BAHASA INGRIS DALAM KEPERAWATAN

INDIVIDUAL LERANING

Osteoarthritis : Symptoms, Cause and Treatment

Oleh:

MADE JULIANA DEWI

(1402105025)

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA
TAHUN 2017
 OSTEOARTHRITIS : SYMPTOMS, CAUSE AND TREATMENT

Osteoarthritis is defined as a clinical syndrome of joint pain that accompanied by

various levels of functional limitations and decreased quality of life. It is the most
common form of arthritis, and became one of the main cause of pain and work
disability in elderly populations around the world. The joints most commonly
affected are the hands, hips, spine and knees, but almost any joint can be affected..
The risk factors of osteoarthritis include genetics, female sex, past trauma, advancing
age, dan obesity.

Prevalence of Osteoarthritis increases with increasing population, age, and has risk
factors such as obesity. Because Osteoarthritis causes pain and impairs patient
functionality, it becomes a huge burden on individuals, families, communities, and
health services. Possible complications of osteoarthritis include an increased risk of
developing gout and chondrocalcinosis.

Signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis has several signs and symptoms that usually appear. The main
symptoms of osteoarthritis are pain and sometimes stiffness, which can affect one or
both knees. The pain gets worse when moving or at the end of the day. The pain will
be even worse after certain movements, such as up or down stairs. Pain is usually
better when at rest. Some people have pain that affected their sleep time because the
pain wake them up at night. Its unusual and only happens with severe osteoarthritis.

Table 1. Signs and symptoms of Osteoarthritis

Hand Hip
Pain on range of motion Pain on range of motion
Hypertrophic change at distal and Pain in buttock
proximal interphalangeal Limitation of range of motion,
joints especially internal rotation.
Tenderness over carpometacarpal
joint of thumb

Shoulder
Pain on range of motion
Limitation of range of motion,
especially external rotation
Crepitus on range of motion
Knee
Pain on range of motion
Joint effusion
Crepitus on range of motion
Presence of poplitel cyst (Baker
cyst)
Lateral instability
Valgus or varus deformity
Foot
Pain on ambulation, especially at first
metatarsophalangeal joint
Limited range of motion of first
metatarsophalangeal joint, hallux
rigidus
Hallux vagus deformity
Spine
Pain on range of motion
Limitation of range of motion
Lower extremity sensory loss, reflex
loss, motor weakness caused bay
nerve root impingement.
Pseudoclaudication caused by spinal
stenosis.

The knee can not be moved easily or normally, and may be creaking or crunching
when moved. When the disease is severe, the knee will become bent and bend. Knees
may look swollen. Swelling can be caused by osteocytes around the side of the joint
or caused by extra fluid in the joints.
Cause of Osteoarthritis

Many factors can increase the risk of osteoarthritis. The main risk factors for
osteoarthritis are advancing age, genetic predisposition, mechanical stress and a
sedentary lifestyle. However, there are factors that directly interfere in its prevalence,
such as sex, trauma, inflammatory diseases, obesity, primary changes in cartilage,
heredity (woman), mechanical, hormonal and metabolic factors, and infections. Let's
discuss more about the causes of osteoarthritis.

1. Genes.
A variety of genetic traits can make a person more likely to develop OA. One
possibility is a rare defect in the body's production of collagen, the protein
that form cartilage. This disorder can lead to osteoarthritis occurs at the age
under 20 years of age. Other characteristics are inherited can cause mild
disabilities such as bones, cartilage contact with each other so much faster
than usual.
2. Weight.
Overweight puts additional pressure on the hips and knees. Years of carrying
extra pounds can cause cartilage that bearing joints easily break down faster.
Studies have shown a relationship between being overweight and having an
increased risk of osteoarthritis in the hands. This study shows that excess fat
tissue produces inflammatory chemicals (cytokines) that can damage the
joints.
3. Injury and excessive use.
Repetitive motion or joint injury (such as fractures, surgery or tear ligaments)
can cause osteoarthritis. Some athletes, for example, repeatedly damage
joints, tendons and ligaments, which can accelerate cartilage damage. Certain
jobs that take a long time, repeated swelling, weight lifting or other
movements can also make cartilage disappear faster. Imbalance or muscle
weakness that supports the joints can also cause changes in motion and
cartilage damage in the joints.
4. Other.
 Several other factors can cause osteoarthritis. Factors are bone and joint
disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, metabolic disorders such as
hemochromatosis, which cause the body to absorb too much iron, or
acromegaly, which causes the body to produce too much growth hormone.

Osteoarthrotis Treatment

Osteoarthritis is one of the chronic diseases that can not be cured but there are
several methods of treatment that can be done to overcome the existing symptoms.
Some of these treatment methods include:

Phisycal activity
Exercise is the best thing that can be done to relieve arthritis pain and reduce joint
damage. Exercise can also help you lose weight. That will reduce the pressure on the
joints. There are three categories of exercise that can try :

1. Stretching: This is an exercise to increase flexibility and range of gestures

and lubricate joints. Consult your doctor about the type of exercise that suits
your body condition. Yoga, Pilates and Tai Chi classes are another great way
to get stretches.

2. Strength training: It will build muscle and can protect the joints from injury.
Exercise can involve lifting weights or just using your own body weight
(such as doing push-ups or crunches).
 3. Aerobics: This exercise will strengthen the heart and lungs, reduce fatigue,
and increase body stamina. This exercise will also burn many calories.
Typical aerobic exercises include walking, running, riding a bicycle,
swimming, or using a treadmill. The Arthritis Foundation says the two best
exercises for arthritis patients are walking and water aerobics. Both are easy
in the joints and good for those who are overweight or just starting
exercising. They improve heart health and physical conditioning.

Arthritis Diet
Its also known as a Mediterranean or anti-inflammatory diet. This means eating
more of the foods that are good for joint health. Fish, nuts, fruits and vegetables,
beans, whole grains, and olive oil all fall into that category.

Medication
There are a number of good medications for arthritis pain. Consult your doctor about
the appropriate type of drug. The usual over-the-counter medications are aspirin,
ibuprofen, and naproxen. Prescription drugs include oxycodone and hydrocodone.
Another option is a corticosteroid injection in place of joint pain. This is usually only
given if the pain is very severe.

Operation
If various types of treatment have been performed and show no improvement or only
temporary improvement, then the doctor may suggest surgery.
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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http://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/osteoarthritis/causes.php
(09 Juni 2017)

Arthritis Research UK. 2017. Osteoartritis. Available at :

www.arthritisresearchuk.org (09 Juni 2017)

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS).

2014. What is Osteoarthritis?. Available at www.niams.nih.gov (08
Juni 2017)

Minesh Khatri, MD (reviewer). (2017). What Are the Treatments for Osteoarthritis?.
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http://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/guide/options-basics (08 Juni
2017)

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http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Osteoarthritis/Pages/treatment.aspx (08
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