2017626 Lecture8

LECTURE8

PRINCIPALSTRAIN

Forthestrainsonanobliqueplanewehaveanobliquewehavetwoequationswhichareidenticalinformwiththeequation
definingthedirectstressonanyinclinedplane.

Since the equations for stress and strains on oblique planes are identical in form, so it is evident that Mohr's stress circle
constructioncanbeusedequallywelltorepresentstrainconditionsusingthehorizontalaxisforlinearstrainsandthevertical
axisforhalftheshearstrain.

Itshouldbenoted,howeverthattheanglesgivenbyMohr'sstresscirclerefertothedirectionsoftheplanesonwhichthestress
actandnotthedirectionofthestressesthemselves.

Thedirectionofthestressesandthereforeassociatedstrainsarethereforenormal(i.e.at900 )tothedirectionsoftheplanes.
SinceanglesaredoubledinMohr'sstresscircleconstructionitfollowsthereforethatforatruesimilarityofworkingarelative
rotationofaxesof2x900 =1800 mustbeintroduced.Thisisachievedbyplottingpositivesheerstrainsverticallydownwardson
thestraincircleconstruction.

Thesignconventionadoptedforthestrainsisasfollows:

LinearStrains:extensionpositive

compressionnegative

{Shearofstrainsaretakenpositive,whentheyincreasetheoriginalrightangleofanunstrainedelement.}

Shearstrains:forMohr'sstrainscirclesheerstrainxyis+vereferredtoxdirectiontheconventionfortheshearstrainsarebit
difficult.Thefirstsubscriptinthesymbolxyusuallydenotestheshearstrainsassociatedwithdirection.e.g.inxyrepresents
theshearstraininxdirectionandforyxrepresentstheshearstraininydirection.Ifunderstrainthelineassociatedwithfirst
subscript moves counter clockwise with respect to the other line, the shearing strain is said to be positive, and if it moves
clockwiseitissaidtobenegative.

N.B:Thepositiveshearstrainisalwaystobedrownonthetopofx.Iftheshearstainxyisgiven]

Moh'sstraincircle

Fortheplanestrainconditionscanwederivatethefollowingrelations

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AtypicalpointPonthecirclegiventhenormalstrainandhalfthesheerstrain1/2xyassociatedwithaparticularplane.Wenote
againthatananglesubtendedatthecentreofMohr'scirclebyanarcconnectingtwopointsonthecircleistwicethephysical
angleinthematerial.

Mohrstraincircle:

Sincethetransformationequationsforplanestrainaresimilartothoseforplanestress,wecanemployasimilarformofpictorial
representation.ThisisknownasMohr'sstraincircle.

ThemaindifferencebetweenMohr'sstresscircleandstresscircleisthatafactorofhalfisattachedtotheshearstrains.

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PointsX'andY'representsthestrainsassociatedwithxandydirectionswithandxy/2ascoordiantes

CoordinatesofX'andY'pointsarelocatedasfollows:

Inxdirection,thestrainsproduced,thestrainsproducedbyx,andxyarexandxy/2

whereasintheYdirection,thestrainsareproducedbyyand+xyareproducedbyyand+xy

Thesecoordinatedareconsistentwithoursignnotation(i.e.+veshearstressesproducesproduce+veshearstrain&vice
versa)

onthefaceABisxy+vei.estrainsare(y,+xy/2)whereasonthefaceBC,xyisnegativehencethestrainsare(xxy/2)

A typical point P on the circle gives the normal strains and half the shear strain, associated with a particular plane we must
measuretheanglefromxaxis(takenasreference)astherequiredformulasfor,1/2havebeenderivedwithreference
toxaxiswithanglemeasuringinthec.c.Wdirection

CONSTRUCTION:

Inthiswewouldliketolocatethepointsx'&y'insteadofABandBCaswehavedoneinthecaseofMohr'sstresscircle.

steps

1.Takenormalorlinearstrainsonxaxis,whereashalfofshearstrainsareplottedonyaxis.

2.Locatethepointsx'andy'

3.Joinx'andy'anddrawtheMohr'sstraincircle

4.Measuretherequiredparameterfromthisconstruction.

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Note: positive shear strains are associated with planes carrying positive shear stresses and negative strains with planes
carryingnegativeshearstresses.

ILLUSTRATIVEEXAMPLES:

1.Atacertainpoint,amaterialissubjectedtothefollowingstateofstrains:

x=400x106 units

y=200x106 units

xy=350x106 radians

Determinethemagnitudesoftheprincipalstrains,thedirectionoftheprincipalstrainsaxesandthestrainonanaxisinclinedat
300 clockwisetothexaxis.

Solution:

DrawtheMohr'sstraincirclebylocatingthepointsx'andy'

ByMeasurementthefollowingvaluesmaybecomputed

1 =500X106 units

2 =100x106 units

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1 =600 /2=300

2 =90+30=120

30 =200x106units

Theanglesbeingmeasuredc.c.w.fromthedirectionofx.

PROB2.

A material is subjected to two mutually perpendicular strains x = 350 x106 units and y = 50 x 106 units together with an
unknownsheerstrainxyiftheprincipalstraininthematerialis420x106 unitsDeterminethefollowing.

(a)Magnitudeoftheshearstrain

(b)Theotherprincipalstrain

(c)Thedirectionofprincipalstrainsaxes

(d)Themagnitudeoftheprincipalstresses

IfE=200GN/m2 =0.3

Solution:

The Mohr's strain circle can be drawn as per the procedure described earlier. from the graphical construction, the following
resultsmaybreobtained:

(i)Shearstrainxy=324x106radians

(ii)otherprincipalstrain=20x106

(iii)directionofprincipalstrain=470 /2=230 30'

(iv)directionofotherprincipalstrain=900 +230 30'=1130 30'

Inordertodeterminethemagnitudeofprinciplestresses,thecomputedvaluesof1 and2 fromthegraphicalconstructionmay

besubstitutedinthefollowingexpressions

UseofstrainGauges:

Althoughwecannotmeasurestresseswithinastructuralmember,wecanmeasurestrains,andfromthemthestressescanbe
computed,Evenso,wecanonlymeasurestrainsonthesurface.Forexample,wecanmarkpointsandlinesonthesurfaceand
measure changes in their spacing angles. In doing this we are of course only measuring average strains over the region
concerned.Alsoinviewoftheverysmallchangesindimensions,itisdifficulttoarchiveaccuracyinthemeasurements

Inpractice,electricalstraingageprovideamoreaccurateandconvenientmethodofmeasuringstrains.

Atypicalstraingageisshownbelow.

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ThegageshownabovecanmeasurenormalstraininthelocalplaneofthesurfaceinthedirectionoflinePQ,whichisparallelto
thefoldsofpaper.Thisstrainisanaveragevalueoffortheregioncoveredbythegage,ratherthanavalueatanyparticular
point.

The strain gage is not sensitive to normal strain in the direction perpendicular to PQ, nor does it respond to shear strain.
therefore,inordertodeterminethestateofstrainataparticularsmallregionofthesurface,weusuallyneedmorethanone
straingage.

Todefineageneraltwodimensionalstateofstrain,weneedtohavethreepiecesofinformation,suchasx,yandxyreferred
toanyconvenientorthogonalcoordinatesxandyintheplaneofthesurface.Wethereforeneedtoobtainmeasurementsfrom
threestraingages.Thesethreegagesmustbearrangedatdifferentorientationsonthesurfacetofromastrainrossett.Typical
exampleshavebeenshown,wherethegagesarearrangedateither450 or600 toeachotherasshownbelow:

Agroupofthreegagesarrangedinaparticularfashioniscalledastrainrosette.Becausetherosetteismountedonthesurface
ofthebody,wherethematerialisinplanestress,therefore,thetransformationequationsforplanestraintocalculatethestrains
invariousdirections.

Knowingtheorientationofthethreegagesformingarosette,togetherwiththeinplanenormalstrainstheyrecord,thestateof
strainattheregionofthesurfaceconcernedcanbefound.Letusconsiderthegeneralcaseshowninthefigurebelow,where
three strain gages numbered 1, 2, 3, where three strain gages numbered 1, 2, 3 are arranged at an angles of 1 , 2 , 3
measuredc.c.wfromreferencedirection,whichwetakeasxaxis.

Now,althoughtheconditionsatasurface,onwhichtherearenoshearornormalstresscomponents.Aretheseofplanestress
ratherthantheplanestrain,wecanstillusestraintransformationequationstoexpressthethreemeasurednormalstrainsin
termsofstraincomponentsx,y,zandxyreferredtoxandycoordiantesas

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Thisisasetofthreesimultaneouslinearalgebraicequationsforthethreeunknowsx,y,xytosolvetheseequationisa
laboriousoneasfarasmanuallyisconcerned,butwithcomputeritcanbereadilydone.Usingtheselateron,thestateofstrain
canbedeterminedatanypoint.

Letusconsidera450 degreestainrosetteconsistingofthreeelectricalresistancestraingagesarrangedasshowninthefigure
below:

ThegagesA,B,Cmeasurethenormalstrainsa ,b ,cinthedirectionoflinesOA,OBandOC.

Thus

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Thus,substitutingtherelation(3)intheequation(2)weget

xy=2b (a +c)andotherequationbecomesx=a y=c

SincethegagesAandCarealignedwiththexandyaxes,theygivethestrainsxandydirectly

Thus,x,yandxy can easily be determined from the strain gage readings. Knowing these strains, we can calculate the
strainsinanyotherdirectionsbymeansofMohr'scircleorfromthetransformationequations.

The600 Rossett:

Forthe600 strainrosette,usingthesameprocedurewecanobtainfollowingrelation.

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