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Andrew Slaughter is an Energy and Resources executive director in Deloitte Center for Energy
Solutions, Deloitte Services LP. He works closely with Deloittes Energy and Resources leadership
to define, implement, and manage the execution of the centers strategy; develop and drive energy
research initiatives; and manage the development of the centers eminence and thought leadership.
During his 25-year career as an oil and gas leader, he has occupied senior roles in both major oil
and gas companies and consulting/advisory firms.
Gregory Bean is an Oil and Gas director in Deloitte Consulting LLPs strategy practice based in
Houston. He has served many international oil companies, independents, and national oil-company
clients. He has over 30 years of oil and gas management consulting and industry experience and has
led many projects, including major corporate, business-unit, and capital-investment strategy assign-
ments and organizational restructuring efforts.
Anshu Mittal is an Oil and Gas executive manager in Deloitte Services LPs Market Insights team.
Mittal has close to 12 years of experience in strategic consulting and financial advisory across all
oil and gas sub-sectorsupstream, midstream, oilfield services, and downstream. Before joining
Deloitte in 2005, Mittal worked with Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited, a subsid-
iary of Standard & Poors, as a lead industry researcher in petrochemicals and petroleum sectors.
His last few publications at Deloitte were Following the capital trail in oil and gas: Navigating the new
environment and US shale: A game of choices.
Deloittes Internet of Things practice enables organizations to identify where the IoT can
potentially create value in their industry and develop strategies to capture that value, utilizing
IoT for operational benefit.
Read more of our research and thought leadership on the IoT at http://dupress.com/
collection/internet-of-things.
Contents
Executive summary|2
Endnotes|20
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Executive summary
2
Transforming oil and gas strategies with the Internet of Things
3
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Upstream
Midstream
Downstream
Technology maturity
4
Transforming oil and gas strategies with the Internet of Things
Upstream players have together taken great By contrast, downstream players are rela-
strides in enhancing their operations safety, tively mature in monitoring risks and optimiz-
especially in the five years since the Macondo ing operations because of their standardized
incident.11,12,13 Although technologies will con- operations and long history of automation and
tinue to play an important role in improving process-control systems. But slowing demand
the safety record of exploration and produc- growth worldwide, rising competition from
tion (E&P) firms, lower oil prices are driving new refineries in the Middle East and Asia, and
companies to place a higher business priority changing and volatile feedstock and product
on optimization where IoT applications are markets are pressuring downstream players to
relatively immature. Improving operational explore new areas of optimization and extend
efficiency is more complex than ever given the their value beyond the refinery.
increased diversity of the resource base being Regardless of the business priority served
developed: conventional onshore and shal- by new sources of data, the way in which
low water, deepwater, shale oil and gas, and the resulting information creates value can
oil sands. be understood using a common analyti-
The midstream segment traditionally has cal framework: the Information Value Loop
been a stable business connecting established (see page 6). It is the flow of this information
demand and supply centers. Not any longer: around this loop that creates value, and the
The rise of US shale has altered the supply- magnitude of the information, the risk associ-
demand dynamicsincluding the grow- ated with that flow, and the time it takes to
ing exports of liquids and natural gasand complete a circuit determine the value that
increased midstream companies business is created. Organizations should design IoT
complexity. To effectively serve this newly deployments to create a flow of information
found growth and increased dynamism in the around the value loop most relevant to a given
business, midstream companies are focusing business priority. Impediments to that flow can
on maintaining and optimizing their networks, be thought of as bottlenecks in the value loop,
a priority for which technology exists but that and so a key challenge to realizing the value
midstream companies have yet to fully inte- of any IoT deployment is correctly identify-
grate across their full network of pipelines and ing and effectively addressing any bottlenecks
associated infrastructure. that materialize.
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Augmented ACT
Sensors
behavior
MAGNITUDE
Scope Scale Frequency
ANALYZE CREATE
RISK
Security Reliability Accuracy
TIME
Augmented Latency Timeliness
intelligence Network
COMMUNICATE
AGGREGATE
Standards
VA LU E D R I V E R S S TAG E S T E C H N O LO G I E S
For information to complete the loop and create value, it passes through the loops stages, each enabled by
specific technologies. An act is monitored by a sensor that creates information, that information passes through
a network so that it can be communicated, and standardsbe they technical, legal, regulatory, or socialallow
that information to be aggregated across time and space. Augmented intelligence is a generic term meant to
capture all manner of analytical support, collectively used to analyze information. The loop is completed via
augmented behavior technologies that either enable automated autonomous action or shape human decisions in
a manner leading to improved action.
Getting information around the Value Loop allows an organization to create value; how much value is created is a
function of the value drivers, which capture the characteristics of the information that makes its way around the
value loop. The drivers of information value can be captured and sorted into the three categories: magnitude, risk,
and time.
6
Transforming oil and gas strategies with the Internet of Things
Upstream: Assimilating
diverse data sets
7
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In addition, oilfield service (OFS) compa- the analysis of standardized data will likely
nies could play a larger role in standardizing most affect production, followed by develop-
and integrating data. Their deep understand- ment and exploration. By some projections,
ing of physics-based data and long history of IoT applications could reduce production
working with data-management and IT service and lifting costs by more than $500 million
providers position them well to play a de facto of a large O&G integrated company with
standardizing role in the industrys value loop. annual production of 270 million barrels.20
Building on this expertise might allow OFS For example:
companies to create a new revenue stream and
help them fend off advances from IT service Production: The opportunity to automate
providers that are beginning to vertically inte- thousands of wells spread across regions (a
grate and market their developed OFS capabili- large company handles more than 50,000
ties directly to E&P companies.19 wells) and monitor multiple pieces of
Delivering insights from aggregated data equipment per well (a single pump fail-
may have no value if those insights get to ure can cost $100,000 to $300,000 a day
decision makers late or if the data overload in lost production) makes production
a companys infrastructure. The data explo- the biggest potential O&G beneficiary of
sioncoupled with bandwidth challenges IoT applications.21
8
Transforming oil and gas strategies with the Internet of Things
9
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Midstream: Pipelines
of information
10
Transforming oil and gas strategies with the Internet of Things
in sensors that create new data. Midstream the industry-wide benefit of this collaboration
energy companies lag far behind what other outweighs any single companys competitive
industries invest in information technology, or commercial advantage. Ensuring safety and
according to Oil and Gas Monitor.26 minimizing risks are table stakesto truly
Enbridge, TransCanada, and PG&E, for differentiate itself in the midstream segment, a
example, are relieving this bottleneck by creat- company often must go further.
ing data about potential pipeline breaches from In fact, a midstream company would likely
advanced sensors installed inside or outside accrue a larger competitive and commercial
the pipeline. TransCanada and Enbridge are advantage if it analyzes product and flow data
testing four technologies that essentially see, more comprehensively all along its network
feel, smell, and hear various aspects of their similar to the way US electric companies are
oil pipelines: vapor-sensing tubes that see analyzing energy data using smart devices and
bitumen spilled by shooting air down a tube; meters. According to some estimates, every
a fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing 150,000 miles of pipeline generates 10 terabytes
system that feels fluctuations in temperature of data, an amount of data equal to the entire
caused by bitumen leaking into ambient soil; printed collection of the Library of Congress.30
hydrocarbon sensing cables that send electric The midstream majors are well positioned
signals to smell hydrocarbons; and a fiber- to create insights from this new data of vol-
optic distributed acoustic sensing system that umes because of their diverse portfolio and
hears sound variations and can indicate a integrated network.31 A big midstream com-
pipeline leak.27,28 pany can leverage the data across its pipelines,
PG&E, along with research institutions helping shippers find the best paths to market
and government agencies, is testing many and charging them differently for having route
non-invasive, three-dimensional (3D) imag- optionality in contracts. Forecasting algo-
ing technologies such as the 3D toolbox, first rithms on historic volumes transported can
developed for the dental industry, which accu- reveal ways in which a midstream major might
rately identifies and measures dents, cracks, use pricing incentives that induce producers
and corrosion on the pipelines outer surface. and end users to smooth volumes.32 Similarly, a
The system automatically collects and feeds real-time analysis of changing volumes across
images into calculation tools to generate an its network of shale plays can alert the com-
assessment within minutes, helping engineers pany to new price differentials.
to put together a corrective-action plan imme- The pipeline data, when combined with
diately. Similarly, PG&E is adapting NASAs growing data from an expanding network of
airborne laser-based system for methane leak export facilities, markets, marine terminals,
detection, in which leaks GPS coordinates are and product grades in a timely manner, can
automatically stored and the data captured give rise to a data-equipped midstream enter-
can be correlated with variables such as tem- prise. Forward-thinking, innovative mid-
perature, time, and pipeline configuration for stream organizations can take advantage of the
improved monitoring and control.29 unprecedented volume of new types of data.
Enhancing pipeline safety is in all players Emerging types of data, such as machine and
interest, since a spill by any single operator sensor data, geolocation data, weather data,
can lead to higher costs and tighter regula- and log data become valuable at high volumes,
tions for the entire industry. As a result, especially when correlated against other data
companies are joining forces in developing a sets, according to Hortonworks.33
data-enabled monitoring infrastructure. Thus,
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Transforming oil and gas strategies with the Internet of Things
ACT
CR
YZE
E AT
ANAL
E
Value
drivers
TE
A
G IC
G
RE
GA UN
TE MM
CO
Asset
System
Ecosystem
data capture and analytics, or the flow of infor- Optimizing the supply chain by streamlin-
mation, mostly happens at an asset level or, to ing the planning and scheduling process is one
some extent, at an overall plant level. What has aspect where IT service providers automated
been less common is analysis of data across the software and hardware solutions have already
system (including pre- and post- links in logis- made significant inroads. Using the visibility
tics and distribution) and, moreover, across into the fully hydrocarbon supply chain as
the ecosystem (adding external variables such a system for enhancing refining operations
as consumer profile and behavior, etc.) (see and flexibility is another aspectintegrated
figure 2). information can help create and capture new
value for refiners. This, in particular, may make
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sense for US refiners, which are fast changing and inventory levels, and so on (scope), could
their crude sourcing strategy from mostly buy- help the refiner come up with several what-if
ing medium and heavy crude under long-term scenarios, making its crude sourcing more
contracts (following a typical supply-chain dynamic and competitive.
process) to buying a greater range of light, Changing issues of efficiency and han-
medium, and heavy crude blends in the spot dling data dont stop at the inbound logistics
market (requiring greater supply-chain dyna- of crude-oil sourcingtheres the outbound
mism to reap benefits). logistics of product distribution to consider.
One US refiner, for example, wanted to The distribution ecosystem includes not only
properly value its future crude purchases, refining and marketing companies but the
especially cheap crude available for immedi- customers to which they sell. The rapid inno-
ate purchase on the spot market. However, vation and proliferation of consumer personal-
the refiner had limited data on future operat- communication technologiessmart handheld
ing and maintenance costs for the various devices and telematics systems in a vehicle
crudes it processes and buysvarying sulfur have led to the emergence of connected
and bitumen content in a crude can lead to consumers who, by extension, are demanding
additional operating and maintenance expense a connected fueling experience. So how should
that could nullify the price benefit. The refiner fuels retailers think about competing in a digi-
first installed pervasive sensors on refinery tally enabled consumers world?
equipment, which allowed it to gather data Automotive companies, with a head start on
on the impact of processing various crudes. IoT-based connected applications, provide tell-
Once collected and analyzed, the data from ing clues. Toyota, for example, has developed,
the sensors was then integrated with market with SAP and VeriFone, a prototype solution
data on crudes (cargo availability, price, grade, that simplifies a drivers fueling experience.39
etc.) on a central hub, allowing the refiner to Currently, drivers need to deal with multiple
effectively bid for its future crude cargoes in a systems to find the right gas stationlocat-
timely manner.38 ing the station, swiping the card, punching in
This analysis, if extended and combined a memorized PIN, and, if required, keeping a
with information on variations in oil delivery record of receipts. The prototype is aimed at
times, dock and pipeline availability, storage providing consumers a one-touch, one-screen
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Transforming oil and gas strategies with the Internet of Things
15
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O&G segment Primary IoT-enabled Dominant value Likeliest value Potential solution
business objective drivers loop bottleneck
Upstream Optimization Scope and latency Aggregate Standards
Midstream Reliability Scale, accuracy, Create Sensors
and timeliness
Downstream New value creation Scope, timeliness, Act Ecosystem
and security management
16
Transforming oil and gas strategies with the Internet of Things
17
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Contacts
John England
Vice chairman, US Oil & Gas leader
Deloitte LLP
+1 713 982 2556
jengland@deloitte.com
Paul Horak
US Oil & Gas Audit leader
Deloitte & Touche LLP
+1 713 982 2535
phorak@deloitte.com
Katie Pavlovsky
US Oil & Gas Advisory leader
Deloitte Financial Advisory Services LLP
+1 713 982 4358
kpavlovsky@deloitte.com
Andrew Slaughter
Executive Director, Deloitte Center for Energy Solutions
Deloitte Services LP
+1 713 982 3526
anslaughter@deloitte.com
Amy Winsor
US Oil & Gas Consulting leader
Deloitte Consulting LLP
+1 303 312 4156
awinsor@deloitte.com
Jeff Wright
US Oil & Gas Tax leader
Deloitte Tax LLP
+1 713 982 4940
jeffwright@deloitte.com
Felipe Requejo
Leader of Deloitte Digital Spain
Deloitte Consulting SLU
+34 91 5145000
frequejo@deloitte.es
18
Transforming oil and gas strategies with the Internet of Things
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge John England, vice chairman and US Oil and Gas leader,
Deloitte LLP; Michael E. Raynor, director, Deloitte Services LP, and the Innovation theme leader;
Mark J. Cotteleer, director, Deloitte Services LP, affiliated with Deloittes Center for Integrated
Research; and Joseph Mariani, lead Market Insights analyst, Deloitte Services LP, for their extensive
review, feedback, and support throughout the drafting process.
Special thanks to executives from Emerson Electric Co. for their valuable insights and sharing of
use cases in the oil and gas industry.
The authors would also like to thank Vivek Bansal, analyst, Deepak Vasantlal Shah, senior analyst,
and Sadashiva S. R., senior analyst, all of Market Insights, Deloitte Support Services India Pvt. Ltd.
for their research and analysis support.
The Deloitte Center for Energy Solutions (the Center) provides a forum for innovation, thought
leadership, groundbreaking research, and industry collaboration to help companies solve the most
complex energy challenges.
Through the Center, Deloittes Energy & Resources group leads the debate on critical topics on the
minds of executivesfrom the impact of legislative and regulatory policy, to operational efficiency,
to sustainable and profitable growth. We provide comprehensive solutions through a global network
of specialists and thought leaders.
With locations in Houston and Washington, DC, the Center offers interaction through seminars,
roundtables, and other forms of engagement where established and growing companies can come
together to learn, discuss, and debate.
@Deloitte4Energy
19
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Endnotes
1. John England, Greg Bean, and Anshu Mittal, 9. Collin Eaton, Oil patch works to get its arms
Following the capital trail in oil and gas: around gusher of data, Houston Chronicle,
Navigating the new environment, Deloitte May 8, 2015. www.houstonchronicle.com/
University Press, April 10, 2015, http:// business/article/Oil-patch-works-to-
dupress.com/articles/capital-investment-in- control-a-gusher-of-new-data-6252216.
oil-and-gas-sector/, accessed July 27, 2015. php, accessed July 27, 2015.
2. Deloitte Center for Energy Solutions, 10. Karen Boman, Study: Low oil price gives
Oil prices in crisis: Considerations and industry chance to pursue digital transforma-
implications for the oil and gas industry, tion, Rigzone, May 12, 2015, www.rigzone.
2015, https://deloittenet.deloitte.com/PC/ com/news/oil_gas/a/138503/Study_Low_Oil_
PracticeComm/Industries/ER/Oil/Documents/ Price_Gives_Industry_Chance_to_Pursue_
Oilpricesincrisis.pdf, accessed July 27, 2015. Digital_Transformation, accessed July 27, 2015.
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more things change: Value creation, value Forbes Opinion, April 25, 2014, www.forbes.
capture, and the Internet of Things, Deloitte com/sites/realspin/2014/04/25/offshore-
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com/articles/value-creation-value-capture- 12. E&P/Oil and Gas Investor, Moving forward:
internet-of-things/, accessed July 27, 2015. Macondo five years later, www.oilandgasin-
4. Matthew Heller, Moodys sees doubling in vestor.com/moving-forward-macondo-five-
energy firm defaults, CFO.com, May 21, 2015, years-later-789176, accessed July 27, 2015.
http://ww2.cfo.com/bankruptcy/2015/05/ 13. Alex Endress, Five years after Macondo,
moodys-sees-doubling-energy-firm- Drilling Contractor, April 23, 2015, www.
defaults/, accessed July 27, 2015. drillingcontractor.org/five-years-after-
5. Michael E. Raynor, Jonathan Holdowsky, macondo-35001, accessed July 27, 2015.
Monika Mahto, and Mark Cotteleer, Inside 14. For an example of the hostile environments
the Internet of Things (IoT): A primer on where explorations currently takes place and
the technologies building the IoT, the technology needed to cope with those
Deloitte University Press, forthcoming. conditions, see Trent Jacobs, High-pressure/
6. BP, Number crunching with Big Data, high-temperature BOP equipment becoming
December 22, 2014, www.bp.com/en/ a reality, Journal of Petroleum Technology,
global/corporate/press/bp-magazine/ 67, no. 7, www.spe.org/jpt/article/6707-
innovations/number-crunching-with- ep-notes-5/, accessed July 27, 2015.
big-data.html, accessed July 27, 2015. 15. Abdelkader Baaziz and Luc Quoniam, How to
7. Gerald C. Kane, et al., Strategy, not technol- use Big Data technologies to optimize opera-
ogy, drives digital transformation, Deloitte tions in upstream petroleum industry, 21st
University Press, summer 2015, http://dupress. World Petroleum Congress, June 19, 2014.
com/articles/digital-transformation-strategy- 16. Teradata, Reduce operational complexity
digitally-mature/, accessed July 27, 2015. to cut NPT, www.teradata.com/industry-
8. Antonia Stuart, Hess, Marathon Oil expertise/oil-and-gas/, accessed July 27, 2015.
and Anadarko to attend major upstream 17. Rich McAvey and Morgan Eldred, Pre-
data analytics talks, PRWeb, March 11, dicts 2015: Upstream oil and gas CIOs
2015, www.prweb.com/releases/2015/03/ must prepare for data-driven optimiza-
prweb12574129.htm, accessed July 27, 2015. tion, Gartner, November 13, 2014.
20
Transforming oil and gas strategies with the Internet of Things
21. Microsoft, Rockwell Automation: 31. John England and Anshu Mittal, The
Fueling the oil and gas industry with rise of the midstream: Shale reinvigorates
IoT, May 22, 2015, https://customers. midstream growth, Deloitte, November
microsoft.com/Pages/CustomerStory. 2013, www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/
aspx?recid=19922, accessed July 27, 2015. energy-and-resources/articles/the-rise-of-the-
midstream-shale-reinvigorates-midstream-
22. TOTAL S.A., Pangea: 80,000 times more growth.html, accessed July 27, 2015.
powerful than your average PC, April 8, 2015,
www.total.com/en/media/news/news/pangea- 32. Bill Gautreaux, Right midstream strategies
3-times-more-powerful?%FFbw=kludge1%FF, enable oil and gas producers to maximize
accessed July 27, 2015. profitability, American Oil & Gas Re-
porter, June 2014, www.aogr.com/magazine/
23. Ibid. sneak-peek-preview/right-midstream-
24. Ayata, Customer profile: Apache Corpora- strategies-enable-oil-and-gas-producers-
tion, September 5, 2013, http://ayata.com/ to-maximize, accessed July 27, 2015.
news/page/3/, accessed July 27, 2015. 33. Kelly Kohlleffel, The power of advanced ana-
25. PennEnergy, The role of satellites in oil lytics for midstream oil and gas, Hortonworks,
and gas pipeline monitoring for leak & March 30, 2015, http://hortonworks.com/
theft detection, May 30, 2014, www.pen- blog/the-power-of-advanced-analytics-for-
nenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2014/05/ midstream-oil-and-gas/, accessed July 27, 2015.
the-role-of-satellites-in-oil-and-gas- 34. Hydrocarbon Publishing, Refinery
pipeline-monitoring-for-leak-theft- power outage mitigations, 2014, www.
detection.html, accessed July 27, 2015. hydrocarbonpublishing.com/ReportP/
26. Lars Larsson, Midstream investment in pipe- report13/power.pdf, accessed July 27, 2015.
line management solutions, Oil + Gas Monitor, 35. Ibid.
September 19, 2014, www.oilgasmonitor.com/
midstream-investment-pipeline-management- 36. Ibid.
solutions/7805/, accessed July 27, 2015. 37. Discussions with Emerson Electric Co.
27. TransCanada, Research and develop- 38. Ibid.
ment (R&D) at TransCanada, August 39. SAP, SAP, Toyota InfoTechnology Center
2014, www.transcanada.com/docs/ and VeriFone connect cars and provide
About_Us/TransCanada-research-and- drivers with simplified fueling, July 1, 2014,
development.pdf, accessed July 27, 2015. www.news-sap.com/sap-toyota-itc-verifone-
28. Jesse Snyder, Pipeline firms turn to new connected-cars/, accessed July 27, 2015.
technologies as public scrutiny intensi- 40. Ibid.
fies, Alberta Oil, August 18, 2014, www.
albertaoilmagazine.com/2014/08/ 41. Eldon Ball, Collaboration critical to
sensing-failure/, accessed July 27, 2015. technology development, BP at Offshore
Technology Conference, May 5, 2015,
29. PG&E, PG&ES mini-robots, smart pigs http://2015.otcnet.org/files/otc15_tues-
and lasers lead gas safety innovations for day_lr.pdf, accessed July 27, 2015.
2014, January 2, 2015, www.pge.com/
en/about/newsroom/newsdetails/index. 42. Chevron, The digital oil field goes
global, Next* 5, September 2012, www.
chevron.com/documents/pdf/nextis-
sue5.pdf , accessed July 27, 2015.
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