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9/7/2017 Text analysis of Trump's tweets confirms he writes only the (angrier) Android half Variance Explained
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Text analysis of Trump's tweets con rms he writes only the (angrier)
Android half
I dont normally post about politics (Im not particularly savvy about polling, which is where data science has had
the largest impact on politics). But this weekend I saw a hypothesis about Donald Trumps twitter account that
simply begged to be investigated with data:
Todd Vaziri Follow

@tvaziri
Every non-hyperbolic tweet is from iPhone (his staff).
http://varianceexplained.org/r/trump-tweets/ 1/32
Every hyperbolic tweet is from Android (from him).

12:20 PM - Aug 6, 2016
264 10,331 14,479
When Trump wishes the Olympic team good luck, hes tweeting from his iPhone. When hes insulting a rival, hes
usually tweeting from an Android. Is this an artifact showing which tweets are Trumps own and which are by some
handler?
Others have explored Trumps timeline and noticed this tends to hold up- and Trump himself does indeed
tweet from a Samsung Galaxy. But how could we examine it quantitatively? Ive been writing about text mining
and sentiment analysis recently, particularly during my development of the tidytext R package with Julia Silge, and
this is a great opportunity to apply it again.
My analysis, shown below, concludes that the Android and iPhone tweets are clearly from different
people, posting during different times of day and using hashtags, links, and retweets in distinct ways. Whats
more, we can see that the Android tweets are angrier and more negative, while the iPhone tweets tend to be
benign announcements and pictures. Overall Id agree with @tvaziris analysis: this lets us tell the difference
between the campaigns tweets (iPhone) and Trumps own (Android).
The dataset
First well retrieve the content of Donald Trumps timeline using the userTimeline function in the twitteR
package:1
library(dplyr)
library(purrr)
library(twitteR)
# You'd need to set global options with an authenticated app

setup_twitter_oauth(getOption("twitter_consumer_key"),
getOption("twitter_consumer_secret"),
getOption("twitter_access_token"),
getOption("twitter_access_token_secret"))
# We can request only 3200 tweets at a time; it will return fewer
# depending on the API
trump_tweets <- userTimeline("realDonaldTrump", n = 3200)
trump_tweets_df <- tbl_df(map_df(trump_tweets, as.data.frame))
# if you want to follow along without setting up Twitter authentication,

# just use my dataset:
load(url("http://varianceexplained.org/files/trump_tweets_df.rda"))
We clean this data a bit, extracting the source application. (Were looking only at the iPhone and Android tweets- a
much smaller number are from the web client or iPad).
library(tidyr)
tweets <- trump_tweets_df %>%

select(id, statusSource, text, created) %>%
extract(statusSource, "source", "Twitter for (.*?)<") %>%
filter(source %in% c("iPhone", "Android"))
Overall, this includes 628 tweets from iPhone, and 762 tweets from Android.
One consideration is what time of day the tweets occur, which wed expect to be a signature of their user.
Here we can certainly spot a difference:
library(lubridate)
library(scales)
tweets %>%
count(source, hour = hour(with_tz(created, "EST"))) %>%
mutate(percent = n / sum(n)) %>%
ggplot(aes(hour, percent, color = source)) +
geom_line() +
scale_y_continuous(labels = percent_format()) +
labs(x = "Hour of day (EST)",
y = "% of tweets",
color = "")
Trump on the Android does a lot more tweeting in the morning, while the campaign posts from the iPhone
more in the afternoon and early evening.
Another place we can spot a difference is in Trumps anachronistic behavior of manually retweeting people
by copy-pasting their tweets, then surrounding them with quotation marks:
Donald J. Trump Follow

@realDonaldTrump
"@trumplican2016: @realDonaldTrump @DavidWohl stay the

course mr trump your message is resonating with the PEOPLE"
9:00 PM - Jul 27, 2016
4,304 6,544 23,603
Almost all of these quoted tweets are posted from the Android:
In the remaining by-word analyses in this text, Ill lter these quoted tweets out (since they contain text from
followers that may not be representative of Trumps own tweets).
Somewhere else we can see a difference involves sharing links or pictures in tweets.
tweet_picture_counts <- tweets %>%

filter(!str_detect(text, '^"')) %>%
count(source,
picture = ifelse(str_detect(text, "t.co"),
"Picture/link", "No picture/link"))
ggplot(tweet_picture_counts, aes(source, n, fill = picture)) +

geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge") +
labs(x = "", y = "Number of tweets", fill = "")
It turns out tweets from the iPhone were 38 times as likely to contain either a picture or a link. This also
makes sense with our narrative: the iPhone (presumably run by the campaign) tends to write announcement
tweets about events, like this:

@realDonaldTrump
Thank you Windham, New Hampshire! #TrumpPence16 #MAGA

7:19 PM - Aug 6, 2016 Windham, NH
2,337 6,044 19,779
While Android (Trump himself) tends to write picture-less tweets like:

@realDonaldTrump
The media is going crazy. They totally distort so many things on

purpose. Crimea, nuclear, "the baby" and so much more. Very
dishonest!
2:31 PM - Aug 7, 2016
10,860 13,336 39,398
Comparison of words
Now that were sure theres a difference between these two accounts, what can we say about the difference in the
content? Well use the tidytext package that Julia Silge and I developed.
We start by dividing into individual words using the unnest_tokens function (see this vignette for more), and
removing some common stopwords2:
library(tidytext)
reg <- "([^A-Za-z\\d#@']|'(?![A-Za-z\\d#@]))"

tweet_words <- tweets %>%
filter(!str_detect(text, '^"')) %>%
mutate(text = str_replace_all(text, "https://t.co/[A-Za-z\\d]+|&", "")) %>%
unnest_tokens(word, text, token = "regex", pattern = reg) %>%
filter(!word %in% stop_words$word,
str_detect(word, "[a-z]"))
tweet_words
## # A tibble: 8,753 x 4
## id source created word
## <chr> <chr> <time> <chr>
## 1 676494179216805888 iPhone 2015-12-14 20:09:15 record
## 2 676494179216805888 iPhone 2015-12-14 20:09:15 health
## 3 676494179216805888 iPhone 2015-12-14 20:09:15 #makeamericagreatagain
## 4 676494179216805888 iPhone 2015-12-14 20:09:15 #trump2016
## 5 676509769562251264 iPhone 2015-12-14 21:11:12 accolade
## 6 676509769562251264 iPhone 2015-12-14 21:11:12 @trumpgolf
## 7 676509769562251264 iPhone 2015-12-14 21:11:12 highly
## 8 676509769562251264 iPhone 2015-12-14 21:11:12 respected
## 9 676509769562251264 iPhone 2015-12-14 21:11:12 golf
## 10 676509769562251264 iPhone 2015-12-14 21:11:12 odyssey
## # ... with 8,743 more rows
What were the most common words in Trumps tweets overall?
These should look familiar for anyone who has seen the feed. Now lets consider which words are most common
from the Android relative to the iPhone, and vice versa. Well use the simple measure of log odds ratio, calculated
for each word as:3
http://varianceexplained.org/r/trump-tweets/ # in Android 11/32

# in Android+1
Total Android+1
log 2 ( )
# in iPhone+1
Total iPhone+1
android_iphone_ratios <- tweet_words %>%

count(word, source) %>%
filter(sum(n) >= 5) %>%
spread(source, n, fill = 0) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate_each(funs((. + 1) / sum(. + 1)), -word) %>%
mutate(logratio = log2(Android / iPhone)) %>%
arrange(desc(logratio))
Which are the words most likely to be from Android and most likely from iPhone?
A few observations:
Most hashtags come from the iPhone. Indeed, almost no tweets from Trumps Android contained
hashtags, with some rare exceptions like this one. (This is true only because we ltered out the quoted
retweets, as Trump does sometimes quote tweets like this that contain hashtags).
Words like join and tomorrow, and times like 7pm, also came only from the iPhone. The iPhone
is clearly responsible for event announcements like this one (Join me in Houston, Texas tomorrow night at
7pm!)
A lot of emotionally charged words, like badly, crazy, weak, and dumb, were
overwhelmingly more common on Android. This supports the original hypothesis that this is the
angrier or more hyperbolic account.
Sentiment analysis: Trumps tweets are much more negative than his campaigns
Since weve observed a difference in sentiment between the Android and iPhone tweets, lets try quantifying it.
Well work with the NRC Word-Emotion Association lexicon, available from the tidytext package, which associates
words with 10 sentiments: positive, negative, anger, anticipation, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise, and
trust.
nrc <- sentiments %>%

filter(lexicon == "nrc") %>%
dplyr::select(word, sentiment)
nrc
## # A tibble: 13,901 x 2
## word sentiment
## <chr> <chr>
## 1 abacus trust
## 2 abandon fear
## 3 abandon negative
## 4 abandon sadness
## 5 abandoned anger
## 6 abandoned fear
## 7 abandoned negative
## 8 abandoned sadness
## 9 abandonment anger
## 10 abandonment fear
## # ... with 13,891 more rows
To measure the sentiment of the Android and iPhone tweets, we can count the number of words in each category:
sources <- tweet_words %>%

group_by(source) %>%
mutate(total_words = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
distinct(id, source, total_words)
by_source_sentiment <- tweet_words %>%

inner_join(nrc, by = "word") %>%
count(sentiment, id) %>%
ungroup() %>%
complete(sentiment, id, fill = list(n = 0)) %>%
inner_join(sources) %>%
group_by(source, sentiment, total_words) %>%
summarize(words = sum(n)) %>%
ungroup()
head(by_source_sentiment)
## # A tibble: 6 x 4
## source sentiment total_words words
## <chr> <chr> <int> <dbl>
## 1 Android anger 4901 321
## 2 Android anticipation 4901 256
## 3 Android disgust 4901 207
## 4 Android fear 4901 268
## 5 Android joy 4901 199
## 6 Android negative 4901 560
(For example, we see that 321 of the 4901 words in the Android tweets were associated with anger). We then
want to measure how much more likely the Android account is to use an emotionally-charged term relative to the
iPhone account. Since this is count data, we can use a Poisson test to measure the difference:
library(broom)
sentiment_differences <- by_source_sentiment %>%

group_by(sentiment) %>%
do(tidy(poisson.test(.$words, .$total_words)))
sentiment_differences
## Source: local data frame [10 x 9]

## Groups: sentiment [10]
##
## sentiment estimate statistic p.value parameter conf.low
## (chr) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl)
## 1 anger 1.492863 321 2.193242e-05 274.3619 1.2353162
## 2 anticipation 1.169804 256 1.191668e-01 239.6467 0.9604950
## 3 disgust 1.677259 207 1.777434e-05 170.2164 1.3116238
## 4 fear 1.560280 268 1.886129e-05 225.6487 1.2640494
## 5 joy 1.002605 199 1.000000e+00 198.7724 0.8089357
## 6 negative 1.692841 560 7.094486e-13 459.1363 1.4586926
## 7 positive 1.058760 555 3.820571e-01 541.4449 0.9303732
## 8 sadness 1.620044 303 1.150493e-06 251.9650 1.3260252
## 9 surprise 1.167925 159 2.174483e-01 148.9393 0.9083517
## 10 trust 1.128482 369 1.471929e-01 350.5114 0.9597478
## Variables not shown: conf.high (dbl), method (fctr), alternative (fctr)
And we can visualize it with a 95% con dence interval:
Thus, Trumps Android account uses about 40-80% more words related to disgust, sadness, fear, anger, and
other negative sentiments than the iPhone account does. (The positive emotions werent different to a
statistically signi cant extent).
Were especially interested in which words drove this different in sentiment. Lets consider the words with the
largest changes within each category:
This con rms that lots of words annotated as negative sentiments (with a few exceptions like crime and
terrorist) are more common in Trumps Android tweets than the campaigns iPhone tweets.
Conclusion: the ghost in the political machine

I was fascinated by the recent New Yorker article about Tony Schwartz, Trumps ghostwriter for The Art of the
Deal. Of particular interest was how Schwartz imitated Trumps voice and philosophy:
In his journal, Schwartz describes the process of trying to make Trumps voice palatable in the book. It was kind of
a trick, he writes, to mimic Trumps blunt, staccato, no-apologies delivery while making him seem almost
boyishly appealing. Looking back at the text now, Schwartz says, I created a character far more winning than
Trump actually is.
Like any journalism, data journalism is ultimately about human interest, and theres one human Im interested in:
who is writing these iPhone tweets?
The majority of the tweets from the iPhone are fairly benign declarations. But consider cases like these, both
posted from an iPhone:

@realDonaldTrump
Like the worthless @NYDailyNews, looks like @politico will be

going out of business. Bad reporting- no money, no cred!
6:00 AM - Feb 10, 2016
628 2,070 6,568

@realDonaldTrump
Failing @NYTimes will always take a good story about me and

make it bad. Every article is unfair and biased. Very sad!
9:11 AM - May 20, 2016 United States

1,681 3,640 11,693
These tweets certainly sound like the Trump we all know. Maybe our above analysis isnt complete: maybe Trump
has sometimes, however rarely, tweeted from an iPhone (perhaps dictating, or just using it when his own battery
ran out). But what if our hypothesis is right, and these werent authored by the candidate- just someone trying
their best to sound like him?
Or what about tweets like this (also iPhone), which defend Trumps slogan- but doesnt really sound like
something hed write?

@realDonaldTrump
Our country does not feel 'great already' to the millions of

wonderful people living in poverty, violence and despair.
7:42 PM - Jul 27, 2016
9,496 16,330 48,130
A lot has been written about Trumps mental state. But Id really rather get inside the head of this anonymous
staffer, whose job is to imitate Trumps unique cadence (Very sad!), or to put a positive spin on it, to millions of
followers. Are they a true believer, or just a cog in a political machine, mixing whatever mainstream appeal they
can into the @realDonaldTrump concoction? Like Tony Schwartz, will they one day regret their involvement?
1. To keep the post concise I dont show all of the code, especially code that generates gures. But you can nd the full code
here.
2. We had to use a custom regular expression for Twitter, since typical tokenizers would split the # off of hashtags and @ off of
usernames. We also removed links and ampersands ( & ) from the text.
3. The plus ones, called Laplace smoothing are to avoid dividing by zero and to put more trust in common words.
David Robinson
Data Scientist at Stack Over ow, works in R and Python.
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Text analysis of Trump's tweets con rms he writes only the (angrier) Android half was published on August 09, 2016.
188 Comments Variance Explained

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Adam Zeller a year ago

Would be interested to know if the Trump tweets get more engagement (i.e. RTs and Favorites) than staff
authored tweets. Would say a lot for authenticity especially since his team is using social marketing best practices
and he is not.
41 Reply Share
41 Reply Share
David Robinson Mod > Adam Zeller a year ago

Here's a breakdown. The biggest difference wasn't between iPhone and Android, but regarding manual RTs
and pictures with pictures/links, which got fewer. The typical "just text" tweet got about the same
engagement between iPhone and Android.
(Error bars are 95% confidence intervals on a geometric scale)

13 Reply Share
IstiakGani > David Robinson a year ago

Any chance you could show the code for this? It would be super helpful in making me better at R!
2 Reply Share
mimiUSA > David Robinson a year ago

Fascinating. Confirms one track mind of vindictive narcissist.
2 Reply Share
disqus_xEFHDaxwEP > David Robinson a year ago

How to compare your Sisyphean with the Jewish mysticists, searching the covert second Bible
sense? Your primitive politically correct brains does not comprehend the Trump`s understanding of
the disasters in American life. Dig your tweets poor chap!
Reply Share
David Robinson Mod > disqus_xEFHDaxwEP a year ago

What.
29 Reply Share
Gabriel Jones > David Robinson a year ago

Day 203, still don't understand message. Please send help
http://varianceexplained.org/r/trump-tweets/ 11 Reply Share 22/32
11 Reply Share
jimshaw54 > disqus_xEFHDaxwEP a year ago

But a lot of people do comprehend that Trump could very well be a disaster if allowed to sit
in the Oval office.
10 Reply Share
tonewilliamsVERIFIED > jimshaw54 8 months ago

#guesswhathappened :(
1 Reply Share
Kristi Johnson > disqus_xEFHDaxwEP a year ago

Seriously, you should take your meds.Trump could care less about anything disastrous in a
life in America. He's a racist and wants to shut down and hurt and slow down small business
so that they will be bought out by bigger corporations which he backs. The only reason that
he's not completely bankrupt is because he makes these deals with the banks where he has
borrowed millions and millions of dollars and they just kind of let him create these deals as
leverage in order not to lose more money than they already are. You see, they feel better
getting something then absolutely nothing. Which is exactly what would happen if they
refused to allow him more money or called in his debt. Please get educated before you call
people politically correct. I am extremely not politically correct but I can see the obvious bad
nature and dangerous ideas and hatred he spreads throughout the country to hate other
people, currently just putting the ideas of the people needing to make a people's military. In
order to overthrow anything political that he is not agreeing with. First he wants to kick out
the Mexicans, now he wants to kick out the Muslims, it's radical, and who's next the Italians?
Because they got a better bid on a job and he did? His real estate company was a successful
business that he inherited from his father, and then within a few years time he caused it to
be bankrupted. And then jumped into something he has no idea about and began to create
casinos which, he created to entice New York to allow casinos because he tried and they told
him no so he pouted and then went to New Jersey. So he kept creating bigger and better and
see more
8 Reply Share
TXDem1945 > disqus_xEFHDaxwEP a year ago

http://varianceexplained.org/r/trump-tweets/ RWNJ. 23/32
RWNJ.
ciao baby
1 Reply Share
JT Scott > Adam Zeller a year ago

I too would be very interested to see which tweets get more public engagement. Very Interested.
13 Reply Share
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Bill the Lizard > Guest a year ago

If you read his @replies (or any national politician's, for that matter), you'll note that most of them
are from 'bot accounts. If you were able to filter those out, you might get better results.
4 Reply Share
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This comment was deleted.
jaime_arg > Guest a year ago

What about the iPad data? It seems to have a lot more interaction with users.
1 Reply Share
Nicole Radziwill a year ago

We came to a related conclusion from analyzing the interarrival times of Trump's tweets! It looks like there are
two processes going on: one "regular" managed process, and then very human-like patterns of tweeting off the
cuff. Check out (and cite! yay) our paper at https://arxiv.org/abs/1605....
40 Reply Share
pittipat a year ago

Fascinating analysis. However, as a Samsung Galaxy user, I just want to assure you all that we are not *all* angry
lunatics.
36 Reply Share
Snorre Milde > pittipat a year ago

Snorre Milde > pittipat a year ago
Very sad!
11 Reply Share
Durand Sinclair > pittipat 6 months ago

Not with that attitude!
1 Reply Share
samhammer a year ago

So now for the million-dollar question: does the Android or the iPhone retweet white supremacists?
http://fortune.com/donald-t...
55 Reply Share
Hlynur > samhammer a year ago

Super interesting question. Answer: Android
https://twitter.com/search?...
37 Reply Share
Hlynur > Hlynur a year ago

Another example: https://twitter.com/search?...
9 Reply Share
Hilary Parker > samhammer a year ago

yeah those are often the weird manual quoted RTs, which are more likely to be android
3 Reply Share
Frosty dog a year ago

The daytime I Phone tweets that match Trump are dictation he " shouts out to the "girls" in the office to tweet for
him" That was his answer on a town hall meeting in the spring. I think it was the family one with Anderson
Cooper.
23 Reply Share
Michelle B. a year ago

"Thus, Trumps Android account uses about 40-80% more words related to disgust, sadness, fear, anger, " - Well 4
of the 5 characters from Inside Out are there. Just missing Joy. Missing Joy is not suprising in this campaign tho.
18 Reply Share
Melanie Moore > Michelle B. a year ago

Michelle B, you made me very Joyful just now.
6 Reply Share
Jamie Gray a year ago

It'd be cool if you built a constantly updating web site that tracked his and other campaigns / politicians lexical
tendencies... Just to give people a better understanding of their representatives
18 Reply Share
Systems Analyst > Jamie Gray 6 months ago

Agreed. I'm reading this for the first time and I'm dying for an update.
1 Reply Share
urig a year ago

Great work. very interesting indeed!!
Further suggestions:
Compare vocabulary (/grade level) between staffer and Trump (I bet Trump uses 4th grade words, and repeats
them again and again. Very sad...)
Compare specific vocabulary (e.g. foreign policy) --> I bet the staffer is more qualified to handle an international
crises than DJT is ;)
14 Reply Share
Kristi Johnson > urig a year ago

I would most certainly love to see the data on that as well.
1 Reply Share
jmdeleon a year ago

I guess this really is a case of Apples vs Oranges.
16 Reply Share
16 Reply Share
Michael Cohen a year ago

Extremely interesting analysis. I am a professor at George Washington University's Graduate School of Political
Management and would love to talk with you. I'm having trouble getting R to get through some of the code,
however. It get stuck ... Error: could not find function "str_detect"

11 Reply Share
David Robinson Mod > Michael Cohen a year ago

That's my fault- it should have library(stringr) in an earlier step! Not sure how I missed that; I'll fix in the
post.
7 Reply Share
Ellis Valentiner > David Robinson a year ago

Would you mind also posting which package versions you're using? There are some important
difference between dplyr 0.4.3 and 0.5.
3 Reply Share
Michael Cohen > David Robinson a year ago

Thanks, David! Again, very, very interesting work.
2 Reply Share
Michael Cohen > Michael Cohen a year ago

Going through this, I was able to spot a few other places where the code can be easily fixed.
I'll send you a copy if you'd like. Also there is missing R code for the last four charts. Please
share.
Reply Share

As noted in footnote 1, all of the code can be found in this Rmd file:
https://github.com/dgrtwo/d...
I removed the code for most of the graphs to keep the post relatively concise.
4 Reply Share

Thanks, David. I missed the footnote.
Reply Share

Hmmm ... I'm getting an error ...
> tweets %>%

+ count(source, hour = hour(with_tz(created, "EST"))) %>%
+ mutate(percent = n / sum(n)) %>%
+ ggplot(aes(hour, percent, color = source)) +
+ geom_line() +
+ scale_y_continuous(labels = percent_format()) +
+ labs(x = "Hour of day (EST)",
+ y = "% of tweets",
+ color = "")
Error in count(., source, hour = hour(with_tz(created, "EST"))) :

unused argument (hour = hour(with_tz(created, "EST")))
Reply Share

Only explanation I can think of is that you've loaded another package after dplyr that has a
"count" function (you can just type "count" in the console to see which namespace it comes
from). Try again with a fresh session, or change count to dplyr::count
1 Reply Share

Yep, you nailed it. Hey, I'm going to do a similar analysis on Clinton's tweets. Interested in
collaborating?
collaborating?
Reply Share
Tom Steele > Michael Cohen 8 months ago

Did you ever do this? I would be interested in seeing it. Off to google it now.
Reply Share

Sure. I looked into it a little last week. Ping me an email please and I'll send you what I have
so far
Reply Share
mouthybint a year ago

This is fascinating stuff. I also love the comment below about Trump dictating his tweets -- this would fit with
something that has puzzled me. We know Trump is thin skinned, and cannot resist firing back when insulted,
right? And he is probably insulted on Twitter more than anywhere else. So why, when you look at his tweets and
replies, are there plenty of the former, and none of the latter? He NEVER responds. Not one reply, that I could see.
Given his personality, and propensity to rise to a slight, I would expect to see THOUSANDS of tweets -- "loser",
"sad", etc. But not a one. He has zero impulse control, so it's not very likely that he manages to rise above being
insulted by the hoi polloi. I can only think he's either too stupid to realize he can read everything everyone tweets
about him, or he isn't actually physically tweeting at all. I'd guess the latter.
11 Reply Share
David N > mouthybint a year ago

Alternatively, he doesn't spend that much time on Twitter and just uses it to talk and relies on his staff (or
doesn't care) to listen.
14 Reply Share
mouthybint > David N a year ago

You are probably right, although I do remember Penn Gilette saying (post-Apprentice) that Trump
reads every little thing about himself, even the most inconsequential blog post.
2 Reply Share
Jen Beaven > mouthybint a year ago

Hm. Lots more people have to write long to read and inconsequential stuff about him. Sort
Hm. Lots more people have to write long to read and inconsequential stuff about him. Sort
of a human DDOS attack :-)
3 Reply Share
Joe_Winfield_IL > mouthybint a year ago

He's always had a strangely high volume of press coverage, but nothing like this last year. It
would be an exhausting task to still be reading every little thing today!
1 Reply Share
jimshaw54 > Joe_Winfield_IL a year ago

You might be interested in reading the Harvard study of the Republican primaries and how
(and why) Trump got so much publicity then (to the tune of almost 2 BILLION dollars worth
(translate that into thousands of millions) and it boggles the mind how the press fawned
over Trump then. No so much now.
My take is that many in the press are lazy, and Trump was an easy write at the time. Now
they are used to him and his antics so he is no longer "newsworthy". Good example of how
the press can "elect" our president for us.
5 Reply Share
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9/7/2017 Text analysis of Trump's tweets confirms he writes only the (angrier) Android half Variance Explained

Todd Vaziri Follow

Every non-hyperbolic tweet is from iPhone (his staff).

Every hyperbolic tweet is from Android (from him).

264 10,331 14,479

# You'd need to set global options with an authenticated app

# if you want to follow along without setting up Twitter authentication,

tweets <- trump_tweets_df %>%

Donald J. Trump Follow

"@trumplican2016: @realDonaldTrump @DavidWohl stay the

4,304 6,544 23,603

tweet_picture_counts <- tweets %>%

ggplot(tweet_picture_counts, aes(source, n, fill = picture)) +

Donald J. Trump Follow

Thank you Windham, New Hampshire! #TrumpPence16 #MAGA

While Android (Trump himself) tends to write picture-less tweets like:

Donald J. Trump Follow

The media is going crazy. They totally distort so many things on

reg <- "([^A-Za-z\\d#@']|'(?![A-Za-z\\d#@]))"

What were the most common words in Trumps tweets overall?

http://varianceexplained.org/r/trump-tweets/ # in Android 11/32

android_iphone_ratios <- tweet_words %>%

nrc <- sentiments %>%

sources <- tweet_words %>%

by_source_sentiment <- tweet_words %>%

sentiment_differences <- by_source_sentiment %>%

## Source: local data frame [10 x 9]

And we can visualize it with a 95% con dence interval:

Conclusion: the ghost in the political machine

Donald J. Trump Follow

Like the worthless @NYDailyNews, looks like @politico will be

628 2,070 6,568

Donald J. Trump Follow

Failing @NYTimes will always take a good story about me and

9:11 AM - May 20, 2016 United States

Donald J. Trump Follow

Our country does not feel 'great already' to the millions of

9,496 16,330 48,130

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188 Comments Variance Explained

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Adam Zeller a year ago

David Robinson Mod > Adam Zeller a year ago

(Error bars are 95% confidence intervals on a geometric scale)

IstiakGani > David Robinson a year ago

mimiUSA > David Robinson a year ago

disqus_xEFHDaxwEP > David Robinson a year ago

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