Contents Abstract it Acknowledgements iv List of Figures vii List of Tables xiv Nomenclature xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background : : . ceed 1.2. Problem Definition a) 1.2.1 Background... 0... ee 2 1.3. Scope of the Present Work i see 8 1.4 Outline of the Thesis... 6... : 3 2 ‘The Wash of High-Speed Craft: State of the Art 5 21 Background . we 2.2. Flow Ficld Generated by a Travelling Ship . ou 2.3. Investigation of Ship Waves and Wake Wash : u 2.3.1 Experimental Approaches 2 2.3.2 Analytical Approaches ann oe BD 3. The Effect of Bulbous Bows on Wake Wash and Ship Resistance 18 3.1 General. . cee 183.2. Bulbous Bow Design 3.2.1 Background 3.2.2 Theory of Bulbous Bow 3.2.3 Bulbous Bow for NPL5b series Hull Form 3.3. Model ‘lests 3.3.1 Description of Models 3.3.2 Instrumentation and measurements 3.3.3 ‘Test Conditions and Presentation of Results 3.34 Results 34 Summary Experiment in Regular Waves for high-speed displacement craft. 4.1 General 4.2 Experiments in regular waves 4.2.1 Tank Facilities 4.2.2 ustrumentation and measnrements 4.2.3. Model details . 4.2.4 Test conditions 42.5 Experimental Results Added Resistance in Regular Wave Pitch and Heave Measurement Wash Measurement in Regular Wave 43° Summary Experiments in shallow water 5.1 General 5.2 Wash and Ship Resistance in Shallow Water 5.3 Model test in Shallow Water 5A Test Results and Observation 5.1 Observations Summary 19 19 20 836 Comparison with Theoretical Model 6.1 Background 62. Thin-Ship Theory 6.3. Use of Computer Program 6.3.1 Wash in deep-water 6.3.2. Wash in shallow water . 6.3.3 Comparisons of theories and experiments 6.3.4 Wave Pattern Resistance 64. Summary 7 Conelusions and Future Work 7.1 Deep Water ‘Tests 7.2. Tests in Waves Shallow Water ‘Tests. ‘Theory . 7.5 General Remarks Future Work Appendices A THEORETICAL APPROACH A.l Introduction 2 Basie Theory A.2.1 Calculation of source strengths A.2.2 Calculation of wave elevations A.23 Calculation of wave resistance . Wave speed . . Wall reflection Wave resistance References vii qa. MW M1 2 M3. 13 M3 wa M4 4st 181 itiList of Figures 39 3.10 Ship-Generated Waves Wash amplitude against speed for three vessels[95] Wash energy agaiust speed for three vessels|95) Wash height against depth Froude number Wash height against length Froude number ‘Types of bulbous bow Profile of Bulbous Bows - Bulbous Bow’s Details . - Bulbous Bow’s plug and mould Catamaran with Bulbous Bow Adaptor/holder Catamaran with one of removable bulbous bow Model ready for testing Schematic of data acquisition system Schematic of wash measurement system Yatamaran s/ 2 with bulbOL: Experimental wash for Fy 3.11 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb0L 3.12 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb02: 3.13 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb02: 3.14 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb03: 3.15 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb03: 3.16 Catamaran 5/1 3.17 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb04: 2 with bulb04: Experimental wash for Fy=0.42-0.57 Experimental wash for F Experimental wash for F, Experimental wash for Fy =0.31-0.39 Experimental wash for Fy =0.42-0.57 Experimental wash for F,=0.31-0.39 Experimental wash for Fy=0.42-0.57 vill 0.21-0.890.3L for Py 3.18 Catamaran s/L=0.2:Experimental wash at y 0.31-0.39 3.19 Catamaran s/L=(0.2: Experimental wash at y= 0.631 for Fy=0.42-0.57 3.20 Catamaran s/L=0.2; Experimental wash at y= 0ATE for Fy,=0.31-0.39 3.21 Catamaran s/L=0.2: Experimental wash at y= 0.472 for Fy=0.42-0.57 3.23 Catamaran s/L=0.2: Maximum and Minimum Wash Amplitude at y = 0.63L 5 3.24 Catamaran s/L= for Fy=0.51 Experimental wash at three different, probes locations 3.25 Catamaran s/ Experimental wash at three different probes locations Catamaran s/L=0.2; Experimental wash at three different probes locations for Fy=1.02 6096p 50G050c0505e0GbuGouDG Catamaran s/L=0.3: Experimental wash at three different probes locations 3.28 Experimental wash at three different probes locations 3.29 Catamaran s/1.=0.3: Experimental wash at three different probes locations for Fy=1.02 « 3.30 Catamaran s/L=0.4: Bxperimental wash at three different probes locations for Fy=0.51 5 : 3.31 Catamaran s/L=04: Experimental wash at three different probes locations for Fy=0.71 Catainaran s/L=0<4: Experimental wash at three different probes locations Catamaran with bulb01: ‘The Effect of s/Z on Wash at y ~ 0.691 Catamaran with bulb01: ‘The Effect of s/L on Wash at y = 0.89 Catamaran with bulb04: ‘The Effect of s/L on Wash at y = 0.69L 3.36 Catamaran with bulb04: ‘The Effect of s/L on Wash at y = 0.891 3.37 Mouohull: Maximum wash height by different bulbs 3.38. Catan: s/L=0.2: Maximum wash height by different bulbs 3.39 Monobull: Non-dimensional maximum wash height 3.40 Catamaran s/L= 2: Non-dimensional maximum wash height Catamaran s/L=0.2; Maximum and Minimum Wash Amplitude at y= 0.47L 5 oo 6 65, 06 07 69. 69341 3.42 343 344 3.45 3.46 BAT 348 39 3.50 3.51 3.52 44 45 46 49 4.10 Monohuull: Specific Resistance Catamaran s/L=0.2: Specific Resistance Model 5b with bulb0L and bulb02: Effect of »/L Model 5b with bulb03 and bulb04: Effect of 6/2 ‘The Eifect of Bulbous Bow on Residuary Resistance Residuary Resistance of Model 5b(Couser,1996) Mouobull: Prohaska Plot Catamaran, 3/L=0.2: Prohaska Plot Monolull: Wave resistance coefficient Cy against Fy Catamaran s/L=0.2: Wave resistance coefficient Cy against F, Jatamaran s/L=0.2: Bulbs Efficiency for four different bulbous bows Catamaran s/L=0.2: Running trim versus Fy Catamaran s/L=0.2 with Bulb01 aud Bulb02: Added Resistance Coefficient versus Non-dimensional Frequency of Encounter Catamaran s/L=0.2 with Bulb03 and Bulb04: Added Resistasice Coefficient versus Non-dimensional Frequeney of Encounter Catamaran s/1 2 without bulbous bow: Added Resistance Coefficient versus Encounter Froquency[15] Catamaran s/L=0.2 with Bulb0] and Bulb02: Added Resistance in Waves Catamaran s/L=0.2 with Bulb03 and BulbOd: Added Resistance in Waves Catamaran s/L=0.2 with and without bulbons bow: Added Resistance Co- efficient. versus Encounter Frequency Response functions of heave of catamaran s/L=0.2 with different bulbous bows Response functions of pitch of catamaran s/L=0.2 with different bulbous bows Response ftmctions of heave of catamaran /L=0.2 with different: bulbous bows Response functions of pitch of catamaran 5/L=0.2 with different bulbous bows... 80 90 96 98Aad 4.12 413 4d 1a? 4.18 419 4.20 2 Catamaran §/L- Response Functions of Heave for Model NPL5b Catamaran s/L=0.2 in Head Seas{99] . Response Funetions of Piteh for Modet NPL5b Catamaran s/L=0.2 in Head Seas{99] oe po oouscaGoG Response Functions of Heave for Model NPL5b Catamaran s/L=0.2 with and without bulbous bow Response Functions of Pitch for Model NPL5b Catamaran s/L=0.2 with and without bulbous bow Catamaran s/L=0.2: Experimental Wash measured in Regular Wave 0.5L. at Fy=0.51 § Catamaran s/L=0.2: Experimental Wash measured in Regular Wave 1.0L at Fy=0.51 Catamaran s/L=0.2: Experimental Wash measured in Regular Wave 1.5L etn 05 ee ee Catamaran s/L=0.2: Experimental Wash measured in Regular Wave 2.0L at F,=0.51 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb01: Wash measured in Calm Water and Reg- ular Wave 0.5L at F,=0.51 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb01: Wash measured in Calm Water and Reg- ular Wave LOL at F,=0.51 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb0L: Wash measured in Calm Water and Reg- ular Wave 15D at F,=0.51 2 with bulbO1: Wash measured in Calin Water and Reg- ular Wave 2.0L at F,=0.51 Pees Probes Arrangement for Shallow Water Test. Catamaran s/L: with bulb01: Wash at Critical Depth Froude Num- ber(middle probes) : veces Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb02: Wash at Critical Depth Froude Num- ber(middle probes) Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb03: Wash at Critical Depth Froude Num- ber(middle probes) Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb04: Wash at Critical Depth Froude Num- ber(middle probes) 99 100 101 102 103 - 106 . 107 109 110 19 120 121 1235, 9 10 1 1d 19 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb0L: Wash at Critical Depth Froude Num ber(aft and fwd ends probes Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bull ber(aft and fwd ends probes Wash at Critical Depth Froude Num- Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb03: Wash at Critical Depth Froude Num- ber(aft and fwd ends probes Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulbO4: Wash at Critieal Depth Froude Num- ber(aft and fwd ends probes Catamaran in Shallow Water Test Catamaran s/L=0.2: Total Model Resistance Coefficient against Depth Froude mumber Catamaran s/L=0.2 fitted with Bulbous Bows: Resistance Components in Shallow Water . . cee Catamaran s/L=0.2: Residuary Resistance Coefficient against Depth Froude Number G and shallow waters... 6... ‘i ea aran 5/1=0.2 with Bulbous Bows: Total Model Resistance in deep Catamaran 5/L-: Length Froude tumbers with Bulbous Bows: Sinkage as funetion of Depth and Catamaran 5/L=0.2 with Bulbous Bows: Running trim versus Fn, Fuh Catamaran s/L=0.2 with Bulb01; Non-dimensional Maximum Wash versus Fuh Catamaran s/L=0.2 with Bulb02; Non-dimensional Maximum Wash versus. Fnh Catamaran s/L=0.2 with Bulb03: Non-dimensioual Maximum Wash versus Fok a ao ‘i teens Catamaran s/L= Fuh 2 with Bulb04: Non-dimensional Maximun Wash versus Catamaran 2 with Bulb01 and Bulb02: Maximum Wash Height Catamaran s/L=0.2 with Bulb03 and BulbO4: Maximum Wash Height . . Catamaran s/I at Fy=048. 0.2 with bulb0L:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts xii 124 130 131 - 132 133 134 135, 138, - 139) 0) ar63 64 69 6.10 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb01:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fx=0.60 Catamaran s/1 at Fy=0A8 0.2 with bulb02:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts Catamaran // at F,=0.60 with bulb02:Experimental and theoretieal wave cuts Catamaran s/ at Fy=048 with bulb03:Expcrimental and theoretical wave cuts Catatnaran 5/1=0.2 with bulb03:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at F,.=0.60 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb01:Experimental and theoretical wave Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb01:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fy=0.85 Catamaran 5/1 at Fy=051 0.2 with bulb02:Experimental and theoretical wave ents Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb02:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fy=0.85 6.11 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb03:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fy=0.51 6.12 Catamaran .2 with bulb03:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fy=0.85 6.13. Catamaran 2 with bulb04:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fy 6.14 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb04:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fn=0.85 6.15 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb01: Wave cuts in Shallow Water at F,=0.8 6.16 Catamaran s/L: Wave cuts in Shallow Water at Fy=1.0 6.17 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb02; Wave cuts in Shallow Water at F,=0.8 6.18 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb02: Wave cuts in Shallow Water at F,=1.0 6.19 Catamaran 2 with bulb03: Wave cuts in Shallow Water at Fy=0.8 6.20 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb03: Wave cuts in Shallow Water at F,=1.0 6.21 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb04: Wave cuts in Shallow Water xiii uy us Lg6.22 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb04: Wave ents in Shallow Water at Fy 167 6.23 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb0L:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at F.=0.48 eee - cee 168 6.24 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb0L:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at F048 . os 169 6.25 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb01L:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fy=0.60 : cee 170 6.26 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb0LExperimental and theoretical wave cuts at F.=0.60 : i 6.27 Catamaran 2 with bulb02:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fy=048, . - . - 172 6.28 Catamaran s at Fy=0.48 2 with bulb02: xperimental aud theoretical wave cuts 6.29 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb02Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fy0.00 eee . 174 6.30 Catamaran with bulb02Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fy=0.60 . cee ee WS 6.31 Catamaran at Fr: 2 with bulb03:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts MIB ee . . 2. 176 6.32 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb03:Bxperim at Fy=08 ental and theoretical wave cuts 6.33 Catamaran s/L=0.2 with bulb03:Experimental and theoretical wave cuts at Fy=0.60 6. goag . . cee 178 6.34 Catamaran s 2 with bulb03:Experimental and theoretical wave euts at F060 179 6.35 Catamaran s/L=0.2; Wave Pattern Resistance(theoretical) . . - 180 A. Slender body Theory . cB a ii xivList of Tables 39 Aa 42 43 44 Data of ship-generated waves92} 00-02. ee eee eee Kracht bulb parameters Summary of bulb diameter Bulbous Bow Parameters for NPL5b Hull ‘Yowing Tanks Details Models Particulars... . ‘Lhe wave probes position for Lamont tank ‘The wave probes position for Southampton Institute tank Speed Correction Factor. Monohull and Catamaran s/L=0.2 Form Factors(Lamont Tank) ‘The test matrix for experiment in regular waves WL = 0.5 ~ 2.0 Regular waves details used in seakecping experiment Catamaran s/L=0.2: Relative Ranking of Bulbous Bows based on Heave Amplitude Catamaran s/L=0.2: Relative Ranking of Bulbous Bows based on Pitch Amplitude Catamaran s/L=0.2: Relative Ranking of Bulbous Bows based on Added Resistance Catamaran 5/L = 0.2:Relative Ranking of Bulbous Bows in Regular Waves Shallow water's test matrix ‘The middle wave probes array position for GKN tank ‘The aft end wave probes array position for GIN tank 8s 88 13 i‘The forward end wave probes array position for GKN tank. . 14 Percentage of Total Resistance of Model with and without bulb in Shallow waters... . ao . 15 5.6 Percentage of Residuary Resistance of Model with and without bulb in Shallow water 0... eae . eee MS 5.7 Percentage of Total Model Resistance in Shallow water 116 5.8 Percentage of Sinkage of Model with and without bulb in Shallow water. . 116 5.9. Percentage of Sinkage in Shallow water : ur 5.10 Percentage of Running trim of Model with and without bulb in Shallow water117 5.11 Percentage of Rumning trim in Shallow water < eSNomenclature Symbols and abbreviations used GKN Lamont NPL SIHE Demihallt AP. FP. L B 8 ‘Towing Tank No. 3, GKN Westland Aerospace Ltd., Isle of Wight Lamont ‘Tank, University of Southampton National Physical Laboratory ‘Towing Tank, Southampton Institute for Higher Education One of the hulls which make up the eataanaran After Perpendicular Forward Perpendicular Ship Length, m Ship Breadth, m Draught, m Depth, m. Water depth, m Volumne of displacement, m$ Mass displacement, ky Static wetted surface area, m” Separation between catamaran demilill centrelines, 1 Block Coefficient Pristnatie Coefficient Gravity acceleration, 9.81in/s? Density of water, 1000kg/m* for FW and 1025k9/1* for SW Speed or velocity, m/s Length Froude Number (v/ V2) Depth Froude Number (v/ gh] Maximum wash height, m Non-dimnensional wash height Coefficient of total resistance Coefficient of wave-making resistance Coefficient of frictional resistance Coefficient of residnary resistanceCy Coefficient of viscous resistance, Cr = Cr ~ (1+ &)Cr (+h) Form factor Raw Added resistance in waves, N oaw Non-dimensional added resistance in waves d Wavelength, Wave amplitude, m Heave amplitude, m Wave slope Nou-dimensional frequeney Specific Resistance xviii