Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Today:
Any agent used to treat infections
3
Mechanisms of antibiotics
Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal
4
Bacteriostatic antibiotics
Tetracyclines
Spectinomycin
Sulphonamides
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol
Trimethoprim
5
Bactericidal antibiotics
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin)
Glycopeptides (Vancomycin)
Monobactams
Carbapenems
6
Population distribution
Resistant population
=
60
50 Sensitive population
Number of isolates
40
30
Break point
20
10
0
0,25 0,5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256
MIC
8
Nucleotides Ribosome
A G
T C
RNA polymerase
11
(PABA= p-aminobenzocis acid, DHF= dihydrofolate, THF= tetrahydrofolate (essential for growth of bacteria))
Bacterial growth
13
Penicillin
14
Resistance mechanisms I
Point mutations in target genes/influx pumps
16
Resistance mechanisms II
Acquired genes
18
Acquisition of resistance
E. coli/ salmonella
19
Co-selection of resistance
vanA
175 kb
erm(B)
tcr
Origin tcr=Transferable copper resistance
Emerging problems
Fluoroquinolones-resistant Salmonella
3rd gen. Cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella (ESBL)
Fluoroquinolone- and macrolide-resistant Campylobacter
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE)
(Multiresistant E. coli)
MRSA in animals (report of high prevalence of MRSA in pigs
in the Netherlands - now also found in Danish animals).