Species and Races: Part II

Morphological Species Concept

Used with ___________________ record

___________________ (shape and form) is the basis for distinguishing species.
Demonstration of change in species over time / ___________________
Cannot determine ability ___________________ / gene flow

See Table 12.2

Comparison of Biological, Genealogical, and Morphological Species Concepts

Modern Humans: A History

Out-of-Africa Hypothesis

Modern humans descended from ___________________.

Supported by genetic ___________________ among people from different
geographic regions
African populations have the _____________ genetic variation indicating they
are the ____________ human populations (more time to evolve / occurrence of
mutations)

Is there a biological basis for human races?

Are people in one race more _________________________________to each

other than to people in a different race?
Compare: allele _______________ (any unique ones?)
allele ___________________
Human races: _________ significant differences

Occurrence of sickle-cell allele is correlated with geographic regions where malaria is

prevalent, not with race.

Another example: Cystic fibrosis, thought to be a predominantly white disease, is

actually found in different populations.

Example of Natural Selection

Sickle-cell allele
- causes disease in ___________________ state
- lowers fitness of individuals carrying allele
- natural selection reduces frequency of allele
- some environments have high frequency of allele
- regions where malaria present, individuals carrying one copy of allele have
__________________________________________
 - individuals in these regions _____________________________________
- common in areas with malaria, control of disease
- ___________________

Allele frequency differences Fig.12.12

- frequency of alleles for different genes ____________________________
________________________

Human races are not ___________________ enough to have genetically distinct races.
Alleles cannot become fixed.
Names of _______________________________.
(Caucasian name: people from the Caucasus Mts.)

The map of changes in ___________________ frequencies indicates mixing between

populations.
Distribution of Blood Type B
- B blood group decreases in frequency from east to west in Europe.
- B allele arose in Asia.
_____________________________________________________________

Why Human Groups Differ

Natural Selection

Examples: ___________________ and climate

Narrow dry climate
Broad humid climate

___________________, folate, vitamin D, and UV light levels

___________________

Evolution of ___________________________ due to ___________________

rather than shared ancestry.
Examples: Skin color in humans
________________of sharks and dolphins in marine environments
Structure of _________________________in desert environments

Review Fig.12.17 - Relationship of UV light levels, folate, vitamin D, and skin color

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 Folate important for proper development in babies and
fertility levels in men.
- Low folate reduces fitness of individuals.
- Dark skin is an adaptation in high UV environments for production of adequate
folate.

Vitamin D production - important for bone structure

- In low UV environments, ____________ skin blocks too much light and

interferes with ability to produce vitamin D.

- ___________________ skin is an adaptation in low UV environments for

production of vitamin D.

___________________________
Changes in ___________________ Frequencies Due to ___________________

___________________ effect
- A small sample of a large population establishes a new population.

___________________________________________
- A dramatic but short-lived reduction in population size.

Chance event in small populations:

- A rare allele is not passed on to the next generation.

Founder Effect in Humans:

Pennsylvania ___________________
- Polydactyly
Different allele frequencies in founding members than in the
original source population.

Population Bottleneck:
- Often a result of natural disasters, see examples in text
- Cheetahs: loss of habitat, susceptibility to disease, loss of ___________________

Sexual Selection and Assortative Mating

Sexual selection: the influence of a trait on the likelihood of mating
- is responsible for many unique and fantastic characteristics of organisms.
Tail length in male peacocks is correlated with life span of offspring.
Female peahens tend to choose males with showy tails.
 Assortative mating

- ___________________________________________________________

- reinforces similarities within group and differences among groups

Summary
I. What are humans?
A single biological species
II. Biological Races

populations of a single species that have diverged from one another

i. Fixed allele differences
no allele has been identified that characterizes any commonly recognized race (human)
ii. Allele frequency differences
frequency of alleles for different genes do not match racial designation of populations