MAHALAKSHMI

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUCHIRAPALLI-621213.

Department: Mechanical Semester: III

Subject Code: ME2202 Subject Name: ENGG. THERMODYNAMICS

UNIT II
SECOND LAW, ENTROPY &AVAILABILITY

1) A reversible heat pump is used to maintain a temperature of 0oC is a refrigerator

when it rejects the heat to surroundings at 27oC If the heat removal rate from the
Refrigerator is 1500 KJ/min. determine the C.O.P of the machine and work input
required. If the required input to run the pump is developed by a reversible
engine which receives heat at 400oC and reject heat to atmosphere, then
determine the overall C.O.P of the system (AUC DEC 2011)

GIVEN:
REVERSIBLE HEAT PUMP
Temp high (T1) = 27oC +273
=300K
Temp low (T2) = 0oC +273
= 273K
Heat removal rate (Q) = 1500/60 KJ/min
= 25 KJ/ sec

REVERSIBLE ENGINE
Temp (T3) = 400oC + 273
= 673K

TO FIND:
(i) C.O.P
(ii) work input
(iii) over all C.O.P of the system

SOLUTION:
STEP: 1 Reversible heat pump
C.O.P machine = THigh

THigh - TLow
= 300

300 273

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 C.O.P(machine) = 11.1111

Thigh - Tlow
Work input(machine) = Q1
Thigh

300 273
= 25
300

Work input(machine) = 2.25 KW

STEP:2
Reversible heat engine
C.O.P engine = Q1/Q2

Where
Q3/T3 = Q4/T4

Q4 + W = Q4/T4

T3
Q4 +2.25 = Q4/300

673
(Q 4 + 2.25)300 = Q 4 673

300Q4 + 675 = Q 4 673

675 = 673Q 4 300Q4

675 = 373 Q 4

Q4 = 675/373

Q4 = 1.8096 KJ/S

Q3 = Q4 + W

Q3 = 1.8096 + 2.25
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 Q3 = 4.0596 KJ/S

COP engine = Q1/Q3

= 25 / 4.0596

COP engine = 6.1582

STEP:3
To find over all COP

C.O.Pov erall = Q2 + Q4

Q3

Where
Q2 = Q1 + W

Q2 = 25 + 2.25

Q2 = 27.25 KJ/S

C.O.P ov erall = Q2 + Q4

Q3
= 27.25 + 1.8096

4.0596
C.O.P ov erall = 7.1582

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 3

 2. A reversible engine is supplied with heat from two constant temp source 900K and 600K
and reject heat at const temperature sink at 300K if the engine execute a number of
complete cycles while developing 70 KW, and rejecting 3200 KJ Of heat per min.
determine heat supplied by each source per mine and efficiency of the engine. (AUC
DEC 2011)

GIVEN:
Reversible heat engine

TempHigh (T1) = 900K

Temp (T2) = 600K
Temp (T3) = 300K
Work (W) = 70 KJ/ Sec (or) KW
Heat rejected = 3200 KJ/min = 63.33KJ/s
60

TO FIND:
a) Heat supplied by each source per min
b) Efficiency of the engine

SOLUTION:`

STEP:1

Total heat supplied (Q) = work + heat rejected

= 123.333 KJ/sec

STEP:2

Q1 1 + (Q Q1) 2 =w
Where

1 = T H - Tlow 100
TH

1= 900 300 100

900

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 1= 0.6666 100
1= 66.6666%
Where

2 = T 2 T3 100
T2

2 = 600 300
600

2 = 0.5 100
2 = 50%

Q1 1 + (Q Q1) 2 = w
Q1 0.6666 + ( 123.3333 Q ) 0.5 1 =70

0.6666 Q1 + 61.666 0.5 Q1 = 70

0.6666 Q1 0.5 Q1 = 70 61.6666

0.1666 Q1 = 8.3333

Q1 = 8.3333

0.1666

Q1 = 50.020 KJ/S

STEP:3

Q2 = total heat supplied heat rejected

Q2 = 123.3333 50.020

Q2 = 73.3131 KJ/S

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 5

 2) Two reversible heat engine A and B are arranged in series. Engine A rejecting
heat directly to engine B receives 200 KJ at a temp of 421oC from a hot source,
while engine B is in communication with a cold sink at a temp 5oC. if the work
out A is twice that B (AUC DEC 2012)
Find
a) The intermediate temp b/w A and B
b) The efficiency of each engine
c) The heat rejected to the cold sink

GIVEN:

Reversible heat engine series arrange

Temp (T1) = 4210C +273 = 694K

Temp ( T2) = 50C + 273 = 278K

Work out A is the twice that B (W A) = 2 W B

(Q1) = 200 KJ

TO FIND:

a) The intermediate temp b/w A and B (T2)=?

b) The efficiency of each engine ( A) = ? , ( B)
c) The heat rejected to the cold sink (Q 2) = ? , Q3

SOLUTION:

STEP:1

T2 = T1 + 2 T3

T2 = 694 + (2 278)

T2 = 416.666K

STEP:2

a= T T
1 2 100

T1
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 a= 694 416.666 100

694

a = 0.3996 100
a = 39.96%
b = T 2 T3

T2

= 416.6666 278

416.6666

b = 0.3328 100
b = 33.28%

STEP:3

a = 1 - Q2 / Q4

a = 1 - Q2 / Q4

0.3996 = 1 - Q2 / 200

Q2 / 200 = 1- 0.3996

Q2 / 200 = 0.6004

Q2 = 200 0.6004

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 Q2 = 120.08 KJ

STEP:4

b = 1- Q3 Q2

0.3328 = 1 - Q3 / 120.08

Q3 / 120.08 = 1 0.3328

Q3 / 120.08 = 0.6672

Q3 = 0.6672 120.08

Q3 = 80.1173KJ

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 3. 2 kg of water at 900C is mixed with 3 kg of water at 100C is an isolated system. Calculate
the change of entropy due to the mixing process (AUC DEC 2012)

GIVEN:
Isolated system problem

Mass (m 1) = 2 kg
Temp (T1) = 00C + 273 =273K
(T2) = 900C + 273 = 363K
(T3) = 100C +273 = 283K
(m 2) = 3 kg
Mass = m 1 + m 2
= 2 + 3 =5 kg
TO FIND:
Change in entropy due to mixing

SOLUTION:
STEP:1
Total energy before mixing = total energy after mixing
m 1 cpw (T2 T1) + m 2 cpw (T3 T1) = mass cpw (Tm T1)
2 (90 0) + 3 (10 0) = 5 (Tm -0)
180 + 30 = 5 Tm
210 = 5 Tm
210/5 = Tm
420C = Tm
Tm = 420C + 273
Tm = 315 K
STEP:2
Initial entropy of the system
= m 1 cpw ln T2 + 273 + m 2 cpw ln T3 + 273
T1 T1
= 2 ln 363 + 3 ln 283
273 273
= 0.5698 + 0.1079
S1 = 0.6777 KJ /K

Final entropy of the system

=m cpw ln Tm
T1

= 5 ln 315
273

S2 = 0.7155 KJ/KG
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 Change in entropy ( S) = S2 - S1

= 0.7155 0.6777
S = 0.0378 KJ / Kg.K

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 4. A heat engines operates carnot cycles with a efficiency of 75 percent. What COP would
a refrigerator operating an the same cycle have? The low temp is 00C.(AUC MAY 2013)

GIVEN:
Carnot cycle

H.E = 75 / 100 =0.75%

Templow = 00C + 273 = 273K

TO FIND:

a) COP of refrigerator

SOLUTION:

Carnot efficiency ( c) = Th TL

TH

( c) = TH 273

TH

0.75 = TH 273

TH

0.75 TH = TH 273

273 = TH 0.75 TH

273 = 0.25 TH

273 / 0.25 = TH

1092 K = TH

(COP)ref rigerator = TL

TH - TL

= 273

1092 273

(COP)ref = 0.3333

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 5. One kg of ice at -50C is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 200C. the ice melts and
come into thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere
(i) determine the entropy increase to the turbine
(ii) what is the minimum amount of work necessary to the ice -50C
Assume CP for ice as 2.093 KJ /Kg.K and the latent heat of fusion of ice as 333.3
KJ/KG (AUC MAY 2013)

GIVEN:
Temp (Tice) = -50C +273 = 268K
Temp (Tatm ) = 200C +273 =293K
(Cpice) = 2.093 KJ/KG.K
Latent heat of fusion (l) =333.3 KJ/Kg.K

TO FIND:
a) Entropy increase of universe ( s)univ =?
b) Minimum amount of work (W) =?

SOLUTION:

STEP:1

( S)univ = ( s)sy s + ( s)atm

Where

( s)atm = - (SQ)

Tatm

Where

Heat absorbed by air from atm (SQ) = m Cpice (To -Ti) + m l + m CpW ( Tatm 0)

= 1 2.093 ( 0 (-5)) + 1 333.3 + 0.4 .187 (20 -0)

= 10.465 + 333.3 + 83.74

= 427.505 KJ

( s)atm = - (SQ)

Tatm

= - 427.505

293

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 ( s)atm = -1.45906 KJ/K

Where

( s)sy s = mCpice ln (TO/Ti) + m L + m CpW ln (Ta/T0)

TO

= 1 2.093 ln (273/268) + 1333.3 + 1 4.187 ln (293/273)

= 0.0386 + 1.2208 + 0.2960

( s)sy s = 1.5554 KJ/K

STEP:2

( S)univ = ( s)sy s + ( s)atm

= -1.4590 + 1.5554

= 0.0964 KJ/K

STEP:3

( S)univ = ( s)sy s + ( s)ref + ( s)atm

Where

( s)sy s = - 1.5554 KJ/K

( s)ref = 0

( s)atm = Q+W

0 = -1.5554 + 0 + Q + W

0 = -(1.5554 293) + Q + W

0 = -455.7322 + ( Q + W)

455.7322 = Q + W

455.7322 - Q = W

455.7322 427.505 = W

W min =28.2272 KJ

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 6. A reversible engine operates between a source at 972oC and two sinks, one at127oC
and another at 27oC. The energy rejected is same at both the sinks. What is the ratio
ofheat supplied to the heat rejected? Also calculated the efficiency.(AUC DEC 05)
GIVEN:
Reversible engine
Temp (T1) = 9720C + 273 = 1245K
Temp (T2) =127oC + 273 =400 K
Temp (T3) = 27oC + 273 = 300K
Energy rejected is same at both sinks
(Q2) = (Q3)
(Q1) = (Q2) + (Q3)
(Q1) = 2 Q2
TO FIND:
a) What is the ratio ofheat supplied to the heat rejected?
b) efficiency.

SOLUTION:

STEP:1

Q1 = T1 = 1245

Q2 + Q3 T2 + T3 400 + 300

= 1.78

STEP :2

Efficiency ( ) = 1 - Q2 Q3 100

Q1

= 1- 1 100

1.78

= 0.4382 100

Efficiency ( ) = 43.82%

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 7. 50 kg of water is at 313 K and enough ice at -5oC is mixed with water in
an adiabatic Vesselsuch that at the end of the process all the ice melts and water at
0oC isobtained. Find the mass of ice required and the entropy change of water and
ice. Given c pofWater = 4.2kJ/kg-K. c pof ice = 2.1 kJ/kg-K and latent heat of ice = 335
kJ/kg. (AUC DEC 05)

GIVEN:
Mass of water (m w) = 50 Kg
Temp water (T1) = 313K
Temp ice (T2) = -5oC + 273 = 268K
(T3) = 0oC + 273 = 273K
(Cp)water = 4.2 KJ / Kg.K
(Cp)ice = 2.1 KJ/Kg.K
Latent heat of ice (L)ice = 335 KJ/Kg
TO FIND:
a) Mass of ice (m ice)
b) Change in entropy of water and ice

SOLUTION:
STEP:1
Energy balance equation
m w Cpw T1 + m ice Cpice T2 + m ice L = (m w + m ice) Cpw T3
= (50 4.187 313) + ( m ice 2.1 268) + (m ice 335)
= (50 + m ice)4.187273
=65526.55 + 562.8 m ice + 335 m ice = (50 + m ice) 1143.09
=65526.55 + 897.8 m ice = 57152.55 + 1143.051 m ice
1143.05 m ice - 897.8 m ice = 65526.55 57152.55
245.25 m ice = 8374
m ice = 8374 / 245.25
m ice = 34.1447 Kg
STEP:2
Change in entropy of water
( s)w = m w Cpw ln (T2/T3)

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 ( s)w = 50 4.187 ln (313/273)
( s)w = 28.6247 KJ/K
Change in entropy of ice
( s)ice = m ice Cpice ln (T2 /T3) + m ice (l/T3)
( s)ice = 34.1447 2.1 ln (268/273) + 34.1447 ln (335/273)
= -1.3254 + 6.9880
( s)ice = 5.6625 KJ/K

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 16

 8. A heat engine operating between two reservoirs at 100 K and 300 K is used to
drive heat pump which extracts heat from the reservoir at 300 Kat a rate twice that at
which engine rejects heat to it. If the efficiency of the engine is 40Vo of the maximum
possible and the co-efficient of performance of the heat pump is 50% of the maximum
possible, make calculations for the temperature of the reservoir to which the heat pump
rejects heat. Also work out the rate of heat rejection from the heat pump if the rate of
supply of heat to the engine is 50 kW. (AUC DEC 06)

GIVEN:
Temp (T1) = 1000K
(T2) = 300K
Efficiency of heat engine = 40% of max possible efficiency
C.O.P heat pump = 50% of max possible COP rate of supply heat engine
Qs1 = 50 KW
TO FIND:
The temp of the reservoir (T4)

SOLUTION:
STEP:1

Carnot efficiency ( c ) = T 1 T2 100

T1
= 1000 300 100
1000
= 0.7 100
= 70 %
STEP:2
Actual efficiency = 40% carnot efficiency
= 0.4 0.7
= 0.28
STEP:3

Actual efficiency ( a) = Qs1 Qr1

Qr1
0.28 = 50 Qr1
50
(0.28 50) = 50 Qr1
14 = 50 Qr1

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 Qr1 = 50 -14
Qr1 = 36KW

Qs2 = 2 Qr2
Qs2 = 2 36
Qs2 = 72KW
Work output of heat engine (W E) = Qs1 Qr1
= 50 36
= 14 KW
Qr2 = Qs2 + work output of H.E

Qr2 = 72 + 14
Qr2 = 86 KW
(C.O.P) Heat pump = Heat supplied
Work done
= Qr2
Qr2 Qs2
= 86
86 72
= 6.14
Actual co-efficient of
Performance of heat pump = 50 % COP carnot
T4
6.14 = 0.5 T4 300
6.14 = T4
0.5 T4 300

12.28 = T4
T4 300
12.28 T4 3684 = T4

12.28 T4 T4 = 3684
T4 = (3684 / 11.28)
T4 = 326.5957 K

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 (10) One kg of air is contained in a piston cylinder assembly at 10barpressure and
500Ktemperature. The piston moves outwards and the air expands to 2 bar
pressure and 350 K temperature. Determine the maximum work obtainable.
Assume the environmental conditions to be 1 bar and 290K.Also make
calculations for the availability in the initial and final states.
(AUC MAY 06)

GIVEN:
Mass ( m) = 1 Kg
Pressure (P1) = 10 bar 100 =1000 KN / m 2
Temp (T1) = 500K
Pressure (P2) = 2 bar 100 =200 KN / m 2
Temp (T2) = 350K
Environmental condition
Po = 1 bar 100 = 100 KN / m 2
To = 290 K
TO FIND:
a) Availability of initial state
b) Availability of final state
c) Max . work

SOLUTION:
STEP:1
Availability of initial state

1 = m Cp T1 - To Cp ln T2 - R ln P1
To Po

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 =1 1.005 500 - 290 1.005 ln 500 - 0.287 ln 1000
290 100
=1 502.5 - 290 0.5474 0.6608

= 1 502.5 - - 32.8712

= 535.3712 K

STEP:3

Availability of final state

2 = m Cp T2 - To Cp ln T2 - R ln P2
To Po

=1 1.005 350 - 290 1.005 ln 350 - 0.287 ln 200

290 100

=1 351.75 - 290 0.1889 0.1989

= 351.75 - - 2.9

2 = 354.65 KJ
STEP :3

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 W max = 1 2
= 535.3712 354.65
= 180.7212 KJ /Kg

11) A house hold refrigerator is maintained at a temperature of 275 K. Every time the
door is opened, warm material is placed inside ,introducing an average of 420 kJ, but
making only a small change in the temperature of the refrigerator. The door is
opened 20 times a day, and there refrigerator operates at 15% of the ideal COP. The
cost of work is Rs.2.50 per kW hr. What is the bill for the month of April for this
refrigerator? The atmosphere is at 303 K.
(AUC DEC 07)

GIVEN:
Temp (Tlow) = 273 K
Temp (Thigh) = 303 K
COP of refrigerator = 15 % COP of ideal carnot ref
Heat supplied by the ref1 (Qr) = 420 KJ for one time
In one day = 20 times opened
Total heat rejected in sec = Q r 20 times open
24 3600
= 420 20
24 3600
= 0.0972 KW

TO FIND:
Electricity charges of april month

SOLUTION:
STEP:1
COP ref = TL = 275
TH - TL 303 275

COP ref = 9.8214

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 STEP:2
Actual COP of ref = 15 % COP of carnot ref
= 15 9.8214
100
= 1.4732

STEP:3
Work done (W) = heat rejected
C.O.Pref
= 0.0972
1.4732
= 0.06597

Work done (W) = 0.06597 3600 KW

(W) = 237.492 KW / hr
STEP:4
What is the bill for the month of april for this refrigerator?
Electricity charge of running of heat pump
= work cost of work
= 237.492 2 .50
= 593.73 = 594
= RS 594

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 22

 12) An inventor claims to have developed an engine which receives 1000kJ
at a temperature of 160oC. It rejects heat at a temperature of 5oC and delivers
0.12kW h of mechanical work. Is this a valid claim? Justify your answer
Through Classius inequality. (AUC MAY 08)

GIVEN:
Heat receives (Q s ) = 1000 KJ
Work (w) = 0.12 KW 3600
= 432 KJ
Temphigh(T1) = 160oC +273 = 433K
Templow(T2) = 5oC+273 = 278K
TO FIND:
Is this a valid claim?

SOLUTION:
STEP:1

carnot = 1 - TL / TH

= 1 278 / 433
= 0.3579 100

carnot = 35 . 79%

STEP:2

engine = work = 432

Heat 100
= 0.432 100

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 23

 engine = 43.2%

STEP:3

carnot < engine

35 .79 < 43.2

RESULT:
Inventor claim is not valid
13) One kg of ice at -10oC is allowed to melt in atmosphere at 30oC. The ice melts
and the water so formed rises in temperature to that of atmosphere. Determine the
entropy change of ice, the entropy change of surrounding, and the entropy change of
universe and write your comment based on principle of increase in entropy. The
specific heat of ice is 2kJ/kg-K and its latent heat is 335kJ/kg.
(AUC MAY 08)

GIVEN:
Mass = 1Kg
tempice = -10oC + 273 = 263 K
tempatm = 30oC.+ 273 = 303 K
specific heat of ice (Cpice) = 2 KJ / Kg.K
latent heat of ice (L) = 335 KJ / Kg

TO FIND:
a. Change in entropy of ice
b. Change in entropy surrounding (or) atm
c. Change in entropy universe

SOLUTION:
STEP:1

Heat absorbed by air from (SQ) = m Cpice (To T1) + m L + m Cpw ( Ta - To )

= 1 2 0 (-10) + 1 335 + 1 4.187 30 0

= 20 + 335 + 125 . 61

(SQ) = 480.61 KJ

STEP:2

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 Change in entropy of ice ( s)ice = m Cpice ln To

Tice

= 1 2 ln 273

263

= 0.07463 KJ /K

STEP:3

Change in entropy of surrounding ( s) atm = - (SQ)

Tatm

= - (480.61)

303

= -1.5861 KJ/K

STEP:4

Change in entropy universe ( s)sy s = ( s)ice + ( s)f usion + ( s)liquid

( s)f usion = m L = 1 335 = 1.2271 KJ/K

To 273
Where
( s)liquid = m Cpw ln Ta
To
= 1 4.187 ln 303
273
= 0.4365 KJ/K
Change in entropy of universe ( s)univ = ( s)sy s + ( s)atm
= (0.07463 + 1.2271 + 0.4365) + (-1.5861)

( s)univ = 0.15213 KJ/K

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 25

 LATEST SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY
QUESTION

1.The interior lighting of refrigerator is provided by incandescent lamps whose switches are
actuated by the opening of the refrigerator door.consider a refrigerator whose 40 w light bulb
remains on continuously as a result of malfunction of the switch.If the refrigerator has a co-
efficient of performance of 1.3 and the cost of electricity of be RS 8 per kwh determine the
increase in energy consumption of the refrigerator and its cost per year if the switch is no fixed

(AUC MAY 2008)

Given:-

Work (W) = 40/1000w = 0.04

Cop = 1.3

Cost = RS 8 per kwh

To find:

1.Increase in energy consumption of refrigerator

2.Increase in cost of electricity

Solution:

Step:1

Cop = QR /W

1.3 = QR /40

1.3 40 = QR
52 watts/1000 = Q R

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 0.052 kw = Q R

Step:2

Work(W) = QS - QR

QR w = QS

0.052 0.04 = 0..012kw

Step:3

Increase in energy consumption = (Q S 3600)

= (0.012 3600)

= 43.2 kwh

Step:4

Increase in cost of electricity = Increase in energy consumption cost per kwh

= 43.2 8

= Rs 345.6

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 27

2.An inventor claims to have developed a heat engine which absorbs 1500KJ of heat from a
reservoir at 1000K and reject of 600KJ heat to a reservoir at 600K.Check whether the claim is
acceptance (or) not (AUC MAY 2008)

Given:

Heat absorbs (or) heat supplied (Q S) = 1500KJ

Temp high (TH ) = 1000K

Heat rejected (Q R ) = 600KJ

Temp low (TL) = 600K

To find:

Whether the claim is acceptance (or) not

Solution:

Step:1

Maximum efficiency (max ) = TH TL / TL

max = 0.4 100 = 40%

step:2

Efficiency of engine (inv entor) = QS QR / QS

inv entor = 1500 1600 / 1500

= 0.6 100

inv entor = 60%

Step:3

Maximum efficiency < inventor efficiency

40% < 60%

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 28

 Therefore, his claim is not acceptance.

3. A heat engine receives reversibly 420KJ / cycle of heat from a source at 327C , and rejects
heat reversibly to a sink at 27C . There are no other heat transfers in (i) (ii) and (iii) below
compute dQ / T from these results show which case in irreversible, reversible and
impossible:

(i) 210KJ / cycle rejected

(ii) 105KJ / cycle rejected

(iii) 315KJ / cycle rejected (AUC MAY 2009)

Given:

Heat receives (Q) = 420KJ

Temperature (T1) = 327C + 273 = 600K

Temperature (T2) = 27C + 273 = 300K

Condition(i) = 210KJ / cycle rejected

Condition(ii) = 105KJ / cycle rejected

Condition(iii) = 315KJ / cycle rejected

To find:

Results show which case in irreversible, reversible and impossible

Solution:

Step:1

Condition(i) Q1 = 210KJ / cycle rejected

By clausius inequality dQ/T = QS/T1 Q1/T2

dQ/T = 420/600 210/300

dQ/T = 0
dQ/T =0 => so, the case is reversible

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 29

Step:2

Condition(ii) Q 2 = 105KJ / cycle rejected

By clausius inequality dQ/T = QS/T1 Q2/T2

dQ/T = 420/600 105/300

dQ/T = 0.35

dQ/T >0 => so, the case is impossible

Step:3

Condition(iii) Q3 = 315KJ / cycle rejected

By clausius inequality dQ/T = QS/T1 Q3/T2

dQ/T = 420/600 315/300

dQ/T = -0.35

dQ/T <0 => so, the case is irrevesible

L.VIJAYAKUMAR /A.P-MECH Page 30

4. A carnot heat engine receives heat from a reservoir at 1173K at a rate of 800KJ/min and
rejects the waste heat to the ambient air at 300K. The entire work out of the heat engine is used
to drive a refrigerator that removes heat from the refrigerated space at 268K and transfer it to
the same ambient air at 300K. Determine the max rate of heat rejection to the ambient air (AUC MAY 2009)

Given: Carnot heat engine

Temperature(T1) = 1173K

Temperature(T2) = 800K

(QS1) = 800/60KJ / min

(QS1) = 13.3333KJ / sec

(T3) = 268K

To find:

Max.rate of heat rejection to the ambient air (Q R )

Solution:

Step:1 for heat engine

H.E = 1 - (TL / TH)

H.E = 1 - (300/1173)
H.E = 0.7442 100
H.E = 74.4245%
Step:2

H.E = work done / heat supplied

Work done = H.E QS1

= 0.7442 13.3333

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 Work done(W) = 9.9226KW

Step:3

Work done(W) = Q S1 QR1

(QR1) = QS1 w

(QR1) = 13.3333 9.9226

QR1 = 3.4107KJ / Sec

Step:4 [for refrigerator]

=>C.O.PRef = T3 / T2 T3

= 268 / 300 268

C.O.PRef = 8.375

=>C.O.PRef = QS2 / W

C.O.PRef W = QS2

8.375 9.9226 = QS2

QS2 = 83.0967 KJ/S

Maximum rate of heat rejection to the ambient air (Q R2) = QS2 + W 2 note:W 2 = W 1

= 83.0967 + 9.9226

(QR2) = 93.0193KJ / Sec

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5.A heat pump working on the carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir at 5C and delivers
heat to a reservoir at 60C. the heat pump is driven by a reversible heat engine which takes
heat from reservoir at 840C and reject heat to a reservoir at 60C. the reversible heat engine
also drives a machine that absorbs 30KW. If heat pump extract 17KJ/Sec from the reservoir at
5C (AUC DEC 2010)

(1) the rate of heat supply from 840C

(2) the rate of heat rejection to 60C sink

Given:

Temperature(T1) = 60C + 273 => 333K

Temperature(T2) = 840C + 273 => 1113K

Temperature(T3) = 5C + 273 => 278K

(QS1) = 17KJ/Sec 10000 => 17000J/Sec

To find:

(1) the rate of heat supply from 840C

(2) the rate of heat rejection to 60C sink

Solution:

Step:1

max = TH TL / TH
max = 0.7008 100 = 70.08%

max = W 1 / QS1

max QS1 = W 1

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 0.7008 17000 = 11913.6J
W 1 = 11913.6J

W = QS1 QR1

QR1 = QS1 W => 17000 11913.6

QR1 = 5086.4J

Step:2

H.P = TH TL / TH => 333 278 / 333

H.P = 0.1651 100
H.Pump = 16.51%

H.P = W 2 / QS2
QS2 = W 2 / => 30 1000 / 0.1651
The rate of heat supply from 840C => Q S2 = 181708.0557J

=> W 2 = QS2 QR2

QR2 = QS2 W 2

=181708.0557 30000

QR2 = 151708.0557J

Net heat transfer (Q) = Q R1 + QR2

= 5086.4 + 151708.0557

The rate of heat rejection to the 60C sink => Q=156.7944 103 KJ

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