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What Is A Kick?
It Is An Influx Of Formation Fluid Into The Well.

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What Is A Blowout?
An Uncontrolled Exit Of The Formation Fluids At The Surface

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What Is Formation Pressure?

All Formations We Drilled Consists of Rock

Grains and Pore Space.

Formation Fluid Pressure Is the Pressure of

the Fluids That Exist in Pore Space

Pore Spaces

Grains

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What Is Well Control?
Preventing A Kick

PRIMARY MUD HYDROSTATIC

OR
Shutting In The Well After A Kick Has Been Taken

SECONDARY BLOW OUT PREVENTERS

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 WELL CONTROL
Well Control?

PRIMARY
PREVENTION

KILL WELL TAKE KICK

SHUT IN WELL

SECONDARY

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How Can You Prevent A Kick?

KNOW WHAT CAUSES A KICK

USE CORRECT RIG PRACTICES

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 WELL CONTROL

MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS

FORMATION
PRESSURE

OR

MUD
HYDROSTATIC

FORMATION PRESSURE RISES

7

WELL CONTROL
Causes Of Kicks

Kicks Occur When

Under Balance

Under Balance Is Caused by :

1. Mud Hydrostatic Reduction.

2. Increase in Formation Pressure.

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 WELL CONTROL
What Causes Mud Hydrostatic To Drop?

Pressure = Mud Wt X Constant X TVD

Reduce Mud Weight Reduce Length

Of Mud Column
?
?
?
?

?
?

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Mud Hydrostatic Reduction.
Running Into Bubbles

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 WELL CONTROL
Example

Hole TVD 10,000ft (81/2)

Hole cap. 0.0772 bbl/ft
Dc / hole cap. 0.03 bbl/ft
Mud wt. 11 ppg
Formation gradient. 0.56 psi/ft
Influx size 10 bbls while POOH (Swabbing)
Gas gradient 0.1 psi/ft
What is effect on BHP when run back to the bottom

11

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Mud Hydrostatic Reduction.

Circulating Hole Clean

12
 WELL CONTROL
Mud Hydrostatic Reduction.
Gas in the Well Bore

Drilled Gas

13

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Effect of Gas Expansion
Example:-
well depth 7000
mud wt. 11 ppg
influx (gas) volume 1 cu. Ft
Calculate vol. Of gas @ 6000, 5000, 4000, 3000,
2000, 1000, 500, 250 and @ surface
gas Pressure @7000 = 11 X .052 X 7000=4000 psi
Vol. Of gas @6000 =1.16 cu.ft
@5000 = 1.39 cu.ft @4000 = 1.75 cu.ft
@3000 = 2.33 cu.ft @2000 = 3.5 cu.ft
@1000 = 7.00 cu.ft @500 = 14.0 cu.ft
@250 = 28.0 cu.ft @125 = 56.0 cu.ft
@surface = 272 cu.ft

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 WELL CONTROL
Mud Hydrostatic Reduction.
Swabbing

15

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Swabbing
Momentary reduction in BHP due to reduction in
hydrostatic force cased by the upward suction action
of the drill string, which can allow a small invasion
into well bore.
Main Causes:
1. Pulling Pipe Too Fast
2. High Viscosity Mud
3. Small Collar to Hole Wall Clearance
4. Balled-Up' Bit

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 WELL CONTROL
Mud Hydrostatic Reduction.
Pumping Light Mud

psi

Bottom Hole Pressures

17

WELL CONTROL
What Can Reduce Mud Weight ?

Loss of Barite

Centrifuge
Shakers
Desilters
Poor Mud/Settling

Pit
Hole
18
 WELL CONTROL
Losses

19

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Losses

20
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Mud Hydrostatic Reduction.
Pull Out Without Filling The Hole

Rig Floor

Flowline

21

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Pressure or Level Drop Per Foot Pulled

Mud Grad X Metal Displacement

Dry Pipe =
( Casing Cap - Metal Displacement)

Mud Grad X Metal Disp. + pipe Cap

Wet Pipe =
Casing Cap - Metal Disp. + Pipe Cap

Casing Cap = Annular Cap + Pipe Cap + Metal Disp.

** All Capacities In bbls/ ft.

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 WELL CONTROL
Example
Mud Weight = 12 ppg
Metal Disp = .0075 bbls / ft.
Pipe Cap = .0177 bbls / ft.
Casing Cap = .076 bbls / ft.
Stand Length = 93 ft.

Calculate Pressure Drop When

A) Pulling One Stand Dry.
B) Pulling One Stand Wet.

23

WELL CONTROL
Answer
Mud Grad X Metal Displacement
Dry Pipe =
( Casing Cap - Metal Displacement)

=
12 X 0.052 X 0.0075
(0.076 - 0.0075)
= 6.8 psi

Mud Grad X Metal Disp. + pipe Cap

Wet Pipe =
Casing Cap - Metal Disp. + Pipe Cap

12 X 0.052 X (0.075 + 0.0177)

=
0.076 - (0.075 + 0.0177)
= 28.78 psi

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 WELL CONTROL
Example
720 Ft Of 8 Drill Collars.
D.C. Capacity = .0077 bbls / ft.
D.C. Displacement = .0546 bbls / ft.
Mud Weight = 15 ppg.
Casing Capacity = .1497 bbls / ft.

Calculate.
A. Drop in Mud Level when all collars are pulled
from the hole without filling the annulus.
B. Drop in Bottom Hole Pressure.

25

WELL CONTROL
Failure of Float collar

Rig Floor

Flowline

26
 WELL CONTROL
Example
A13 3/8 String Casing Is Run Into The Hole With Conventional Float. The
Driller Did Not Fill The Casing For Fourteen 40 ft Joints. If Float Were To
Fail At This Point, And Mud U-tubes Up Inside The Casing, Calculate The
Effect On Bottom Hole Pressure.
Data:-
Casing Capacity = 0.152 bbls/ft
Annular Capacity = 0.1238 bbls/ft
Mud Weight = 12.6 ppg
Answer
Hydrostatic Pressure Loss If Casing Float Fail =
Mud Gradient X Casing Capacity X Differential Height
(Casing Capacity + Annular Capacity)

0.665 X 0.152 X 14 X40

= 205 psi
( 0.152 + 0.1238)

27

WELL CONTROL
Key Prevention Practices.

Do Not R.I.H. Too Fast.

Monitor Trip Tank.
Always Fill Hole With Correct Mud.
Monitor ECD.
Keep Viscosity Down To Acceptable Level.
Keep Casing Full.
Know What Mud Is In Hole.

28
 WELL CONTROL
Causes Of Abnormal Pressure

Under Compaction
Faulting
Sand Lens
Salt Dome
Artesian
Gas Cap
Leaks Around Casing

29

WELL CONTROL
Under Compaction (Trapped Water)

Permeable Layers Trap Water.

Fluid Pressure Rises Steeply

30
 WELL CONTROL
Sand Lens

+ + +
+ + +

+
+ + +
+ +

31

WELL CONTROL
Faulting

Sand A
0 0

Sand A
0

32
 WELL CONTROL
Salt Domes

33

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Artesian Effects
Rain

Underground
water level

Spring 1000

500

Calculate Mud Weight To Balance?

Formation Water = .433 psi/ft

34
 WELL CONTROL
Gas Cap Effect

7000

8000

.465 psi/ft
Normal Pressure
35

WELL CONTROL
Example
Calculate the pressure at top of the reservoir
Pressure at 8000 = 8000 X .465 = 3720 psi
Height of reservoir = 8000 7000 = 1000
Ph of the reservoir = 1000 X 0.1 = 100 psi
Pr at 7000 = 3720 100 = 3620 psi
E.M.W. at 8000 = 3720 / .052 / 8000/ = 8.94 ppg
E.M.W. at 7000 = 3620 / .052 / 7000 = 9.94 ppg
In trapped gas reservoir, the highest point of the reservoir
usually has the highest pressure. Due to gas less dense
than formation water.

36
 WELL CONTROL
Leaks Around Casing

37

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Causes Of Kicks
Revision:
KICKS OCCUR WHEN
UNDERBALANCE

UNDERBALANCE IS CAUSED BY :

MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION.

DROP IN MUD LEVEL.
INCREASE IN FORMATION PRESSURE.

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 WELL CONTROL
Kick Prevention
Monitor Trips - In And Out
Circulate Bottoms Up If In Doubt Of Hole Condition
Monitor Well At All Times
Trip Carefully In And Out
Pump Out If Tight Hole
Circulate Through Choke If A Lot Of Gas Is Expected
Keep Mud In Good Shape
Always Keep Hole Full
Double Check Effect Of Lightweight Mud/Pills
Pump Good Cement

39

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What Is Warning Signs

Information From the Well That

Tells You That the Well May Be Getting
Close to Being Under Balanced
Your Safety Margin Is Getting Less.

40
 WELL CONTROL
Kick Warning Signs
1. ROP Changes
Overbalance Less
Softer Rock
2. Hole condition
Squeezing Rock
Torque / Drag / Fill
3. Data from Mud
Gas Chlorides
Cuttings Shale Property
Temperature Trip Monitor

41

WELL CONTROL
Major Warning Signs
Improper Fill up or Displacement During Trips
Connection Gas
Increased Background Gas
Increased Drilling Rate
Flowline Mud Temperature Increase
Increased Chloride Content of Mud
Increased Drill String Torque
Increased Drill String Drag
Increased Number and Size of Cuttings
Decreasing Shale Density

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 WELL CONTROL
What Is a Drilling Break
Sometimes Called Fast Break
A Sudden Increase in R.O.P
How Much
How Far to Drill ?
What About a Decrease in R.O.P ?

What Affects ROP

WOB Hydraulics
RPM Rock Type
Bit Type Overbalance

43

WELL CONTROL
Increased Drilling Rate

9850
9.00
Increasing
9.15 Drill Rate
9855 (ROP)
9.30
9860

Geolograph Chart

44
 WELL CONTROL
Increased Drill String Torque

45

WELL CONTROL
Cuttings Size and Shape

Drilled cuttings

Knocked Off,
Heaving Shale Cuttings

46
 WELL CONTROL
Cause of Connection Gas
Mud Static Mud Circulating Formation Under Control
Kick Can Occur Connection Gas being Circulated to Surface
0 3000
psi psi

Annular
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi

11 ppg
mud
BHP= BHP=
6864 psi 7114 psi
12000

7000 psi Formation Pressure 7000 psi

47

WELL CONTROL
Flow Line Temperature Graph

9500
Normal
9600 Pressure
9700
9800
Abnormal
9900
Pressure
10000
10100
10200
Temperature Increase

48
 WELL CONTROL
Shale Density Graph
Abnormal Pressure Zones Exhibited a DECREASING
Shale Density with DEPTH

Normal Trend Line

Shale
9500
9600 Sand Shale Normal
9700 Pressure
Sand
9800
Shale
9900
Increasing
10000
Formation Fluid
10100 Pressure
10200 Sand

Increasing Shale Density

49

WELL CONTROL
Surface Kick Indicators
Excess Flow From the Well When Tripping
Return Flow Rate Increase When Pumping
Pit Gain
Drilling Break
Decreased Pump Pressure/increased SPM
Flow From Well With Pumps Off

50
 WELL CONTROL
What Action to Take?

First : Shut the Well In

Second : Choose and Use a Kill Method to
Restore the Mud Hydrostatic
Pressure to Level That Re-Establishes
Primary Control

51

WELL CONTROL
Reason for Shut In
To Prevent Blowout
To Allow Pressure Reading to Be Taken for
Kill Mud

Shut In Methods
Hard
Soft

52
 WELL CONTROL
Shut In Practices
Things That Delay Shut In.
Flow / Pit Alarms Not Set (Properly)
Drill Too Far After Drilling Break
Lack of Shut In Training
Lack of Maintenance & Testing
Waiting for Instructions
Accumulator Unit Not Working
Not Monitoring Trips
Low Level of Crew Awareness

53

WELL CONTROL
Soft Method Drilling

Line up With Remote Choke Opened.

Raise Kelly/Top Drive Until Tool Joint Is Above Rotary
Table
Shut Down Mud Pumps
Open Choke Line Valve (HCR) at Stack
Check That Adjustable Choke Is Open
Close Annular Preventer *
Close Adjustable Choke
Record Shut in Pressure and Pit Gain
* API Soft Shut in States BOP
(It Does Not Specify an Annular)

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 WELL CONTROL
Soft Method Tripping

Line up With Remote Choke Opened.

Install and make up the fully opened SAFETY VALVE in
the Drill String.
Close the Safety Valve
Open Choke Line Valve (HCR) at Stack
Check That Adjustable Choke Is Open
Close Annular Preventer *
Close Adjustable Choke
Pick up and make up Kelly?Top Drive
Open Safety Valve
Record Shut in Pressures and Pit Gain
* API Soft Shut in States BOP
(It Does Not Specify an Annular)
55

WELL CONTROL
Hard Method Drilling
Line up With Remote Choke Closed.
Raise Kelly/Top Drive Until Tool Joint Is Above Rotary
Table
Shut Down Mud Pumps
Close Ram Preventer *
Open Choke Line Valve (HCR) at Stack
Record Shut in Pressure and Pit Gain
* API Soft Shut in States BOP
(It Does Not Specify a Ram)

56
 WELL CONTROL
Hard Method Tripping
Line up With Remote Choke Closed.
Install and make up the fully opened SAFETY VALVE in
the Drill String.
Close the Safety Valve
Close Ram Preventer *
Open Choke Line Valve (HCR) at Stack
Pick up and make up Kelly?Top Drive
Open Safety Valve
Record Shut in Pressures and Pit Gain
* API Soft Shut in States BOP
(It Does Not Specify a Ram)

57

WELL CONTROL
Hard Vs Soft
Hard
Quicker
Less to Remember
Smaller Influx

Soft
Slower
Checks if choke line is Clean
Larger Influx
Reduces Water Hammer Effect

58
 WELL CONTROL
Top Hole Drilling

Problems

1. Shallow Gas

Many Rigs That Are Burned up Suffered

Shallow Gas Kicks

2. Losing the Hole and a Re-drill

59

WELL CONTROL
Shallow Gas Wind Direction

200 ft

60
 WELL CONTROL
Shut in Data
SIDPP Shut In Drill pipe Pressure
SICP Shut In Casing Pressure
Pit Gain

SIDPP
Tells You Under Balance Inside Drill String

SICP
Tells You Under Balance Inside Annulus

Pit Gain
Tells You Size of Influx at Shut in

61

WELL CONTROL
SIDPP Vs SICP SIDPP
Why Are They Different? 0 psi

Pump
SICP
psi
0

Choke
Manifold

Mud in Annulus Is Contaminated

Therefore Less Hydrostatic

Influx Height

62
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Pressure Vs Strokes
Increase SPM = Increase PSI

Approximate Effect Is :
2
New SPM

= Old Pump Pressure X Old SPM

63

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Pressure Vs Drilling Fluid Density

Increase M. Wt = Increase PSI

Approximate Effect Is:

New M.Wt
= Old Pump Pressure X
Old M.Wt

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Kill Mud

Kill Mud Weight

SIDPP
= + Present Mud Wt.
TVD X 0.052

65

WELL CONTROL
Initial and Final Circulating Pressure

I.C.P. = Slow Circulating Pressure + SIDPP

Kill M.Wt
F.C.P. = Slow Circulating Pressure X
Old M.Wt

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Bottom Hole Pressure

Pressure Exerted on the Bottom of the Hole.

B.H.P = Mud Hydrostatic

+
Back Pressure Held at Remote Choke
+
Annular Pressure Loss (APL)

67

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Slow Pump Rate
Normally 1/2 - 1/4 Drilling SPM
Why Kill Well at Slow Rate?
How Are They Taken?
When Are They Taken?
How Are They Used in Kill Process?

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Causes Effect the Choice of SCR
1. Size Of Choke And Choke Lines.
2. Minimize Excess Pressure Exerted On
Formations During The Kill.
3. To Allow Kick Fluid To Be Handled At Surface.
4. To Reduce The Chance Of Overloading The
M.G.S.
5. Allow Choke Operator Time To Make
Necessary Choke Adjustments.
6. Ability To Mix Kill Mud.
7. To Reduce Damage To The Pump

69

WELL CONTROL
When Should Be Taking SCR ?
1. At Beginning of Each Shift.
2. After Mud Properties Changed .
3. When Long Sections of Hole Are Drilled
Rapidly (500 Ft).
4. When Returning to Drilling After Kill.
5. When Changed B.H.A (Nozzles, D.C, Motor.)

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 WELL CONTROL
Where To Read Standpipe Pressure.
When Recording SCR
SCR s Should Be Read On The Drill Pipe
Pressure at The Remote Chock Panel.
SCR s Should Be Taken With The Bit Near The
Bottom.

71

WELL CONTROL
Time For Build How Long For Shut In Pressure To Stabilize?

600 600

psi psi
Casing Pressure Casing Pressure

High Low
Permeability Permeability

Fast Slow
Pressure

Pressure

Time 72 Time
 WELL CONTROL
Gas Migration
Why?
Gas Is Light And Will Migrate (Percolate) Up Hole

Speed Of Migration?
Depends On Mud Wt + Mud Viscosity

How Can I See Migration?

Steady Rise In Surface Pressure After Initial Stabilization

73

WELL CONTROL
Gas Migration

SIDPP or SICP

Migration
Shut In Pressure

Time

74
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Float in Drill String 600

How To Find SIDPP? psi

0
Pump Slowly Down Drill 600

Pipe And Watch Build Up

psi
0
SIDPP
500

Time

SICP
600

Time

75

WELL CONTROL
Clean Annular Annular Loaded
With Cutting
psi psi
0 0

psi psi
0 0

76
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Bit off Bottom

psi
0

psi
0

77

WELL CONTROL
Packed Off

psi
0

psi
0

78
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Leak Off Procedure
1. Drill 10 - 15 Feet Rat Hole
2. Test Surface Equipment
3. Circulate To Condition Mud
4. Pull Inside Casing
5. Shut In Well
6. Pump 1/4 - 1/2 Bbl/Min Into Well*
7. Plot Pressure Rise
8. When Pressure Rise Slows Down Or Stops; Shut Down
Pump
9. Measure Pressure Where Pressure Rise Slows Down
10. Monitor Stable Pressure Then Bleed Back Pressure
* Varies With Company Policy

79

WELL CONTROL
How Is Formation Strength Measured?
Leak Off Test (L.O.T.)
Leak Off Pressure Point Of Leak Off Trend Line
Pump Pressure

Volume Pumped

Fracture Pressure = Mud Hydrostatic psi + LOT psi

Formation Integrity Test
Pressure Up To Agreed Pressure Without Any Leak-off

80
 WELL CONTROL
Fracture Pressure
= (Mud Wt. ppg X .052 X Shoe TVD) + L.O.T.

Fracture Mud Weight

Can Be Called Breakdown Or Max. Allowable
= (L.O.T Shoe TVD .052) + Mud Wt. ppg

MAASP
Difference Between Pressure That Will Fracture The
Rock And The Mud Hydrostatic Pressure

= (Fracture Mud Wt - Current Mud Wt) X .052 X Shoe TVD

81

WELL CONTROL
MAASP Vs Leak Off
MAASP = Leak Off At Time Of Leak Off Test

If Mud Weight Is Increased The Hydrostatic On

Shoe Increases

Therefore

Margin Between Mud Hydrostatic And Fracture

Gets Less.
This Margin Is Called M.A.A.S.P.

82
 WELL CONTROL

Well Condition Required For Accurate Leak - Off Test.

Drill Out The Casing Shoe And Approximately

5 15 Ft Into New Formation.
Circulate The Mud To Get Same Weight All
Way Around.
Good Pressure Test Of Surface Equipment.
Calibrated Pressure Gauges.
Accurate T.V.D Of Casing Shoe.
Accurate Volume Of Mud Pumped.

83

WELL CONTROL
What Exerts Pressure On The Formation?
Mud Hydrostatic
Friction Losses In Annulus
Bridging/Packing Off In Annulus
Shutting In Well With Pumps Running
Kicks And The Kill Process
Choke Line Friction

84
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What Can Increase The Risk Of Exceeding
MAASP
Incorrect Casing Shoe Setting Depth
Unexpected High Pressure
Large Kick Size
Low Fracture Pressure
Long Open Hole Sections
Gas Migration
Bad Kill Practices
Too Much Safety Margin
Choke Line Friction Loss

85

WELL CONTROL
Principle Of Kill Method
Restore Primary Control

How ?
Clean Out Influx
Replace Old Mud With Kill Mud
At All Times
Maintain Correct Bottom Hole Pressure.
How ?
Use Approved Kill Method

One That Maintains Correct And

Constant Bottom Hole Pressure

86
 WELL CONTROL
Bottom Hole Pressure

Pressure Exerted on the Bottom of the Hole.

B.H.P = Mud Hydrostatic

+
Back Pressure Held at Remote Choke
+
Annular Pressure Loss (APL)

Most Times APL Is Small And Can Be Ignored.

87

WELL CONTROL
Pressure Balance
BHP = Hydrostatic + Back Pressure
To Maintain Constant BHP!

If

Fluid Hydrostatic

Then

Choke Back Pressure

88
 WELL CONTROL
Role Of Choke

The Choke (Remote Or Manual) Is A Device

For Adjusting Back Pressure.

A Kick Is Due To Lack Of Mud Hydrostatic.

The Choke Provides A Back Pressure To

Compensate For Lack Of Mud Hydrostatic.

When Heavy Mud Is Pumped The Operator

Reduces Back Pressure.

89

WELL CONTROL
Start up Procedure
This Procedure Starts the Kill Correctly.

It Ensures That B.H.P Is Correct for the Kill.

It Can Be Stated That the Start up Procedure

Calibrates the Well Kill to Correct B.H.P.

How?
Bring Pump Up to Speed Holding Casing
Pressure Constant.

90
 WELL CONTROL
Drillers Method
Two Circulation's

1st Clean Out Influx

2nd Circulate Kill Mud

After 1st Circulation

SIDPP = SICP

91

WELL CONTROL
1st Circulation
Start up - Bring Pumps up to Kill Rate Holding
Casing Pressure Constant

When up to Speed Look at Drill Pipe Pressure.

Hold It Constant at This Value For Complete Circulation

On Completion of Circulation Shut Down

The Reverse of Start up Procedure

If Annulus Is Clean S.I.C.P Will Now Read S.I.D.P.P

If Annulus Is Not Clean Then S.I.C.P Will Be Greater
Than S.I.D.P.P

92
 WELL CONTROL
2nd Circulation

Start up - Bring Pumps up to Kill Rate

Holding Casing Pressure Constant

When up to Speed Maintain Casing Pressure

Constant Until Kill Mud Is at the Bit

With Kill Mud at Bit Switch to Drill Pipe Pressure and

Hold Constant Until Clean Mud Returns at Surface

It May Be Preferred to Use the Wait and Weight

Procedure for the 2nd Circulation.
This Is in Case of Any Influx That Was Not Cleaned Out
in the1st Circulation

93

WELL CONTROL
Wait and Weight
One Circulation
Pump Kill Mud From the Start
Procedure
Start up - Bring Pumps up to Kill Rate
Holding Casing Pressure Constant
Once up to Speed the Drill Pipe Pressure Should
Equal I.C.P
Allow Drill Pipe Pressure to Fall From I.C.P to F.C.P
As Kill Mud Is Pumped to the Bit With Kill Mud at the
Bit Hold Drill Pipe Pressure Constant at F.C.P Until Kill
Mud Returns at Surface

94
 WELL CONTROL
ICP = SIDPP + SCR Pressure STKS PSI
0 1400 ICP
Kill Mud
FCP = SCR X 100 1350
Old Mud 200 1300
300 1250
Step Down From Icp To Fcp 400 1200
Using Either Graph Or Chart 500 1150
600 1100
700 1050
Strokes To Bit 750 1025 FCP
PSI
ICP FCP

SIDPP

0
Strokes From Surface To Bit Strokes From Bit To Surface

95

WELL CONTROL
Things To Watch
Following A Choke Adjustment The Drillpipe Gauge
Takes Longer To React Due To Length Of System

Kill Mud Only Does Good When Going Downhole.

Therefore Re-zero Stroke Counter

Calculated ICP Is Only A Guideline. Actual (True) ICP Is

Seen At Start Up

If Actual ICP Is Different Then Recalculate Graph Or

StepDown

96
 WELL CONTROL
Comparison of Killing Methods

Ease of Calculation ( Driller Method )

Lower Annulus Pressure ( Wait & Weight)
Shortest Circulating Time (Wait & Weight )

97

WELL CONTROL
Non-Routine Techniques
Drillers And Wait & Weight Only Work With Bit Below
The Influx.

Problems May Be:-

Unable To Use Pump

Hole Plugged
Bit Above Influx

In These Situations It May Be Necessary To Use

Other Well Control Techniques

Volumetric
Stripping
Combined Volumetric/Stripping

98
 WELL CONTROL
Volumetric Method
Applications
Circulation Not Possible
Plugged string.
Pipe out of hole.
Pump is shut-down or unavailable
and there is a float in the string.
Circulation Not Recommended
Not at TVD (off bottom).
Pipe stuck
Not possible to strip.

99

WELL CONTROL
Volumetric Method
To keep BHP constant

Bleed mud through choke maintaining SIDPP constant

BHP =Ph d/p (no change) + SIDPP (constant)

= Constant

Bad practice

Due Hold casing Pressure Constant

BHP = Ph Ann. + SICP

= Ph Ann (decrease to bleed mud) + SICP (constant)
= Decrease

100
 WELL CONTROL
Well Control Problems
Indicators of Mechanical Failures
Changes In Drillpipe And Casing Pressures During
Well Control Variations Can Indicate Potential
Mechanical Problems

Common Kick Problems

Blockages
String
Annulus
Choke
Washouts
String
Choke
Surface Equipment Failure
Losses
Hydrates
101

WELL CONTROL
Problem DP psi Csg psi BHP

Loss of Circulation

Plugged Choke

Choke Washout

Plugged Nozzle

Nozzle Washout

String Washout

102
 WELL CONTROL
Bad Practices

Incorrect Start Up
Changing SPM
Holding Wrong Pressure
Not Using Graph/Step Down
Not Pumping Correct Mud

103

WELL CONTROL
How Do You Know That The B.H.P Is:
A. Correct ?
B. Constant ?

A. Use Correct Start Up

B. 1. Maintain Correct SPM

2. Correct Pressure V Strokes
3. Correct Mud Wt

104
 WELL CONTROL
Procedure

Brining up pump to kill speed

Correct Action

wrong Action

Effective on BHP

105

WELL CONTROL
Procedure

Driller Method (1st Circulation)

Correct Action

wrong Action

Effective on BHP

106
 WELL CONTROL
Procedure

(2nd Circulation) While Pumping Kill Mud To Bit

Correct Action

wrong Action

Effective on BHP

107

WELL CONTROL
Procedure

(2nd Circulation) While Pumping Kill Mud From

Bit to Surface

Correct Action

wrong Action

Effective on BHP

108
 WELL CONTROL
Procedure

W&W Method (While Pumping Kill Mud To Bit)

Correct Action

wrong Action

Effective on BHP

109

WELL CONTROL
Procedure

Increase Pump Speed

Correct Action

wrong Action

Effective on BHP

110
 WELL CONTROL
Procedure

Decrease Pump Speed

Correct Action

wrong Action

Effective on BHP

111

WELL CONTROL
Procedure

W&W Method (While Pumping Kill Mud From Bit

To Surface)

Correct Action

wrong Action

Effective on BHP

112