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A capacitive sensor is a proximity sensor that detects nearby objects by their effect on
the electrical field created by the sensor. Simple capacitive sensors have been
commercially available for many years, and have found a niche in nonmetallic object
detection, but are limited to short ranges, typically less than 1 cm.
Capacitive sensors have some similarities to radar in their ability to detect conductive
materials, while seeing through insulating materials such as wood or plastic. In
practice, the differences are considerable; When compared to radar, capacitive
sensors:
Are simpler, so are potentially smaller, less expensive and less power-hungry.
Are proximity sensors, rather than range sensors. They do not give a direct
indication of how far away the detected object is. A more distant strong target
can give the same response as a nearby weak target.
Are non-directional and have a short range.
When used for detecting objects all around a vehicle, some of the disadvantages of the
capacitive sensor are less problematic. A practical system has many sensors regularly
spaced around the outside of the vehicle. This means that there is always a sensor
close by, so no great range is required, and objects can be roughly localized by which
sensor they are detected in. Non-directional response is actually desirable, since it can
detect objects that are between sensors but very close to the vehicle.
Due to its non-directional nature, the capacitive sensor measures some capacitance
from objects in the environment that are always present and therefore not
interesting. When mounted on a car, the sensor detects the car itself and the
ground. Unknown objects are detected as increases in this background capacitance.
Since the background capacitance is large compared to the object capacitance, and is
also subject to drift, it is much easier to use the sensor to detect change in the
environment than to detect the absolute presence or absence of an unknown
object. The amount of background capacitance change depends on how stable the
environment is. In a relatively poorly controlled environment such as the outside of a
car, absolute presence detection of a person is probably limited to 30cm or less.
In this change detector mode, the sensor is not so much a presence detector as a
change-of-presence detector, somewhat like a passive infrared motion detector
(PIR.) However, because of its intrinsically short range, a capacitive motion detector
can be used in situations where a PIR detector would falsely respond to apparent
background changes. This is true in the suggested vehicle safety application, where
motion of the vehicle causes changes in the thermal background.
Spread Spectrum:
There is a great deal of good introductory material on the web which I will not
duplicate. Here are some links: The ABCs of Spread Spectrum, Spread Spectrum
(SS) - Introduction , Spread Spectrum Techniques.
Bibliography
Baumer. (n.d.). Capacitive sensors measure all media highly accurately. Retrieved from
http://www.baumer.com/us-en/products/presence-detection/capacitive-sensors/
Below are application examples for the different product lines within Rechners range of capacitive sensors. If
you would like more information, please get in touch with your nearest distributor through the contact page.
Applications
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Mini Sensors
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Leak Sensors
Leak Sensors are used to detect leaks in liquid processes and are available
with IECEx certification. These sensors are extremely sensitive which is a
critical feature for early detection of leaks.
Applications
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rechner.com.au/applications/capacitive-sensors
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