CHAPTER 30: INDUCTANCE

30.1 Mutual Inductance

Calculate mutually-induced emf given the

mutual inductance between two circuits
REVIEW
Chapter 28.4: Magnetic
interaction between two wires
carrying steady currents

the current in one wire causes

a B-field which exerts a force on
the current in the second wire
30.1 Mutual Inductance

two neighboring coils of

wire
current i1 in coil 1
produces a magnetic
field B and a magnetic
flux B2 through coil 2
if i1 is changing, B2 also
changes
changing flux in coil 2
would create an induced
emf E2 in coil 2
30.1 Mutual Inductance

d B2
E2 N 2
dt
Introduce a proportionality
constant M21 called the
mutual inductance

N 2 B2 M 21i1
30.1 Mutual Inductance

d B 2 di1
N2 M 21
dt dt

di1
E2 M 21
dt

N 2 B2
M 21
i1
30.1 Mutual Inductance
If the coils are in vacuum, B2 is directly proportional
to i1
M21 depends only on the geometry of the two coils
(size, shape, no. of turns, orientation, and separation of
the coils)
The opposite case:
Changing current i2 causes a changing B1 and 1,
M12 = M21 mutual inductance M
High M means that two coils highly affect each other
30.1 Mutual Inductance
Mutually induced emf:

di2 di1
E1 M E2 M
dt dt
A change in current in coil 1 causes a change in flux
through coil 2, inducing an emf in coil 2 that opposes
the flux change.
The mutual inductance is:

N 2 B 2 N 1 B1
M
i1 i2
30.1 Mutual Inductance
Scalar quantity
SI Unit: Henry (H)
1 H = 1 Wb/A = 1 V s/A = 1 s = 1 J/A2

Mutual inductance causes a nuisance in electrical

circuits
A transformer used in AC circuits to increase or
lower the voltage is just the same as the two coils
described
EXAMPLE 30.1: Double Solenoid
A long solenoid with length l and cross-sectional area A is closely
wound with N1 turns of wire. A coil with N2 turns surrounds it at its
center. What is the mutual inductance of the double solenoid shown?

M


N2 B A
i1
o N1i1 2
N 2 r2
l
M
N 2 B 2 i1
M
i1 o N1 N 2r 2
No dependence M 2

on current! l
EXAMPLE 30.2: Induced emf
Two coils have a mutual inductance of 10 H. If current in coil 1 varies
in time and is given by I1(t) =(1x106 A/s)t, what is the induced emf in
coil 2?

E2 10H

d 1 106 A / s t

dt

di1 2 10H 1106 A / s

E2 M
dt 2 10V
30.2 Self Inductance and Inductor

Calculate self-induced emf given the self-inductance

of the circuit
30.2 Self inductance

Single isolated circuit

Current in a circuit
creates a magnetic field
and a magnetic flux in
the same circuit
The changing flux gives
rise to a self induced
emf
30.2 Self inductance

Self induced emf can

occur in any current
carrying circuit
Self inductance L
N B
L
i
Or simply inductance
N 2 B 2 N 1 B1 Unit: Henry
M
i1 i2
30.2 Self inductance

Using Faradays law the

self induced emf is:
di
E L
dt
Self inductance in a
circuit is the magnitude
of the self induced
emf/unit change of
current
 Inductors
A circuit element designed to have a particular
inductance also called a choke

Their purpose is to oppose any variation in the current

in a circuit
Help maintain a steady current despite fluctuations in
the applied emf
Can store magnetic energy
Inductors in a Circuit

According to Faradays
law:
di
En dl L dt
Integration is clockwise
around the loop
Inductors in a Circuit

b di
a En dl L dt
But the total electric
field within the coils is
zero (EC+En = 0)
Inductors in a Circuit

b di
a Ec dl L
dt

Vab = Va-Vb
di
Vab L
dt

KLR can be used to analyze circuits with inductors

Inductors in a Circuit

Sign rules when using KJR

in the presence of
inductors in the circuit
Potential across an
inductor is related to the
change in the current
EXAMPLE 30.3: Self Inductance
What is the self inductance of a coil in vacuum with length l, N turns and radius r?

BA
LN
i

Ni 2
r
N B LN l
L i
i

N 2
L does not depend on current!
L r 2

l
EXAMPLE 30.4: Solenoid Self Inductance
The current in the solenoid shown is decreasing at a rate of -3 A/s. The self induced
emf is found to be 0.9 V. What is the self inductance of the solenoid?

di
E L
dt

0.9V L(3 A / s)

L 0.3H
EXAMPLE 30.5: Toroid Self Inductance
A toroidal solenoid with cross-sectional area A and mean radius r is closely wound
with N turns of wire. The toroid is wound on a non-magnetic core. Determine its self
inductance L. Assume B is uniform across a cross section

0 Ni
Btoroid
2r
0 NiA
B BA
2r
B
LN
i
0 N A 2
L
2r
EXAMPLE 30.6: Self Induced Emf
If the current in a toroidal solenoid with L=40 H increases uniformly from 0 to 6.0 A
in 3 s, what is the magnitude and direction of the self induced emf?
di
| E | L
dt
di (6.0 A)
6
2.0 10 6
A/ s
dt (3.0 10 s)
| | (40 10 6 H )(2.0 10 6 A / s)
| E | 80V
di
Direction? 0
dt
Emf is opposite to that of the current
SW 14
1. A coil has a magnetic flux changing at a rate of 30 Wb/s and a current increasing
at a rate of 60 A/s. What is the magnitude of the induced emf?

di d B di
L
dt
LN /
dt dt
30V

2. Em. An ideal solenoid carries a current I. Another solenoid is wrapped around

the rst solenoid resulting to a mutual inductance M. If the current in the rst
solenoid is doubled, what is the new mutual inductance M?

M M
30.3 Magnetic Field Energy

Calculate the total magnetic energy stored in an

inductor and its magnetic energy density after current
is increased from zero to a final steady-state value
30.3 Magnetic Field Energy
Consider the simple circuit
Increasing current i
produces an emf at the
terminals of the inductor
and a potential difference
Vab
Thus energy is being
supplied by the source and
the power delivered is
P = Vabi
30.3 Magnetic Field Energy

Calculate the total energy U needed to establish a

final current I on an inductor L given the initial
current is 0.
i and di/dt instantaneous current and rate of change
di/dt > 0 current is increasing
Vab = L(di/dt)
Power supplied by the source is:

di
P Vab i L i
dt
30.3 Magnetic Field Energy
Energy dU supplied to the inductor during a time
interval dt:
di
dU Pdt P L i
dt

dU Lidi
Total energy U when the current increases from 0 to I:
I
1 2
U L idi LI
0
2
30.3 Magnetic Field Energy
When the current in the inductor decreases from I to
0, the inductor acts as a source that provides energy
(1/2)LI2
Energy flows to an inductor only
when the current increases
Energy is not immediately dissipated,
it is stored in the inductor and
released when the current decreases
Magnetic Energy Density

Energy in an inductor is
stored in the magnetic field
within the coils of the
inductor
Consider a toroidal solenoid
Volume enclosed is V = 2rA
Self inductance is given by:

o N 2 A
L
2r
Magnetic Energy Density
Energy stored is:
1 2 1 o N A 2 2
U LI I
2 2 2r
Energy density u or energy per
unit volume, u=U/V

U 1 N 2I 2
u o
2rA 2 2r 2
 1 N 2I 2
u o
Magnetic Energy Density 2 2r 2

The magnetic field inside the toroid is:

o NI B2 N 2I 2
B
2r 2 2r 2
o
The magnetic energy density:
B2 B2 Magnetic permeability:
u u = Kmo
2 o 2
Valid for any magnetic field configuration in a
material with constant permeability
EXAMPLE 30.7: Magnetic Energy
The magnetic energy Uo stored in a solenoid is 5 J when the supplied
current is 1 A. What is the current required to increase Uo four times?

1 2
U o LI
2

4U o L2 I
1 2

I 2A
EXAMPLE 30.8: Solenoid Magnetic Energy Density
Consider a solenoid with N loops and length L. What is its magnetic
energy density if a current i passes through it?

Ni
B
L
Ni
2

1 L
u
2
2
1B
u
2 1 N i 2 2
u 2
2 L
30.5 L-C Circuit

Describe the charge and current variation in time in an

L-C circuit
30.5 L-C Circuit
Capacitor + Inductor
Initially charged capacitor
Alternating charging of the capacitor and the
inductor
Current and charge are oscillating
the charge on the capacitor and the current through the
inductor both vary sinusoidally with time.
Transfer of energy from the electric field of the
capacitor to the magnetic field of the inductor
total energy is constant
30.5 L-C Circuit
Electrical Oscillations in L-C Circuits

Capacitor initially charged;

KLR
q di
L 0
C dt

But i = dq/dt
2
d q q
2
0
dt LC
Electrical Oscillations in L-C Circuits
2
d q q
2
0
dt LC
This has solution: q Q cos t

The angular frequency of oscillation is:

1

LC
Electrical Oscillations in L-C Circuits

The instantaneous current i=dq/dt: q Q cos t

i Q sint
Charge and current oscillates
Q and are determined from initial conditions
The Phase angle:

If at t = 0, capacitor has If at t = 0, q = 0
charge Q and i = 0
0 rad
2
 Energy in an L-C Circuit
The L-C circuit is a conservative system
Let Q be the maximum charge on the capacitor
The total energy is:

1 2 q2 Q2
Li
2 2C 2C

Magnetic field energy Total energy

Electric field energy

EXAMPLE 30.10: Largest Frequency
Consider 3 L-C circuits with the following values of inductances and
capacitances. Which of the 3 circuits has the largest frequency of
oscillation?

1
Circuit 1: L1 = Lo, C1 = Co 1
LoCo

1
Circuit 2: L2 = 2Lo, C1 = 0.5Co 2
2 Lo ( 0.5Co )
1
Circuit 2: L2 = 0.5Lo, C1 = 2Co 3
0.5Lo ( 2Co )
f1=f2=f3
EXAMPLE 30.11: Imax
Consider the circuit shown. What is the maximum instantaneous
current through the circuit?

UE UB
2
Q 1 2
LI max
2C 2

1 4C
2
4 H I max
1 2

2 1F 2

I max 2 A
SW15
1. EnergyL. An inductor initially has a magnetic energy U. If the current through the
inductor is doubled while its inductance is halved, what is the new magnetic
energy stored in the inductor?

A. U/2 B. U C. 2U D. 4U

1L 2
U 2i 2U
2 2
2. Elsi. In a large-scale LC circuit, L= 2 H and C= 8 F, and the maximum current in the
inductor was measured to be 0.5 A. What is the maximum charge on the
capacitor?

Q2 1 2
LI
2C 2
Q I LC 0.5 A 2H 8F
Q 2C
30.6 L-R-C Circuit

Describe the charge, voltage and current variation in

time for underdamped, critically-damped, and
overdamped L-R-C circuits
L-R-C Circuit
The L-C circuit is idealized since no resistance is
involved
L-R-C circuit consists of a capacitor, inductor and a
resistor in series
Capacitor is initially charged
Effect of the resistor is to dissipate energy, so the
energy acquired by the inductor is less than the
energy stored in the capacitor
Analyzing L-R-C circuit

Close the switch in the

upward position
Capacitor acquires charge
Q = CE
At t = 0, flip the switch so
that the capacitor is in
series with the resistor and
the inductor
Initial current is negative
Apply KLR starting at point
a in the direction abcda
Analyzing L-R-C circuit

di q
iR L 0
dt C
Replace i with dq/dt
2
d q R dq q
2
0
dt L dt LC
Analyzing L-R-C circuit
2
d q R dq q
2
0
dt L dt LC
When R2 < (4L/C), solution is:

1 R 2
q Ae R 2 L t
cos 2 t
LC 4 L
Underdamped

 Underdamped L-R-C Series Circuit

1 R 2
q Ae R 2 L t
cos 2 t
LC 4 L

Exponentially decaying amplitude
Angular frequency

2
1 R
' 2
LC 4 L
 2
1 R
' 2
LC 4 L
R2 = (4L/C) Critically damped
System no longer oscillates
q decreases exponentially in time

R2 > (4L/C) Overdamped

System no longer oscillates
q in time is the sum of two
exponentially decaying functions
EXAMPLE 30.12: Q(t)
A series L-R-C circuit without a battery has L = 1 H, R = 1 and C = 1
mF. The capacitor is initially charged. Which graph accurately
describes the behavior of the circuit capacitor charge as a function of
time?

2 4L
R ?
C

41H
1
2

1mF
EXAMPLE 30.13

2
1 R
' 2
LC 4 L
R f
EXAMPLE 30.14: No Oscillation
An L-R-C series circuit includes a 2- resistor. At t=0, the capacitor
charge is 2.0C, for which of the following values of inductance and
capacitance will the charge on the capacitor not oscillate?
I. L=3.0H, C=6.0F
II. L=6.0H, C=3.0F 2
R = 4 2
III. L=3.0H, C=3.0F
4L (critically damped
No oscillations when: R 2

C & overdamped)
4 L 4(3.0H )
(i) 2.02 42 (overdamped)
C 6.0F
4 L 4(6.0H )
(ii ) 8.0 2 4 2 (underdamped )
C 3.0F
4 L 4(3.0H ) 2 42 (critically damped )
(iii ) 4.0
C 3.0F
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 30
Mutual Inductance
di2 di1 N 2 B 2 N 1 B1
E1 M E2 M M
dt dt i1 i2

Self Inductance
di
E L
dt
Magnetic Field Energy
2
1 2 B
U LI u
2 2 o
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 30

L-C Circuits
1

LC
L-R-C Series Circuits

2
1 R
' 2
LC 4 L
SW16
1. RLC! Consider a R-L-C series circuit with inductance 1.0 H. In which of the
following values of resistance R and capacitance C will make the circuit critically
damped? 4L
R2
C
A. R=1.0 , C= 1.0 F C. R=2.0 , C= 1.0 F
B. R=1.0 , C= 2.0 F D. R=4.0 , C= 0.5 F

2. EL. An L-R-C series circuit was connected to a DC power supply. If R= 9 and C=

4 F, what should be the value of L to achieve a critically damped oscillation?
R 2 C 9 4 F
2
L 81H
4 4