Fertigation in Greenhouse Production

2006-1-6
Fertigation in greenhouse production

the challenge to achieve environmental goals for soil grown
crops in the Netherlands
Wim Voogt
Applied Plant Research (PPO)
Naaldwijk,
The Netherlands
Content
Greenhouse production in the Netherlands

Characteristics of fertigation in greenhouses
Fertigation in practice
Environmental problems
Improvements in fertigation practice
Voogt; IPI International Symposium on Fertigation; Optimizing the utilization of water and nutrients; Beijing, September 20-24, 2005
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2006-1-6
Content

Intensive horticulture in the Netherlands
Netherlands
Europe
Westland
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Statistics about the Netherlands
Small country: 41 526 km2 280 km

Beijing
z land 4/5
z water 1/5
16.1 million people 180 km
Population density 475 people/km2
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Intensive horticulture
12000
10000
8000
peat mix
6000 soil
substrate
4000
2000
0
glasshouse vegetables cutflowers potted plants
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5
2006-1-6
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Content

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Protected horticulture
High yields
High fertiliser inputs
Fertiliser use in protected horticulture
2500
1979
kg / ha 2000
2000
Tomato
1500
1000
ton/ha
500
0
N P yield
Ammerlaan et al., 2003
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2006-1-6
High fertiliser use
High growth rates, high crop requirements

High EC necessary for crop quality
Unequal water distribution
Surface water use
Fertilisers costs insignificant
Low efficiency !!
N use efficiency in relation to total N applied
1.4
1.2
1.0
effciency rate
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
N- application kg/ha/yr
Results of a monitoring project at > 40 nurseries
Voogt and Wubben, 1999
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2006-1-6
Content

Fertigation in greenhouses
Late 40s Introduction irrigation systems

First steps in 1950s,
1960s, electric appliances
1970 Water soluble fertilisers,Introduction drip irrigation
1980 nutrient solutions, electronics
1990 liquid fertiliser, automation, improved sprinklers/drip
nozzles
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2006-1-6
Fertigation in current practice
Fertigation programs
z Nutrient solutions
z Target values in soil
z Crop stage adjustments
z Soil type adjustments
Nutrient solutions
Composition of the basic nutrient solution for fertigation for some greenhouse crops
Nutrient solution mmol l-1

Crop NH4 K Ca Mg NO3 SO4
Tomato 0.4 5 2 1.5 9.4 1.5
Cucumber 0.9 3.5 2 1 8.4 1
Sweet Pep 0.4 5 2 1 8.4 1
Rose 0.9 3.5 2 1.1 8.1 1.1
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2006-1-6
Example tomato crop

Standard nutrient solution NH4 K Ca Mg NO3 SO4
mmol/l 0.4 5.0 2.0 1.5 9.4 1.5
mg/l 16 196 80 36 132 47
per 1 m3
Stock tank A kg
Calciumnitrate 43
Ammoniumnitrate 6
Potassiumnitrate 54
sum 103
Stock tank B
Potassiumnitrate 66
Magnesiumsulphate 37
Potassiumsulphate 0
sum 103
Adjustments water quality

Nutr. Sol. Water Adjusted nutr. Sol.
mmol/l mmol/l mmol/l
NH4 0.4 0.6
K 5 7.5
Ca 2 3 0
Mg 1.5 1 0.7
NO3 9.4 12.4
SO4 1.5 2 0
Na 2.5 0
Cl 2.8 0
per 1 m3
Stock tank kg
Ammoniumnitrate 9
Potassiumnitrate 176
Magnesiumnitrate 28
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Soil analysis
Recommendation
Target values soil NH4 K Ca Mg NO3 SO4 Na Cl EC mS/cm

(1:2 volume extract) mmol/l 0 2.2 2.5 1.7 5 2.5 <4 <4 1.4
mg/l 0 86 100 41 70 78 92 142
Adjustments K supply ratio K/N soil analysis

160% < 0.20
130% 0.2 0.34
No adjustments 0.35 0.55
80% 0.56 0.65
60% > 0.65
Recommendation Supply
Adjustments N supply Adjustments total EC supply
16 7,0
Standard Early season

14 6,0
12
EC supply (mS/cm)
5,0
N supply (mmol/l)
10
4,0
8
6 3,0
4 2,0
2 1,0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0,0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
N soil analysis (m m ol/l 1:2 extract)
EC soil analysis
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Details
NH4: extra with calcareous soils

P: only base dressings
z Exceptions extreme low P in soil
Micro elements not standard; but
z B in case of low B in irrigation water
z Fe chelate: chlorosis susceptible crops
Content

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Annual water and mineral use of some glasshouse crops.
Crop Water N P K
m3/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha
Tomato 12950 1150 205 1410
Cucumber 10400 980 240 1100
Rose 11500 990 110 910
Water and nitrogen efficiency rates for some crops
Crop Water Nitrogen

Tomato 0.80 0.55
Cucumber 0.79 0.54
Sweet pepper 0.88 0.61
Rose 0.78 0.60
Chrysanthemum 0.65 0.52
Sonneveld et al., 1994, Van den Bos, 1999
Recent official data on N emission
chrysant
1200
emissie N (kg/ ha/ jaar)
800
400
?
0
bodem
Leaching geen
groundwater leachingopp.water
surface water
lozing
o verig
RIZA in prep.
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Description greenhouse system
Greenhouse system
Irrigation Evapotranspiration
Surface water
I
0-
I
I 0.25-0.60
Capillary rise
Drainage III 0.60-0.90
groundwater
Seepage
Leaching
Fertigation and measured nitrogen emission
1200 1200
1000 1000
drainage
drainage
800 800
600 600
-1
-1
kg N ha
kg N ha
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
3 -1 -1
Irrigation m ha N fertilisation kg ha
Voogt and Wubben, 1999

No correlation !!!!
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2006-1-6
Governmental policy, (Netherlands)

reduction environmental impact
Obligatory for soil grown crops

z Rainwater collection basin, 500 m3/ha
z Re-use of drainage water if possible
Targets for 2010
z Reduction in consumption of, N and P fertilisers
Targets for N and P consumption 2000 2010
z Total input (manure, organic, chemical fertiliser)

z Specified per crop
z Linear reduction from 2000 - 2010
Examples of target values
N kg/ha P kg/ha
Crop 2000 2010 2000 2010
Tomato 1938 1588 404 382

Sweet pepper 1915 1551 248 228
Strawberry 620 508 150 146
Lettuce 620 508 90 88
Radish 710 660 79 78
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How to achieve these goals ?

Options
Re-use of drainage water

Tuning supply and demand
Reduction N and P in soil
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Re-use of drainage water
Irrigati
High efficiency water and fertilisers
Surface water
Quantity problem
Quality problem
Drainage
Seep
Re use drainage water: quantity

Example
radish crop
Total irrigation 838 mm
Total drainage 699 mm
Synchronisation problem
60
50
40
Irrigation
30
Drainage
20
10
0
11 44 77 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49
49 52
52
Korsten et al., 1995
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Re-use drainage water other problems
Salinity:
z Na and Cl
z Ca and SO4 / Ca and HCO3
Phytopathogens
Deep ground water / no drainage
Tuning supply and demand
Solution
The fertigation model for soil grown greenhouse

crops
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Aim
Avoidance vertical flow of water

Supply to crop demand
z Water supply adjusted to water uptake
z Nutrient supply attuned to crop growth
fertigation model
z Fertilisation uptake model
z Irrigation transpiration model
Basic principles:
Evapotranspiration = crop requirement

Soil water holding capacity >> irrigation per time
Nutrient supply is connected to water supply
Perfect water quality, no salinity problems
Uniformity in distribution of irrigation
Uniformity in crop growth
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Water supply
Based on transpiration model
crop specific factors

global radiation
air temperature
heating temperature
plant size
soil type
Fertiliser supply
Based on nutrient uptake model
Simple model
z concentration based (EC nutrient solution)
z Initially based on total crop uptake
1 Estimation of total yield
2 N, K uptake estimated from linear regression
3 Uptake allocated to weekly periods
4 Nutrient solution calculation
5 Supply concentration calculation, in relation with actual
transpiration
z Cropping stage adjustments
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Fertigationmodel
Setpoints:
irrigation time
frequency

correction factor
concentration
OUTPUT
INPUT
radiation
heating temperature Irrigation

quantity
airtemperature
frequency
plantsize
B Nutrient supply unit

A pump
Soil moisture content
FD sensor / Tensiometers
50
220 Water supply Water
200 Evapotranspir. 40
Waterbalance mm
180
Transpiration mm
Waterbalance 30
160
Watersupply,
20
140
10
120
100 0
80 -10
60
-20
40
20 -30
0 -40
24-03
29-03
03-04
08-04
13-04
18-04
23-04
28-04
03-05
08-05
13-05
18-05
23-05
28-05
Planting Vegetative flowering Final phase

phase phase no irrigation
240 N Supply 50
220
Nitrogen
N Uptake
N-supply, N- uptake
Nitrogen balance kg/ha
200 N surplus 40
180
160 30
kg/ha
140
120 20
100
80 10
60
40 0
20
0 -10
24-03
29-03
03-04
08-04
13-04
18-04
23-04
28-04
03-05
08-05
13-05
18-05
23-05
28-05
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2006-1-6
Results water balance

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
mm
600
400
200
0
-200 grower 1 grower 2 grower 3 grower 4
Irrigation standard Irrigation Model Transpiration

Leaching standard Leaching Model
Results Nitrogen balance

2500
2000
N kg ha -1
1500
1000
500
0
grower 1 grower 2 grower 3 grower 4
N supply standard N supply model

N surplus standard N surplus model
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Fertigation model
WUE increase from 0.65 - 0.95

NUE increase from 0.56 - 0.85
Problem
Inequality of water supply and irrigation
9
8
7
frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5.2 5.6 6 6.4 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6
Distribution pattern of sprinkler
Water supply mm/day Transpiration mm/day
mm supply
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
Van den Burg et al., 1992 4.5

4
3.5
Heemskerk et al., 1994 3
2.5
2
line 4
Voogt; IPI International Symposium on Fertigation; Optimizing the utilization of water and nutrients; Beijing, September 20-24, 2005 line 3
line 2
line 1
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2006-1-6
Additional improvements
Reduction in N and P buffer in soil profile
Reduction of N
N trial lettuce N supply kg/ha
250 Yield %
N uptake kg/ha
yield %
200
150
kg N/ha
100
50
0
3 5 7 9
Target level N soil
Van den Bos., 2002
Standard
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Reduction of P
P trial lettuce, 14 crops P supply kg/ha

1600 Yield g/head
1400 P uptake kg/ha
1200
1000
kg P/ha
800
600
400
200
0
122 133 146 152 165
P target value in soil
Van den Bos, 2004

Standard
Conclusion
z Current fertigation strategy not sustainable
z Complex hydrology; re-use drainage water
not general applicable
z Supply tuned to crop requirement best
solution i.e. Fertigation model
z Further improvements by reduction N and
P in soil
z Bottle- necks:
z High standards for water quality
z Unequal distribution of water
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2006-1-6
And
z Growers attitude: Economics far more

important than than fertiliser costs
and/or environmental concern
Challenge:
z License to produce / to deliver (market
demand, certification, consumers)
Thank you
28

Fertigation in Greenhouse Production

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2006-1-6

Fertigation in greenhouse production

Greenhouse production in the Netherlands

Greenhouse production in the Netherlands

Intensive horticulture in the Netherlands

Statistics about the Netherlands

Small country: 41 526 km2 280 km

Greenhouse production in the Netherlands

Fertiliser use in protected horticulture

High fertiliser use

High growth rates, high crop requirements

Results of a monitoring project at > 40 nurseries

Greenhouse production in the Netherlands

Late 40s Introduction irrigation systems

Fertigation in current practice

Nutrient solution mmol l-1

Example tomato crop

Adjustments water quality

Target values soil NH4 K Ca Mg NO3 SO4 Na Cl EC mS/cm

Adjustments K supply ratio K/N soil analysis

Adjustments N supply Adjustments total EC supply

Standard Early season

NH4: extra with calcareous soils

Greenhouse production in the Netherlands

Water and nitrogen efficiency rates for some crops

Crop Water Nitrogen

Recent official data on N emission

Description greenhouse system

Fertigation and measured nitrogen emission

Voogt and Wubben, 1999

Governmental policy, (Netherlands)

Obligatory for soil grown crops

Targets for N and P consumption 2000 2010

z Total input (manure, organic, chemical fertiliser)

Tomato 1938 1588 404 382

How to achieve these goals ?

Greenhouse production in the Netherlands

Re-use of drainage water

Re-use of drainage water

Re use drainage water: quantity

Re-use drainage water other problems

Deep ground water / no drainage

Tuning supply and demand

The fertigation model for soil grown greenhouse

Avoidance vertical flow of water

Evapotranspiration = crop requirement

crop specific factors

B Nutrient supply unit

Soil moisture content

Planting Vegetative flowering Final phase

Nitrogen balance kg/ha

Results water balance

Irrigation standard Irrigation Model Transpiration

Results Nitrogen balance

N supply standard N supply model

WUE increase from 0.65 - 0.95

Van den Burg et al., 1992 4.5

Reduction in N and P buffer in soil profile

P trial lettuce, 14 crops P supply kg/ha

Van den Bos, 2004

z Growers attitude: Economics far more

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