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1. INTRODUCTION
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Channel Reciprocity: Time-division duplexing [1] D. Gesbert, M. Kountouris, R. Heath, C.-B. Chae, and T.
Salzer,Shifting the MIMO paradigm, IEEE Signal
operation depends on channel reciprocity. There Processing Magazine,vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 3646, 2007.
seems to be a reasonable consensus that the
[2] Requirements for Further Advancements for Evolved
propagation channel itself is basically reciprocal Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA) (LTE-
unless the propagation is suffering from materials Advanced), Mar. 2009.
with strange magnetic properties. Between the [3] T. L. Marzetta, Multi-cellular wireless with base stations
uplink and the downlink there is the hardware employingunlimited numbers of antennas, in Proc.
chains in the base station and terminal transceivers UCSD Inf. Theory Applicat. Workshop, Feb. 2010.
may not be reciprocal. Calibration of the hardware [4] T. L.Marzetta, Noncooperative cellular wireless with
chains does not appear to constitute a serious unlimited numbers of base station antennas, IEEE
problem. If the maximum phase difference between Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 35903600,
the hardware chains in case of uplink and downlink Nov. 2010.
is less than 60, then significant reduction in the [5] Lu Lu , student member, IEEE, Geoffrey ye li, fellow,
gain can be observed. If the base station is properly IEEE, A. Lee swindle Hurst , fellow, IEEE, Alexei
Ashikhmin, senior member, IEEE, and rui zhang,
calibrated then it is not necessary to calibrate the member, IEEE. an overview of massive mimo:benefits
uplink and downlink chains, proper gain can be and challenges IEEE journal of selected topics in signal
obtained. If the base station is not properly processing, vol. 8, no. 5, October 2014
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2858
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
[6] S. Vishwanath, N. Jindal, and A. Goldsmith, Duality, called massive MIMO systems for future wireless
achievable rates, and sum-rate capacity of Gaussian communication Networks
MIMO broadcast channels, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. [12] X. Gao, F. Tufvesson, O. Edfors, and F. Rusek, Measured
49, no. 10, pp. 26582668, Oct. 2003. propagation characteristics for very-large MIMO at 2.6
[7] X. Gao et al., F. Tufvesson, O. Edfors, and F. Rusek, GHz,in Proc. Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems,
Massive MIMO Performance Evaluation Based on and Computers (ASILOMAR), Nov. 2012.
Measured Propagation Data, IEEE Trans. Wireless [13] F. Rusek et al., Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and
Commun., vol. 14, no. 7, 2015, pp. 38993911. Challenges with Very Large Arrays, IEEE Sig. Proc. Mag.,
[8] E. G. Larsson, Ove Edfors, Thomas L. Marzetta,Fredrik vol. 30, Jan. 2013, pp. 4060
Tufvesson, "Massive MIMO for Next Generation Wireless
Systems," in IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014.
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