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Thisarticleexplainsthecurrentrulesandtheconceptualdebateastowhereinthestatementof
comprehensiveincome,profitsandlossesshouldberecognisediewhenshouldtheyberecognisedin
profitorlossandwhenintheothercomprehensiveincome.Further,itexploresthedebateastowhether
itisappropriatetorecogniseprofitsorlossestwice!
Theperformanceofacompanyisreportedinthestatementofprofitorlossandothercomprehensive
income.IAS1,PresentationofFinancialStatements,definesprofitorlossasthetotalofincomeless
expenses,excludingthecomponentsofothercomprehensiveincome.Othercomprehensiveincome
(OCI)isdefinedascomprisingitemsofincomeandexpense(includingreclassificationadjustments)that
arenotrecognisedinprofitorlossasrequiredorpermittedbyotherIFRSs.Totalcomprehensiveincome
isdefinedasthechangeinequityduringaperiodresultingfromtransactionsandotherevents,other
thanthosechangesresultingfromtransactionswithownersintheircapacityasowners.
Itisamyth,andsimplyincorrect,tostatethatonlyrealisedgainsareincludedinprofitorloss(P/L)and
thatonlyunrealisedgainsandlossesareincludedintheOCI.Forexample,gainsontherevaluationof
landandbuildingsaccountedforinaccordancewithIAS16,PropertyPlantandEquipment(IAS16
PPE),arerecognisedinOCIandaccumulateinequityinOtherComponentsofEquity(OCE).Onthe
otherhand,gainsontherevaluationoflandandbuildingsaccountedforinaccordancewithIAS40,
InvestmentProperties,arerecognisedinP/LandarepartoftheRetainedEarnings(RE).Bothsuch
gainsareunrealised.Thesamepointcouldbemadewithregardtothegainsandlossesonthefinancial
assetofequityinvestments.IfsuchfinancialassetsaredesignatedinaccordancewithIFRS9,Financial
Instruments(IFRS9),atinceptionasFairValueThroughOtherComprehensiveIncome(FVTOCI)then
thegainsandlossesarerecognisedinOCIandaccumulatedinequityinOCE.Whereasifmanagement
decidesnottomakethiselection,thentheinvestmentwillbydefaultbedesignatedandaccountedforas
FairValueThroughProfitorLoss(FVTP&L)andthegainsandlossesarerecognisedinP/Landbecome
partofRE.
Thereisatpresentnooverarchingaccountingtheorythatjustifiesorexplainsinwhichpartofthe
statementgainsandlossesshouldbereported.TheIASBsConceptualFrameworkforFinancial
Reportingissilentonthematter.Soratherthanhaveaclearprinciplesbasedapproachwhatwecurrently
haveisarulesbasedapproachtothisissue.Itisdowntoindividualaccountingstandardstodirectwhen
gainsandlossesaretobereportedinOCI.Thisisclearlyanunsatisfactoryapproach.Itisconfusingfor
users.
InJuly2013theInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)publishedadiscussionpaperonits
ConceptualFrameworkforFinancialReporting.Thisaddressedtheissueofwheretorecognisegainsand
losses.ItsuggeststhattheP/Lshouldprovidetheprimarysourceofinformationaboutthereturnanentity
hasmadeonitseconomicresourcesinaperiod.AccordinglytheP/Lshouldrecognisetheresultsof
transactions,consumptionandimpairmentsofassetsandfulfilmentofliabilitiesintheperiodinwhichthey
occur.InadditiontheP/Lwouldalsorecognisechangesinthecostofassetsandliabilitiesaswellasany
gainsorlossesresultingfromtheirinitialrecognition.TheroleoftheOCIwouldthenbetosupportthe
P/L.GainsandlosseswouldonlyberecognisedinOCIifitmadetheP&Lmorerelevant.Inmyview
whilstthismaybeanimprovementonthecurrentabsenceofanyguidanceitdoesnotprovidetheclarity
andcertaintyuserscrave.
RECYCLING(THERECLASSIFICATIONFROMEQUITYTOP&L)
Nowletusconsidertheissueofrecycling.ThisiswheregainsorlossesarereclassifiedfromequitytoP/L
asareclassificationadjustment.InotherwordsgainsorlossesarefirstrecognisedintheOCIandthenin
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11/11/2016 Conceptsofprofitorlossandothercomprehensiveincome|P2CorporateReporting|ACCAQualification|Students|ACCAGlobal
alateraccountingperiodalsorecognisedintheP/L.Inthiswaythegainorlossisreportedinthetotal
comprehensiveincomeoftwoaccountingperiodsandincolloquialtermsissaidtoberecycledasitis
recognisedtwice.Atpresentitisdowntoindividualaccountingstandardstodirectwhengainsandlosses
aretobereclassifiedfromequitytoP/Lasareclassificationadjustment.Soratherthanhaveaclear
principlesbasedapproachonrecyclingwhatwecurrentlyhaveisarulesbasedapproachtothisissue.
Thisisclearly,again,anunsatisfactoryapproachbutalsoasweshallseeoneaddressedbytheJuly2013
IASBdiscussionpaperonitsConceptualFrameworkforFinancialReporting
IAS21,TheEffectsofChangesinForeignExchangeRates(IAS21),isoneexampleofastandardthat
requiresgainsandlossestobereclassifiedfromequitytoP/Lasareclassificationadjustment.Whena
grouphasanoverseassubsidiaryagroupexchangedifferencewillariseontheretranslationofthe
subsidiarysgoodwillandnetassets.InaccordancewithIAS21suchexchangedifferencesare
recognisedinOCIandsoaccumulateinOCE.Onthedisposalofthesubsidiary,IAS21requiresthatthe
netcumulativebalanceofgroupexchangedifferencesbereclassifiedfromequitytoP&Lasa
reclassificationadjustmentiethebalanceofthegroupexchangedifferencesinOCEistransferredto
P/Ltoformpartoftheprofitondisposal.
IAS16PPEisoneexampleofastandardthatprohibitsgainsandlossestobereclassifiedfromequity
toP/Lasareclassificationadjustment.Ifweconsiderlandthatcost$10mwhichistreatedinaccordance
withIAS16PPE.Ifthelandissubsequentlyrevaluedto$12m,thenthegainof$2misrecognisedinOCI
andwillbetakentoOCE.Wheninalaterperiodtheassetissoldfor$13m,IAS16PPEspecifically
requiresthattheprofitondisposalrecognisedintheP/Lis$1miethedifferencebetweenthesale
proceedsof$13mandthecarryingvalueof$12m.Thepreviouslyrecognisedgainof$2misnot
recycled/reclassifiedbacktoP/Laspartofthegainondisposal.Howeverthe$2mbalanceintheOCE
reserveisnowredundantastheassethasbeensoldandtheprofitisrealised.Accordingly,therewillbea
transferintheStatementofChangesinEquity,fromtheOCEof$2mintoRE.
DOUBLEENTRY
Forthosewholovethedoubleentryletmeshowyouthepurchase,therevaluation,thedisposalandthe
transfertoREinthisway.
Onpurchase $m $m
DrLandPPE 10
CrCash 10
Onrevaluation
DrLandPPE 2
CrOCEandrecognisedinOCI 2
Ondisposal
DrCash 13
CrLandPPE 12
CrP/L 1
Ontransfer
DrOCE 2
CrRetainedearnings 2
IfIAS16PPEallowedthereclassificationfromequitytoP&Lasareclassificationadjustment,theprofit
ondisposalrecognisedinP&Lwouldbe$3mincludingthe$2mreclassifiedfromequitytoP&Landthe
lasttwodoubleentriesabovereplacedwiththefollowing.
OnreclassificationfromequitytoP/L $m $m
DrCash 13
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CrLandPPE 12
CrP/L 3
DrOCE 2
IFRS9alsoprohibitstherecyclingofthegainsandlossesonFVTOCIinvestmentstoP/Londisposal.
ThenoreclassificationruleinbothIAS16PPEandIFRS9meansthatsuchgainsonthoseassetsare
onlyeverreportedonceinthestatementofprofitorlossandothercomprehensiveincomeieareonly
includedonceintotalcomprehensiveincome.Howevermanyusers,itappears,ratherignorethetotal
comprehensiveincomeandtheOCIandjustbasetheirevaluationofacompanysperformanceonthe
P/L.Theseusersthenfinditstrangethatgainsthathavebecomerealisedfromtransactionsinthe
accountingperiodarenotfullyreportedintheP/Loftheaccountingperiod.Assuchwecanseethe
argumentinfavourofreclassification.Withnoreclassificationtheearningspersharewillneverfully
includethegainsonthesaleofPPEandFVTOCIinvestments.
Thefollowingextractfromthestatementofcomprehensiveincomesummarisesthecurrentaccounting
treatmentforwhichgainsandlossesarerequiredtobeincludedinOCIand,asrequired,discloseswhich
gainsandlossescanandcannotbereclassifiedbacktoprofitandloss.
Extractfromthestatementofprofitorlossandothercomprehensiveincome
$m
Profitfortheyear XX
Othercomprehensiveincome
Gainsandlossesthatcannotbereclassifiedbackto
profitorloss
Changesinrevaluationsurpluswheretherevaluation
methodisusedinaccordancewithIAS16 XX/(XX)
Remeasurementsofanetdefinedbenefitliabilityor
assetrecognisedinaccordancewithIAS19 XX/(XX)
GainsandlossesonremeasuringFVTOCIfinancial
assetsinaccordancewithIFRS9 XX/(XX)
Gainsandlossesthatcanbereclassifiedbacktoprofitorloss
Groupexchangedifferencesfromtranslatingfunctionalcurrenciesintopresentation
currencyinaccordancewithIAS21 XX/(XX)
Theeffectiveportionofgainsandlossesonhedginginstrumentsinacashflowhedge
underIFRS9 XX/(XX)
Totalcomprehensiveincome XX/(XX)
THEFUTUREOFRECLASSIFICATION
IntheJuly2013discussionpaperontheConceptualFrameworkforFinancialReportingtheroleofthe
OCIandthereclassificationfromequitytoP/Lisdebated.
NOOCIANDNORECLASSIFICATION
Itcanbearguedthatreclassificationshouldsimplybeprohibited.Thiswouldfreethestatementofprofit
orlossandothercomprehensiveincomefromtheneedtoformallytoclassifygainsandlossesbetween
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P/LandOCI.Thiswouldreducecomplexityandgainsandlossescouldonlyeverberecognisedonce.
Therewouldstillremaintheissueofhowtodefinetheearningsinearningspershare,aratiolovedby
investors,asclearlytotalcomprehensiveincomewouldcontaintoomanygainsandlossesthatwerenon
operational,unrealised,outsidethecontrolofmanagementandnotrelatingtotheaccountingperiod.
NARROWAPPROACHTOTHEOCI
AnothersuggestionisthattheOCIshouldberestricted,shouldadoptanarrowapproach.Onthisbasis
onlybridgingandmismatchgainsandlossesshouldbeincludedinOCIandbereclassifiedfromequityto
P/L.
ArevaluationsurplusonafinancialassetclassifiedasFVTOCIisagoodexampleofabridginggain.The
assetisaccountedforatfairvalueonthestatementoffinancialpositionbuteffectivelyatcostinP/L.As
such,byrecognisingtherevaluationsurplusinOCI,theOCIisactingasabridgebetweenthestatement
offinancialpositionandtheP/L.OndisposalreclassificationensuresthattheamountrecognisedinP/L
willbeconsistentwiththeamountsthatwouldberecognisedinP/Lifthefinancialassethadbeen
measuredatamortisedcost.
Theeffectivegainorlossonacashflowhedgeofafuturetransactionisanexampleofamismatchgain
orlossasitrelatestoatransactioninafutureaccountingperiodsoneedstobecarriedforwardsothatit
canbematchedintheP/Lofafutureaccountingperiod.Onlybyrecognisingtheeffectivegainorlossin
OCIandallowingittobereclassifiedfromequitytoP/Lcanuserstoseetheresultsofthehedging
relationship.
BROADAPPROACHTOTHEOCI
AthirdpropositionisfortheOCItoadoptabroadapproach,byalsoincludingtransitorygainsandlosses.
TheIASBwoulddecideineachIFRSwhetheratransitoryremeasurementshouldbesubsequently
recycled.
Examplesoftransitorygainsandlossesarethosethatariseontheremeasurementofdefinedbenefit
pensionfundsandrevaluationsurplusesonPPE.
CONCLUSION
WhilsttheIASBhasnotyetdeterminedwhichapproachwillbeadopted,itschairmanHansHoogervorst
hasgoneontherecordassayingItisabsolutelyvitalthattheP/Lcontainsallinformationthatcanbe
relevanttoinvestorsandthatnothingofimportancegetsleftoutandtheIASBshouldbevery
disciplinedinitsuseofOCIasresortingtoOCItooeasilywouldunderminethecredibilityofnetincomeso
theOCIshouldonlybeusedasaninstrumentoflastresort.Nowthatsoundslikeapersonal
endorsementofthenarrowapproachtome!
TomClendonisalectureratFTMSbasedinSingaporeandistheauthorofthesecondedition
ofAStudent'sGuidetoGroupAccounts(publishedbyKaplanPublishing)
Lastupdated:19Aug2016
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