:

<<

>>

: .:3944

.:4030

...


...


1: ...1

1.1 .1

1.2 .....1

1.3 .3

1.4 ...5

1.5 ....8

1.6 ....10

1.7 V2O5......11

1.8 WO3..12

1.9 ...13

2: ..14

2.1 14

2.1.1 Autolab..14

2.1.2 15

2.2 ..17

3:

...18

...
 3.1 (I-V)...18

3.2 (Q-t)....21

3.3 (I-t)...23

4:

.....25

4.1 (I-V)....25

4.2 (Q-t).....28

4.3 (I-t)....32

5:

......35

5.1 (I-V)35

5.2 (Q-t)....38

5.3 (I-t)...42

6: ....45

6.1 ......45

6.2 .46

...
 1:

1.1
, .

, , ,
.
, ,
, , 80 %
, 20 % ,
.
.

, , .

,
.

1.2
, ,

. , ,
,
,
.

.

...
 , (50 % 70 %
) [1].
, ,

() (),
[2].
-,
.
,
(, ,
, , ( 1.1), , ..),
80 % .
,
.

1.1: Chabot, Hayward, CA.

...
1.3
( 1.2)
[3].
[4]. ,
,

.
, .
( )
. ,
. ,

.
: ,
,

.
.

.

...
 1.2: .

,
.
.
:

1. .

2. .

3. .

4.
.

5.
.

...
6. .

7. .

8. .
80 /m2,
800-900 /m2.
E-Control Pilkington ( )
900 /m2.

9. ,
.

1.4

:

Pilkington E-Control [5].

.
(WO3) ( ) (LiyV2O5) (
)
. E-Control
().
50 15 %
. ( ) 8
/m2 0,5 Wh/m2 8 W/m2 (
< 3 V). 4040 cm
120200 cm,
6000 .
Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (Holzkirchen, Germany) ,

...
 E-Control 50 %
.

Asahi Glass. Asahi [6]

1988 (Seto Bridge Museum,
Japan).
:
WO3, NiO
Ta2O5 . ,

73 % 18 % 100.000
10 . ,
.

SAGE Glass. SAGE [7]

SAGE
Glass.
.
( 1.3)
.
55 % 8 %.

...
 1.3: Sage Electrochromics
. ,
.

Gentex [8].
( 1.4), .

.

1.4: Gentex.

...

Glaverbell, Saint Gobbain Intepane,
.

, ,
.

1.5
:

1. .
.
.
,
()
.

2. .
.

3. .

.

4. .
.

.

.
.
...
 .


.

5. -
.


.

(25 % 35 50 % ).
30 % .


.

6. .
100.000 -
. 10
29 142 .

7. .
..
( ), .

15 % 85 %
.
.

...
8. .

"" - .

1.6

;

.
: (WO3),
(MoO3), (NiO) (V2O5).

. ,
( 1.5), : / /
/ / / / [3].

, .
(Li+)
.

.

.

.
1-4
Volt.

(WO3) (V2O5) .

...
 Li+ e-

.
e- e- e-

Li+ Li+ Li+

Li


+ .

- Li + e-


.
Li LixWO3
e- e- e-

1.5: .

1.7 (V2O5)
V2O5,
. ( 1.6)
[9].
, , ,
.

...
 1.6: [9].

1.8 (WO3)

WO3 ( 1.7).

, [10]. ,

.

1.7: .

...
1.9
[1]http://www.elke.teicrete.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=TsGFaT77Meg%3D&tabid=721
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_glass
[3] Granqvist C.G., "Handbook of inorganic electrochromic materials", 1995, Amsterdam,
Elsevier.
[4] Selkowitz S.E., Rubin M., Lee E.S. and Sullivan R., "A review of electrochromic window
performance factors", Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, presented at the SPIE
International Symposium on Optical Materials Technology for Solar Energy Conversion XIII,
Freiberg, Germany, 1994
[5] http://www.pilkington.com
[6] http://www.agc.com
[7] http://www.sage-ec.com
[8] http://www.gentex.com
[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide
[10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten_trioxide.

...
 2:

2.1
( 2.1)
:

Autolab
( )
(/)

2.1: .

2.1.1 Autolab

PGSTAT302N potentionstat galvanostat AUTOLAB ( 2.2).

...
 Autolab /

- -
-. , /
.


.

2.2: Autolab.
2.1.2

:

1) (reference electrode) .

.
Ag-AgCl (
2.3).

...
 2.3: .

2) (counter electrode)
.

2.4.

2.4: .

3) (working electrode)
( 2.5).

...
 2.5: .

2.2
:
) -0,5 V - +0.25 V.
B) 0,1 M, LiClO4 polypropylene carbonate.
) 10 mV/sec
) 1, 50, 100, 200, 400
800.
) , 1
cm2.
-, - -

- .

...
 : Qi-
Qdi/Qi
Qi: .
Qdi: .

...
 3o:

.
VCl4:H2O, 1:1,
1:3, 1:5 1:7 450 C 2 min .
,
.
,
.

3.1 (I-V)
3.1
VCl4:H2O.

(1:3).
V2O5
,
.

...
 (A)

(B)

...
 ()

...
 ()

3.1: -
450 C 2 min VCl4:H2O, 1:1
(A), 1:3 (), 1:5 () 1:7 ().

3.2 (Q-t)

. 3.2
VCl4:H2O, 1:1 1:3. 100 %

.
(40 % ).
,
( 3.3)

.

...
 ()

()

...
 3.2: -
450 C 2 min VCl4:H2O, 1:1
(A) 1:3 ().

3.3: ,
450 C 2 min
VCl4:H2O, 1:1 (A) 1:3 ().

3.3 (I-t)
3.4 .
-
.
3.1.

...
 3.4: -
450 C 2 min
VCl4:H2O, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 1:7.

...
 4:

.
(SnO2) 2, 4 6 min
, 500 C. , WO3,
, 2 min 550 C
.
,


. ,
.

4.1 (I-V)
4.1
.
, . ,
,
. ,
,
.
, 2 min

. ,

.
...
 ()

()

...
 ()

4.1: -
500 C
2 min (), 4 min (), 6 min ().

4.2
2 min 550 C.
.
.

...
 ()

4.2:
550 C
2 min ().

4.2 - (Q-t)
2
min 4.3. (5,5*10-5)
> 100 800
( 4.4). ,

.

...
 ()

()

...
 ()

4.3: -
500 C
2 min (), 4 min () 6 min ().

4.4: ,

500 C 2 min (), 4 min () 6 min ().
...
 4.5, (100 % )

. ,
800 1
( 4.6).

()

4.5:
550 C
2 min ().

...
 4.6: ,

550 C 2 min.

4.3 (I-t)
4.6
.
2 min.
.

...
 4.6: -
500 C
2 min (), 4 min (), 6 min ().

4.7 500
550 C.
-.

...
 4.7: -
500 C
() 550 C () , 2 min.

...
 5:

.
2 min 500 C,
550 C 600 C. , 4 min
500 C
.
,

.

5.1 (I-V)
5.1
.

550 C.

.

...
 ()

()

...
 ()

5.1: -

2 min 500 C (), 550 C ()
600 C ().

5.2
4 min 500 C.
,

.

...
 ()

5.2: -

500 C 4 min ().

5.2 (Q-t)

550 oC (75 %) ( 5.3).

( 5.4).

...
 ()

()

...
 ()

5.3: -

2 min 500 C (), 550 C () 600 C ().

5.4: ,

2 min 500 C (), 550 C () 600 C ().
...
 5.5 4 min
500 oC.

.

( 5.6).

()

5.5: -

500 C 4 min ().

...
 5.6: ,

500 C 4 min.

5.3 (I-t)
5.5
.
550 oC.
5.1.

...
 5.5: -

2 min 500 C (),
550 C () 600 C ().

5.6 2
4 min 500 oC.
.

...
 5.6: -

500 C 2 () 4 min ().

...
 6:

6.1

VCl4:H2O
.
, 1:3. V2O5
,
.
,

.
, 2 min .
(2 min)
. ,
(550 C) ,

.
,
(2 min)
. , 550 C
. ,
(4 min) (500 C)

.

...
6.2

...