a small
change of the coefficient of permeability.
There is no good correlation between the physical properties and the coefficient
of permeability.
The coefficient of permeability of gravelly soils is almost the same as that of
sandy soils, even though the 50% diameter of gravelly soils is about ten to a
hundred times that of sandy soils. This result implies that the large size particles
of gravelly soils are not significant in the permeability characteristics of gravelly
soils.
The effect of the small size particle of the gravelly soils on the coefficient of
permeability was found significant
Duncan (1993)
Difficulties in estimating settlements and settlement rates: evaluating
preconsolidation pressures, selecting values of cv of consolidation rate
calculations, shortcomings in conventional consolidation theory