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Heat Generation
Heat is generated in a hydraulic system whenever oil dumps from a higher to a lower
pressure without producing a mechanical work output. Examples are: oil flowing to tank
through a relief valve, flowing through a flow control or pressure reducing valve, or simply
flowing through small piping. Pressure drops noted from one cylinder port to another do not
produce heat because the energy is being converted to work output.
In lower power hydraulic systems this waste heat is radiated by the walls of the reservoir.
In larger systems a heat exchanger must be added. Oil temperature should be held to 130F
to 140F in an industrial system, but on moving equipment where heat removal is difficult,
the temperature is sometimes allowed to reach 200F although this is not desirable as it is
destructive to the oil and to components. At high temperatures various chemical reactions
produce sludges which interfere with system operation by clogging orifices and producing
excessive wear in moving parts.
EXAMPLE: 12 GPM bypassing a relief valve at a pressure drop of 500 PSI generates 3Z\x
HP of heat, most of which is carried back to the tank.
NOTE: Heat is generated only when no mechanical work is produced.
HP (heat) = 0.001 TD A
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HP (heat) = 0.001 TD A
A is the surface area in square feet; TD is the temperature difference in degrees
fahrenheit between surrounding air and oil temperature inside the tank.
Oil tanks should be installed where there is free air circulation around all sides and under
the tank. A forced blast of air directed on the side of the tank can increase the radiation
capacity as much as 50%.
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