CHAPTER 29:

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Review:

Chapter 25: Electromotive force (emf)

current flow in a circuit
Chapter 26: emf source battery

What is the physics behind the production of almost

all of our electric energy needs?

Electromagnetic Induction
If the magnetic flux through a circuit changes, an emf and a
current are induced in the circuit. In a power-generating station,
magnets move relative to coils of wire to produce a changing
magnetic flux in the coils and hence an emf.
29.1 Induction Experiments

Identify the factors that affect the magnitude

of the induced emf and the magnitude and
direction of the induced current
 Brief History
Magnetically induced emf experiments
1831: Michael Faraday (English)

1831: Joseph Henry (American)

Faraday Henry
29.1 Induction Experiments
magnet is stationary
no current
magnet is move toward or
away from the coil; coil is
move toward or away from
the magnet meter shows
current

induced current
current during the motion
induced emf emf
required to cause the
induced current
29.1 Induction Experiments

replace the magnet with a 2nd

coil connected to a battery
2nd coil is stationary
no current in the 1st coil
2nd coil is move toward or away
from the 1st coil;
1st coil is move toward or away
from the 2nd coil meter shows
current

There is current when one coil is

move relative to the other.
29.1 Induction Experiments

two coil set-up

both coils are stationary
vary the current in the 2nd coil
opening/closing the switch
current pulse in the 1st circuit
changing the resistance of the 2nd
coil with switch closed
induced current in the first circuit
29.1 Induction Experiments
connect a coil of wire to a galvanometer and place the coil between
the poles of an electromagnet magnetic field can be varied

CURRENT Turn on or off (momentary)

the electromagnet
Change area
Rotate the coil (direction
dependent)
Decrease / increase # of turns
NO Electromagnet off
CURRENT Steady magnetic field
Shape, location, and
orientation of coil is fixed

Changing magnetic flux B

Electromagnetic Induction

When the magnetic flux through a

circuit or loop changes, then an emf
and current are induced in the
circuit or loop.
29.2 Faradays Law

Calculate the induced emf in a closed loop due to a

time-varying magnetic flux using Faradays Law
Michael Faraday (1791 1867)
Considered to be the greatest
experimentalist who ever lived
Poor in math (trigo and simple
algebra only)
Introduced the concept of E and B
fields
Recall: Magnetic Flux

d B B dA B dA B cosdA

B B dA BdA cos

If B is uniform over a
flat area A:

B BA cos
29.2 Faradays Law

Faradays Law of Induction

The induced emf in a closed loop equals
the negative of the time rate of change of
magnetic flux through the loop.

d B d B
E E N
dt dt
29.2 Faradays Law

d B
E
dt
Independent of the resistance of the loop
Depends only on B
B can only be varied by changing B, A or the angle
between them
Emf is induced by changing flux (dB /dt) and NOT
B alone
EXAMPLE 29.1 Uniform B0
EXAMPLE 29.2: Emf and Current Induced in a Loop
The magnetic field between the poles of the electromagnet in the figure shown is
uniform at any time, but its magnitude is increasing at the rate of 0.020 T/s. The area
of the conducting loop in the field is 120 cm2 , and the total circuit resistance,
including the meter, is 5.0 . What is the (a) magnitude of induced emf and (b) the
induced current in the circuit.
Direction of Induced emf
Define a positive direction of A
From the directions of A and the magnetic field B

Determine the sign of the magnetic flux ()

Determine the rate of change (d/dt).
Determine the sign of the induced emf or current.

d/dt > 0 E <0

d/dt < 0 E >0
Use RHR or LHR
If the E > 0, use RHR
If the E < 0, use LHR
With your thumb in the direction of A, curl the
four fingers
direction : LHR direction : RHR
d B d B
B , 0, E 0 B , 0, E 0
dt dt

direction : RHR direction : LHR

d B d B
B , 0, E 0 B , 0, E 0
dt dt
EXAMPLE 29.3: Induced emf and Induced I Magnitude
A coil of wire containing 500 circular loops with area 2 cm2 and resistance of 0.5 is
placed between the poles of a large electromagnet, where the magnetic field is
uniform and at an angle of 60o with the plane of the coil. The field decreases at a
rate of 0.5 T/s. What is the magnitude of the induced emf and induced current?

N
d B
dt
N
d
dt
B A
0
d d
E NA B NB A
dt dt

E (500)(0.02m2 )(0.5 T s) cos 30

I E R
E 2.5 3V
I 5 3A
EXAMPLE 29.4: Alternator
A rectangular loop is made to rotate with constant angular speed , about the axis
shown. The magnetic field B is uniform and constant. At time t = 0, = 0.
Determine the magnitude and the direction of the induced emf.

d B
BA cos
d
E
dt dt
Which quantity is changing?
Angle!
d
E BA cos t
dt
d
E BA cos t E BA( sin t )
dt
Direction: E > 0 (RHR)
Clockwise! E BA sin t
EXAMPLE 29.5:Slidewire generator
A U-shaped conductor in a uniform magnetic field B. A metal rod with length L
across the two arms of the conductor move to the right with constant velocity v.
Find the magnitude and direction of the resulting induced emf.

d B d
E BA
dt dt
Which quantity is changing?
Area! dA
E B
dt
At dt slide moves by? vdt

E BLv
At dt what is dA? Lvdt
Lvdt
E B
dt
EXAMPLE 29.5:Slidewire generator
A U-shaped conductor in a uniform magnetic field B. A metal rod with length L
across the two arms of the conductor move to the right with constant velocity v.
Find the magnitude and direction of the resulting induced emf.

Direction:

d
E 0
dt
Look in the direction of A: LHR

Counterclockwise!
29.3 Lenzs Law

Describe the direction of the induced magnetic field,

and current on a conducting/non-conducting loop
using Lenzs Law
29.3 Lenzs Law

The direction of any magnetic induction effect is

such as to oppose the cause of the effect.
29.3 Lenzs Law

The direction of any magnetic induction effect

is such as to oppose the cause of the effect.

Gives the direction of induced current

If B increases,
induced must create an induced magnetic field to
decrease the flux
If B decreases,
induced must create an induced magnetic field to increase
the flux
29.3 Lenzs Law

Only gives the direction of induced current.

Magnitude depends on the resistance of the loop.
Only the relative direction of the loop and the magnet
is important, it doesnt matter which one moves.
Lenzs Law and the Response to Flux Changes
Bext increasing downwards

What will happen to B?

v d B
Bext B increases 0
dt
Bind counteract in B
opposite direction of Bext
Bind
To produce Bind, the direction of
the induced current is
Iind Counterclockwise!
Lenzs Law and the Response to Flux Changes

Bext increasing upwards

v What will happen to B?

Bext d B
B increases 0
Bind
dt
Bind counteract in B
opposite direction of Bext
To produce Bind, the direction of
the induced current is
Iind
Clockwise!
Lenzs Law and the Response to Flux Changes
Bext decreasing upwards

What will happen to B?

v B decreases d B 0
Bext
dt
Bind counteract in B
same direction of Bext
Bind To produce Bind, the direction of
the induced current is
Iind
Counterclockwise!
Lenzs Law and the Response to Flux Changes

Bext decreasing downwards

Bext v What will happen to B?

B decreases d B 0
dt
Bind Bind counteract in B
same direction of Bext
To produce Bind, the direction of
Iind the induced current is

Clockwise!
 29.3 Lenzs Law

The direction of any magnetic induction effect is

such as to oppose the cause of the effect.
To determine the direction of induced current
What is the direction of Bext?
Is the B increasing or decreasing?
If increasing, the direction of Bind is opposite Bext .
If decreasing, the direction of Bind is the same as Bext .
Use RHR
Point the thumb to the direction of Bind .
Curl your four fingers. direction of Iind
EXAMPLE 29.6: Lenz Law
Consider a loop lying in the xy-plane and immersed in a region of spatially
uniform magnetic eld whose magnitude is either increasing or decreasing. Which
of the following correctly depicts the direction of the induced current in the loop?
EXAMPLE 29.7: Clockwise
 EXAMPLE 29.8 Slidewire Generator Revisited

As the rod slides to the right,

Area increases
Flux increases
Bind Binduced should decrease flux
Bind opposite the direction of B
Bind out of the page
Eind, Iind counterclockwise
EXAMPLE 29.9: Rectangular Coil
A rectangular coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field pointing into
the page as shown. What is the direction of the induced emf if the
coil is moved upwards? downwards? To the right?

Upwards: B Bind
Eind: Counterclockwise

Downwards: B Bind X

Eind: Clockwise

To the right: no change in B Bind = 0

Eind = 0
29.4 Motional Electromotive Force

Given the velocity and the orientation of a

conductor in a uniform magnetic field, determine
the induced emf, magnetic field, and current
29.4 Motional emf

Consider the magnetic forces

on a mobile charge in a
moving conductor
The charged particle
experience a magnetic force
directed upwards with
magnitude:

FB qvB
29.4 Motional emf

The magnetic force causes

the free charges to move
This in turn produces an
electric field directed
downwards
The electric field then
produces a force with
magnitude:

FE qE
29.4 Motional emf

FB and FE cancel each other

so the magnitudes are equal:

qvB qE
The magnitude of the
potential difference between
a and b is EL

Vab EL vBL
29.4 Motional emf
The moving rod becomes a
source of motional emf
E vBL
Suppose the rod slides
No magnetic force act on
the charges on the U
shaped conductor
But charges at a and b
redistributes itself
around the conductor
creating an electric field
The field then
establishes a current
around the loop
29.4 Motional emf

E vBL
29.4 Motional emf
Generalize concept of motional emf for a conductor
of any shape moving in a uniform or non-uniform
magnetic field


dE v B dl
For a closed conductor:

E

v B dl
 29.4 Motional emf

dE v B dl
Direction
Thumb points to more positive

vB region of the conductor
v +

B
B v
-
EXAMPLE 29.9: Polarity and Induced emf 2
A thin conductor with length L is moving at a velocity v in a region of
uniform magnetic field B directed out of the page as shown. What is
the magnitude and polarity of the induced emf?

B
-
30o
v

60o
vB
E vBL cos 60
+
1
E vBL
2
EXAMPLE 29.10: Bulb Power
Consider a piece of copper slab of length 1 m resting on conducting iron wires (with zero
resistance) that are connected to an ohmic bulb of resistance 10 . The wires and the slab
form a closed loop whose plane is perpendicular to the magnetic eld of magnitude 2 T
directed out of the page as shown. The slab is pulled at a constant rate of 1 m/s along the
direction specied in the gure. (a) What is the direction of the induced current through
the bulb? (b) How much power is being dissipated through the bulb?

v P
2

vBL
2

I R R

P
1m / s 4T 1m
2
8
W
10 5
Decreasing flux: Bind is the same as Bext
Iind is CCW
EXAMPLE 29.11: Induced Current
A conductor has length L= 1.0 m and is moving at a speed v=1 m/s in a
region of uniform magnetic field B0= 1 T directed into the page as
shown. What is the magnitude and direction of the induced current
through the resistor R= 2 ?

vB0 L
I
R R
I

Increasing flux: Bind is opposite Bext

I
1m / s 1T 1m 1
A
Iind is CCW
2 2
29.5 Induced Electric Field

Compare and contrast electrostatic electric field

and non-electrostatic/induced electric field
 29.5 Induced Electric field
REVIEW: Motional emf
origin of induced emf magnetic forces on mobile
charges in a conductor

induced emf changing flux through a stationary conductor

What is it that pushes the charges around the

circuit if the conductor is stationary?
29.5 Induced Electric field

long, thin solenoid with

cross-sectional area A and n
turns per unit length
circular conducting loop at its
center
galvanometer measures the
current in the loop
I in the solenoid sets up a B
in the axis of the loop with
magnitude:

B o nI
29.5 Induced Electric field

take the vector area A to point in

the direction of B
A
The magnetic flux through the loop
is:

B BA o nIA
current I in the solenoid changes
in time, B also changes in time
According to Faradays law:

d B dI
E o nA
dt dt
What force make the charges move around
the loop?
There has to be an induced
electric field in the conductor
caused by the changing flux.
stationary circular loop with radius r
E has the same magnitude at every point
in the circle and is tangent to each point
Gauss Law: no enclosed charge
Line integral

E dl 2rE
 U
E dl q ind
d B
E dl dt

Valid only if the path of integration is stationary

A changing magnetic field acts as a source of
electric field that cannot be produced by static
charge distributions
Two Classifications of E-field
1. Electrostatic (conservative) E
Produced by stationary charged distributions

Causes an electric force F = qE

Conservative

2. Non-Electrostatic (non-conservative) E
Produced by changing magnetic flux

Causes an electric force F = qE

Non-Conservative
 EXAMPLE 29.12: Induced Electric Field1
A long solenoid is wound with 50.0 turns per meter and the current in its
windings is increasing at the rate of 10.0 A/s. The cross-sectional area of the
solenoid is 4.0 cm2. What is the magnitude of the induced electric field within
the loop if its radius is 2.0 cm?

d B

d B dt
E dl dt E
2r

d B dI d B
0 nA
dt

0 50.0m 1 4.0 x10 2 m 2 10.0 A / s 20 0
dt dt

200 4
E

2 2.0 x10 m
2
2.0 x10
V /m
EXAMPLE 29.13: Induced Electric Field2
A metal ring of radius r is placed between the north and south poles of large magnets
with the plane of its area perpendicular to the magnetic field. These magnets
produce an initial uniform field B between them but are gradually pulled apart,
causing this field to remain uniform but decrease steadily at a rate dB/dt. What is the
magnitude of the electric field induced in the ring?

d B A dB 2 dB
r
d B dt
E dl
dt
E dt
2r

2r

2r
dt

r dB
E
2 dt
 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 29
Faradays Law
d B
E
dt
Lenzs Law
The direction of any magnetic induction effect is
such as to oppose the cause of the effect.

Motional emf

E vBL E
v B dl
Induced Electric Field
d B
E dl dt
PS8: Exercises 29.3, 29.16, 29.20, 29.28, 29.37
Due: April 08, 2016 (Fri)
EXTRA
1. Rectangular Coil. A rectangular coil with area 1 m2
and oriented in the horizontal xy-plane is located in
a region of uniform magnetic field that varies with
time according to B(t)= (1 T/s2)t2. The magnetic
field is at an angle of 30 with the plane of the coil.
What is the magnitude of the induced emf in the
coil at time t= 1 s?
E= 1 V
2. Induced current. The gure shows two parallel
loops of wire with a common axis. The smaller loop
(radius r) is above the larger loop (radius R) by a
distance x >>R. The larger loop carries a current I
with the direction as shown in the gure. What will
be the direction of the induced current in the
smaller loop if the distance x decreases? CW
 A

60

d B dB
A cos
dt dt

1m 2tT / s cos 60 1(2)1 / 2 1V

2 2