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LET Competencies:
1. Apply the Fundamentals of Electronics in Household Appliances
2. Identify Electronic Tools and Components used in Common Household
Appliances
3. Interpret Electronics Schematic Diagram
4. Analyze Basic Electronic Circuit Trouble in Appliances
5. Appraise the Result of Simple Electronic Circuit Repair
STUDYING
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONICS
Electronics is the branch of science and engineering concerned with the
theory, design, and the use of devices which involve the transmission of power
by utilizing electron emission or absorption. Electronics includes all aspects of
photoelectric cells, transistors, circuits, cathode-ray tubes, electron tubes,
oscilloscopes, electron microscopes, broadcasting, radio, television, telephone,
and many other industries.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Electronic components - is any physical entity in an electronic system
whose intention is to affect the electrons or their associated fields in a desired
manner consistent with the intended function of the electronic system
2. Electrical Circuit - is a network that has a closed loop, giving a return path
for the current
3. Network - is a connection of two or more components, and may not
necessarily be a circuit
4. Conductors are metals and other substances where electrons can move
freely
5. Insulators substances where electrons cannot move freely
6. Transformer is an electronic devised used in producing desired voltage
7. Inductors the choke or coil in a circuit that oppose changes in electric
current
8. Semiconductors a group that are neither good conductors nor good
insulators
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ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
These are the basic electronic element usually packaged in a discrete
form with two or more connecting leads or metallic pads in which intended to be
connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to create an
electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio
receiver, or oscillator) may be packaged singly (resistor, capacitor, transistor,
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CAPACITORS
Capacitor is a device able to temporarily store electricity. It was invented
by Ewald Georg von Kleist (October 1745). These relatively simple components
consist of two pieces of conducting material (such as metal) separated by a non-
conducting (insulating) material called a dielectric. When a voltage potential
difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is present in the
dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the
plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated
conductors.
Types of Capacitor
1. Electrolytic Capacitor (Electrochemical Type Capacitor)
2. Tantalum Capacitor
3. Ceramic Capacitor
4. Polystyrene Film Capacitor
5. Mica Capacitor
6. Metallized Polyester Capacitor
7. Variable Capacitor
8. Trimmer Capacitor
DIODE
This device is used to limit the movement of electricity to move in one
specific direction. Some diodes are also designed to produce light or to act as a
switch in an electrical circuit. It has two active electrodes between which the
signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional electric
current property. Diode also allows an electric current to flow through them in
only one direction. They are also known as rectifiers. It can be used to change
alternating currents (ones flowing back and forth round a circuit, constantly
swapping direction) into direct currents (ones that always flow in the same
direction).
Types of Diode
1. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
2. Avalanche Diode
3. Laser Diode
4. Schottky Diodes
5. Zener diode
6. Photodiode
7. Varicap Diode or Varactor Diode Rectifier Diode
TRANSISTOR
An electrical circuit needs to have switches to control the current. In
electronic equipment, the most useful kind of switch is the transistor. Transistors
is invented by William Shockley which considered by many as the father of
transistor. This device commonly varies in composition and in the arrangement of
the components. It is use to amplify or switch electronics signals which is made
of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. The diagram below shows the components in
one kind of transistor.
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RESISTOR
This device is the simplest components in any circuit. With a measurable
ability to resist the flow of electrons used to control the strength of the current in a
circuit. Resistors come in many different shapes and sizes. Variable resistors
(also known as potentiometers) have a dial control on them so they change the
amount of resistance when you turn them.
Type of Resistor
1. Variable Resistor (Potentiometer)
2. Variable Resistor (Preset)
3. Carbon Composition Resistor
4. Film or Cermet Resistor
5. Wire-Wound Resistors
6. Metal oxide film resistors
7. Vitreous Enamel Resistors
8. Cement resistors
9. Semiconductor Resistors
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Yellow 4 4 25 ppm
Green 5 5 + 0.5 % (D)
Blue 6 6 + 0.25% (C)
Violet 7 7 + 0.1% (B)
Gray 8 8 + 0.05% (A)
White 9 9
Gold + 5% (J)
Silver + 10% (K)
None + 20% (M)
Example
2. Strip board
- Permanent, soldered
- Strip board has parallel strips of
copper track on one side. The strips
are 0.1" (2.54mm) apart and there
are holes every 0.1" (2.54mm).
- Strip board requires no special
preparation other than cutting to
size. It can be cut with a junior
hacksaw, or simply snap it along the
lines of holes by putting it over the
edge of a bench or table and
pushing hard.
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ELECTRONIC SYMBOLS
1. Resistor
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A resistor restricts the flow of
current, for example to limit the
Resistor current passing through an LED.
A resistor is used with a
capacitor in a timing circuit.
This type of variable resistor
with 2 contacts (a rheostat) is
usually used to control current.
Variable Resistor Examples include: adjusting
(Rheostat) lamp brightness, adjusting motor
speed, and adjusting the rate of
flow of charge into a capacitor in
a timing circuit.
This type of variable resistor
with 3 contacts (a potentiometer)
is usually used to control
Variable Resistor
voltage. It can be used like this
(Potentiometer)
as a transducer converting
position (angle of the control
spindle) to an electrical signal.
This type of variable resistor (a
preset) is operated with a small
screwdriver or similar tool. It is
designed to be set when the
Variable Resistor circuit is made and then left
(Preset) without further adjustment.
Presets are cheaper than
normal variable resistors so they
are often used in projects to
reduce the cost.
2. Capacitors
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A capacitor stores electric
charge. A capacitor is used with
a resistor in a timing circuit. It
Capacitor
can also be used as a filter, to
block DC signals but pass AC
signals.
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3. Diodes
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A device which only allows
Diode
current to flow in one direction.
LED
A transducer which converts
Light Emitting
electrical energy to light.
Diode
A special diode which is used to
Zener Diode maintain a fixed voltage across
its terminals.
4. Transistor
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A transistor amplifies current. It
can be used with other
Transistor NPN
components to make an
amplifier or switching circuit.
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8. Logic Gates
Gate Traditional
IEC Symbol Function of Gate
Type Symbol
A NOT gate can only have
one input. The 'o' on the
output means 'not'. The
output of a NOT gate is the
NOT inverse (opposite) of its
input, so the output is true
when the input is false. A
NOT gate is also called an
inverter.
An AND gate can have two
or more inputs. The output
AND
of an AND gate is true when
all its inputs are true.
A NAND gate can have two
or more inputs. The 'o' on
the output means 'not'
NAND showing that it is a Not AND
gate. The output of a NAND
gate is true unless all its
inputs are true.
An OR gate can have two
or more inputs. The output
OR of an OR gate is true when
at least one of its inputs is
true.
A NOR gate can have two
or more inputs. The 'o' on
the output means 'not'
NOR showing that it is a Not OR
gate. The output of a NOR
gate is true when none of its
inputs are true.
An EX-OR gate can only
have two inputs. The output
EX-OR of an EX-OR gate is true
when its inputs are different
(one true, one false).
An EX-NOR gate can only
have two inputs. The 'o' on
EX-
the output means 'not'
NOR
showing that it is a Not EX-
OR gate. The output of an
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1. Broken wiring inside cord set - internal breaks in the conductors of cord
sets or other connecting cords caused by flexing, pulling, or other long term
abuse. This is one of the most common problems with vacuum cleaners
which tend to be dragged around by their tails.
3. Short circuits When two wires touching or contacting the metal case of an
appliance happens too often. Partially, this is due to the shoddy
manufacturing quality of many small appliances like toaster ovens. These
also have metal (mostly) cabinets and many metal interior parts with sharp
edges which can readily eat through wire insulation due to repeated
vibrations, heating and cooling cycles, and the like.
A short circuit may develop with no operational problems - but the case of the
appliance will be electrically 'hot'. This is a dangerous situation. Large
appliances with 3 wire plugs - plugged into a properly grounded 3 wire circuit -
would then blow a fuse or trip a circuit breaker. However, small appliances
like toaster, broilers, irons, etc., have two wire plugs and will just set there
with a live cabinet.
6. Broken or worn drive belts or gears - rotating parts do not rotate or turn
slowly or with little power even through the motor is revving its little head off.
When the brush drive belt in an upright vacuum cleaner breaks, the results
are obvious and the broken belt often falls to the ground (to be eaten by the
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dog or mistaken for a mouse tail. However, there are often other belts inside
appliances which will result in less obvious consequences when they loosen
with age or fail completely.
8. Insect damage - Many appliances make inviting homes for all sorts of multi-
legged creatures. Evidence of their visits or extended stays will be obvious
including frayed insulation, short circuits caused by bodily fluids or entire
bodies, remains of food and droppings. Even the smallest ventilation hole can
be a front door.
3. Short circuits
Visually inspect for bare wires or wires with frayed or worn insulation
touching metal parts, terminals they should not be connected to, or other wires.
Use a multimeter on the high ohms scale to check between both prongs of the
AC plug and any exposed metal parts. Try all positions of any power or selector
switches. Any resistance measurement less than 100K ohms or so is cause for
concern - and further checking. Also test between internal terminals and wires
that should not be connected together.
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7. Broken parts
In many cases, the problem will be obvious. Where it is not, some careful
detective work - putting the various mechanisms through their paces - should
reveal what is not functioning. Although replacement parts may be available, you
can be sure that their cost will be excessive and improvisation may ultimately be
the best approach to repair.
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2. It is an electronic tool that is use to strip off wire insulator from its
conductor.
A. wire stripper C. small tweezers
B. socket wrench D. long nose pliers
The correct answer is A. Bend or pushes the wire toward the plug or appliance
connector end
Option B is used as a repair for worn or broken switches
Option C is used as repair in short circuits
Option D is used as a repair for broken circuit
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a. c.
b. d.
10. The logic gate that will have HIGH or "1" at its output when any one of its
inputs is HIGH is a(n):
a. OR Gate c. Nor Gate
b. Ex-Or Gate d. Ex-Nor Gate
11. Which among the types of circuit board can easily change the connections
of components?
a. Strip board c. Breadboard
b. Printed circuit board d. None of the above
a. c.
b. d.
13. What is the common characteristic of strip board and printed circuit board?
a. temporary circuit board c. no soldering required
b. permanent circuit board d. requires no special preparation
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b. Keep the tools lubricated with soap and water inhibits rust.
c. Keep the tools clean and sharp.
d. Keeps the soldering tips clean and well tinned.
a. c.
b. d.
18. If a signal passing through a gate is inhibited by sending a low into one of
the inputs, and the output is HIGH, the gate is a(n):
a. OR Gate c. AND Gate
b. NOR Gate d. NAND Gate
19. One of the most common problems with vacuum cleaners is broken wiring
inside cord set. This is due to _____________.
a. flexing, wiring, long term abuse c. poor manufacturing
b. vibration, corrosion d. dust, dirt, humidity
a. c.
b. d.
25. What is the color code in 5 band for a 63 M and 10% resistor?
a. Blue, Orange, Black, Green and Gold
b. Blue, Orange, Black, Green and Silver
c. Blue, Yellow, Black, Green and Silver
d. Blue, Red, Black, Green and Silver
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1. What input values will cause an AND logic gate to produce a HIGH
output?
a. At least one input is LOW.
b. At least one input is HIGH.
c. All inputs are LOW.
d. All inputs are HIGH.
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b. d.
11. What is the resistor value of Blue, Black, Orange and
Silver?
a. 60 K + 5% c. 60 K + 10%
b. 50 K + 5% d. 50 K + 5%
14. In logic gate, the output will be a LOW for any case when one or more
inputs are zero in a(n):
a. OR Gate
b. AND Gate
c. NAND Gate
d. NOT Gate
15. It is used to display the shape of electrical signals and it can be used to
measure their voltage and time period.
a. Galvanometer
b. Ohmmeter
c. Voltmeter
d. Oscilloscope
16. What do you call a diagram that shows the electrical connections of a
circuit's components?
a. Schematic Diagram
b. Block Diagram
c. Pictorial Diagram
d. Electronic Diagram
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20. In logic gates, the output is true when its inputs are different.
a. OR Gate c. EX-OR Gate
b. NOR Gate d. EX-NOR Gate
ANSWER
ANALYZING TEST ITEMS ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS
1. D 1. D
2. A 2. A
3. A 3. B
4. D 4. C
5. A 5. B
6. B 6. A
7. C 7. B
8. A 8. B
9. D 9. A
10. A 10. B
11. C 11. C
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12. C 12. C
13. B 13. A
14. B 14. B
15. A 15. D
16. B 16. A
17. B 17. C
18. D 18. B
19. A 19. C
20. D 20. C
21. C 21. D
22. C 22. A
23. A 23. D
24. B 24. A
25. B 25. B
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