13 Oktober 2010

Example 23
Main Page
Preface
Theme: Matter In Nature

YEAR 1 Learning 2. The Variety of Resources On Earth

Science Area:
Mathematics
Learning 2.2 Understanding elements, compounds and mixtures
Objective:
FORM 1
Learning : A students is able to:
Science
Outcome: state what elements, compounds and mixtures are.
Mathematics give examples of elements, compounds and mixtures.
state the differences between elements, compounds & mixtures.
carry out activities to separate the components of a mixture.
man.

Materials: Sulphur powder, iron filings, salt, sand, sugar, a glass jar
containing air, water, bar magnet, crucible, wire gauze mat,
Bunsen burner, tripod, glass rod, filter funnel, folded filter
paper, conical flask, evaporating dish, 100ml beaker,
aluminium coil, charcoal, a marble tile, syrup (in a bottle),
wood, a gold ring, a silver ring, rice, dilute acid, crude oil,
petrol, plastic spoon, a cup of coffee, a piece of glass and
transparencies.
Teacher: Good morning, class. Before we start, I am going to distribute
Activity Sheet 1.

Teacher has already displayed all the items found in Activity Sheet 1
on the teachers table.

Students, please come and examine these items on my table

carefully. I want you to classify them into elements, compounds and
mixtures by completing the task as required in Activity Sheet 1.

Students are given 5 10 minutes to complete the activity.

Teacher displays the correct answers on a transparency.

Please check your answers. How many of you have got all the
answers correct?

Teacher waits for students responses.

Excellent.
How do you classify the 20 items that were displayed?
Do you know what are elements, compounds and mixtures?
An element is a substance which cannot be broken down into two or
more simpler substances by chemical methods.
Can any of you give examples of elements?

Teacher guides students until they get the following answers:

Sulphur, iron, aluminium, charcoal, gold and silver.

Very good.

A compound is a substance which consists of two or more elements

chemically combined together. Can any of you name some examples?

Teacher guides students until they get the following answers: Salt,
sand, marble, wood, sugar, rice, carbon dioxide, plastic spoon and
glass.

Good!

A mixture consists of two or more substances which are not joined

together chemically. Can you give some examples?

Teacher guides students until they get the following answers: Diluted
acid, syrup, petrol, air, coffee and crude oil.

You are given four petri dishes containing four different substances:
Petri dish A contains sulphur powder (yellow)
Petri dish B contains iron filings (black)
Petri dish C contains salt (white) and
Petri dish D contains sand (brown)

Follow the instructions in Activity Sheet 2a, 2b and 3. Carry out the
activities in groups and write your observations in the tables given.

Teacher facilitates the class activities.

After the students have completed activities 2a, 2b and 3, teacher

discusses the results.

Leader of group 1, please come out and present your results.

While the group representatives present their results, teacher writes

the results of each group on the board (for comparison purposes).
After all the groups have presented their results, teacher continues
the discussions.

Now look at the board. Are there any differences between the results
presented by all the groups?

Teacher waits for students responses.

From the results from Activity 2, iron filings can be separated from
the mixture of sulphur powder and iron filings using a bar magnet
before heating the mixture. After they are heated, they become a
new subtance which is called a compound. This new substance cannot
be separated by a magnet. Why is it so?

Teacher guides students until they get the following answer:

When a mixture of sulphur powder and iron fillings is heated, a
chemical reaction has taken place. The iron filings and sulphur
powder are combined together chemically and formed a
new substance with properties totally different from their original
substances.

Very good. So now you know one difference between a compound

and a mixture.

Let us look at the results of Activity 3. What is the purpose of this

activity?

Teacher guides students until they get the following answer: To

separate the components of a mixture.

Excellent! This is another method to separate the components of a

mixture and it is called filtration. So you have learnt two ways of
separating the components of a mixture. What are the two ways?

Teacher guides students until they get the following answers:

1. separation by magnet.
2. separation by filtration.

Let us look at the questions in Activity Sheet 2. Let us go through it

together.

Can you identify the original colour of iron filing and sulphur powder?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

Does the color of the substances remain the same after heating?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

Why is there a change in colour?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

Can the iron filings and sulphur powder be separated using bar
magnet:
a) before heating?
b) after heating?
Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

What substances can be attracted by a bar magnet?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

Name the new substance formed after heating?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

What is the conclusion of this activity?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

Let us now look at the questions in Activity Sheet 3b.

Why do we need to use filter paper to separate the mixture?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

What is the product left in the evaporating dish?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

What happens to the water in the filtrate?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

After all the activities you have done today, give other examples of a
compound and mixture?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

State the differences between compounds and mixtures?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

Did you enjoy todays science lesson?

Teacher waits and listens to students responses.

For your home work, please show the differences between mixture
and compound in a table and also visit the web site below:

http:richthornley.tripod.com/ehemistry/onlinehomework/
elemcompmixtures/online.ner.htm

Those who do not have computers at home, can use the facilities in
the school computer laboratory.

Teacher distributes 3 in 1 coffee mixture to each student.

Class, now each of you are given 3 in 1 coffee mixture.

Try to separate it at home.

Tell me the result in the next lesson.

Before you leave the laboratory, make sure you clean your table and
return all the apparatus to their respective places.

Thank you. See you all tomorrow

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1. Sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis ,is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially
sugars, using the energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and many species
of Bacteria, but not in Archaea.
Photosynthetic organisms are called

photoautotrophs, since they can create Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in
plants.
their own food. In plants, algae and
cyanobacteria photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a waste
product. Photosynthesis is vital for life on Earth. As well as maintaining the normal level of
oxygen in the atmosphere, nearly all life either depends on it directly as a source of energy, or
indirectly as the ultimate source of the energy in their food (the exceptions are chemoautotrophs
that live in rocks or around deep sea hydrothermal vents). The amount of energy trapped by
photosynthesis is immense, approximately 100 terawatts: which is about six times larger than the
power consumption of human civilization. As well as energy, photosynthesis is also the source of
the carbon in all the organic compounds within organisms' bodies. In all, photosynthetic
organisms convert around 100,000,000,000 tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.

Although photosynthesis can happen in different ways in different

species, some features are always the same. For example, the process always begins when energy
from light is absorbed by proteins called photosynthetic reaction centers that contain
chlorophylls. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, while in
bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. Some of the light energy gathered by
chlorophylls is stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The rest of the energy is used
to remove electrons from a substance such as water. These electrons are then used in the
reactions that turn carbon dioxide into organic compounds. In plants, algae and cyanobacteria
this is done by a sequence of reactions called the Calvin cycle, but different sets of reactions are
found in some bacteria, such as the reverse Krebs cycle in Chlorobium. Many photosynthetic
organisms have adaptations that concentrate or store carbon dioxide. This helps reduce a
wasteful process called photorespiration that can consume part of the sugar produced during
photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis evolved early in the evolutionary history of life, when all forms of life on Earth
were microorganisms and the atmosphere had much more carbon dioxide. The first
photosynthetic organisms probably evolved about 3,500 million years ago, and used hydrogen or
hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water.
Cyanobacteria appeared later, around 3,000 million years ago, and drasticaly changed the
Earth when they began to oxygenate the atmosphere, beginning about 2,400 million years ago.
This new atmosphere allowed the evolution of complex life such as protists. Eventually, no later
than a billion years ago, one of these protists formed a symbiotic relationship with a
cyanobacterium, producing the ancestor of many plants and algae. The chloroplasts in modern
plants are the descendants of these ancient symbiotic cyanobacteria.

What is Photosynthesis?
Before knowing the importance of Photosynthesis and its impact on our life and earth, we first need to
know what Photosynthesis is.

The simplest way to understand what photosynthesis is would be to know that it refers to the process of
producing and releasing oxygen in the air. Photosynthesis is performed by the plants to produce their
own food. The process of Photosynthesis requires direct sunlight, carbon-dioxide and water (H2O). In
the process of Photosynthesis, the plants decompose the molecules of hydrogen and carbon-dioxide
into hydrogen, carbon and oxygen to produce glucose which forms the source of their energy, growth
and food. This involves the conversion of stored energy of the sunlight, water and carbon-dioxide into
glucose which is an organic compound and release oxygen in the process.

Products of Photosynthesis
The primary product of Photosynthesis is Glucose which is the source of carbohydrates like cellulose,
starches etc. The process of Photosynthesis also produces fats, proteins, water soluble sugars such as
maltose and sucrose. The plants depend on this glucose for their growth and energy.

All the living creatures on the earth depend on fats, proteins and carbohydrates to derive their basic
source of energy and thus have a direct dependence on the process of Photosynthesis for their survival.

Photosynthesis and Respiration

The importance of Photosynthesis can be understood with respect to our breathing process. The
breathing process keeps us alive and Photosynthesis provides us oxygen to breathe in.

The process of Photosynthesis and Respiration are inter-related and serve one another. While
Photosynthesis requires carbon-dioxide and releases oxygen to produce glucose, Respiration needs
oxygen while inhaling and releases carbon-dioxide while exhaling.

Photosynthesis happens during the day time when the sun shines because the plants require sunlight to
produce energy. On the other hand Respiration happens all the time as long as a living creature is alive.

However, unlike other living creatures, the plants breathe once in a day. During night, when there is no
sunlight, the stomata (pores through which sunlight and carbon-dioxide enter the leaves) are closed and
the leaves breathe releasing carbon-dioxide in the air.
Photosynthesis and Environment
The level of carbon-dioxide in the environment largely depends on the process of Photosynthesis. The
process of Photosynthesis again depends on the number of plants and trees we have. Excessive increase
or decrease in the level of carbon-dioxide can bring forth disastrous results on the planet earth.

Industrial revolutions and technical progress have led to too many factories, production houses,
buildings, roads etc thereby increasing the use of fuel and release of industrial waste and carbon-dioxide
which can be very harmful for the environment.

Just the way, an increase in the carbon-dioxide level may harm the environment; similarly decrease in
the level may cause the planet to freeze as CO2 helps in keeping our planet warm and live-able.
Photosynthesis helps in maintaining the balance of the carbon-dioxide level in nature by taking in CO2 in
the day time (and simultaneously supplying oxygen for other living beings) and breathing it out in the
night.

Photosynthesis and Life

Photosynthesis is directly related to the life and survival of all the other living creatures on earth. It not
just supplies oxygen without which breathing and being alive would be difficult, but it also supplies food
and energy to all.

Among all the living organisms on planet earth only plants are capable of producing their own food and
deriving energy from it. No other living creature can produce their food and thus, depend on plants or
other creatures which feed on plants to survive. Therefore, by producing energy the plants supply all the
necessary nutrients and energy directly and/or indirectly to the other living creatures. The production of
this energy is possible through Photosynthesis.

Conclusion
Going by all the above the facts it is evident how Photosynthesis plays a vital role in regulating the life
cycle on earth. Now you may realize the importance of Photosynthesis every time you breathe in and
out and take a look at the plants at your backyard or neighborhood or front garden. The sunlight, water
and the plants work together to supply the raw source of energy to us and help us breathe in oxygen to
live on. Life without Photosynthesis, would, thus be impossible.

\]
True or False? Photosynthesis produces the
carbon dioxide that most living things need to
survive.
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