INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

SESSION 2016-2017

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR. MUKESH KUMAR BATRA ARCHIT GOYAL 1000000

(PGT PHYSICS) CLASS – XII-C
 CONTENTS

• Acknowledgement
• Certificate
• Aim
• Synopsis
• Necessity And Application Of D.C.
• Materials Required
• Introduction
• Junction Diode As A Half Wave Rectifier
• Junction Diode As A Full Wave Rectifier
• Input-Output Waveform
• Filter Circuit
• Advantages Of Full Wave Rectifier Over Half
Wave Rectifier
• Losses And Limitations Of Full Wave
Rectifier
• Bibliography
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this project is result of

cooperation, and combined efforts of several
resources.
Hence, we acknowledge our heartfelt thanks to all
the people who directly or indirectly helped us in
completion of this project.
Our special thanks to Mr. Mukesh Kumar Batra
for her guidance without which this would have
not been possible.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this bona fide project work in

the subject of Computer Science has been
submitted by ARCHIT GOYAL (100000) of class
X11-C in the academic year 2016-2017 and
submitted to AISSCE practical examination
conducted by CBSE at Kendriya Vidyalaya .

Teacher’s Signature : _____________________

Mr. Mukesh Kumar Batra
(PGT Physics)
 AIM

To construct a full wave rectifier.

 SYNOPSIS

Rectifier is a device, which is used to convert an

A.C. supply into D.C. supply through semi
conductor diode. It finds its application in many
fields of electricity. It is used in batteries
eliminators, televisions, radios electroplating etc. I
have studied about it and have recorded
observations in this Project Report.
 NECESSITY AND APPLICATION
OF D.C.

D.C. output voltage which is practically constant is

absolutely essential for electrolytic and electro
chemical processes such as electroplating.
Electrotyping, electro refining, production of
aluminium, copper and other metals by
electrolysis. D.C is also necessary for running of 1
ampere current for cinema projection and welding.
 MATERIAL REQUIRED

1.Transformer :
It is device which is used to increase or decrease the
alternating current and alternating voltage. For the rectifier, it
may be step down or step up.

2.Junction Diode :
It is made up of p-type and n-type semiconductor which
conducts when the p terminal of diode to connect to positive
terminal of battery and n region is connected to negative
terminal of battery i.e. during forward biased and does not
conduct during reverse biased.

3.Light Emitting Diode:

A Light Emitting Diode is a simply a forward biased p-n
junction which emits spontaneous light radiation. When
forward bias is applied ,the electron and the holes at the
junction recombine and energy released is emitted in form of
light.

4.Resistances:
It is made up of carbon, and provides very high
resistance. Here it is used to protect the LED.

5.Input A.C. Source

 INTRODUCTION

Although in our daily life we use A.C. current devices. But

rectifier is a ‘Electronic device which converts A.C. power
into D.C. power’.
The study of the junction diode characteristics reveals that the
junction diode offers a low resistance path, when forward
biased, and a high resistance path, when reverse biased. This
feature of the junction diode enables it to be used as a
rectifier.
The alternating signals provides opposite kind of biased
voltage at the junction after each half-cycle. If the junction is
forward biased in the first half-cycle, its gets reverse biased in
the second half. It results in the flow of forward current in
one direction only and thus the signal gets rectified.
In other words, we can say, when an alternating e.m.f. signal
is applied across a junction diode, it will conduct only during
those alternate half cycles, which biased it in forward
direction.

TYPE OF RECTIFIER
Mainly we have two types of rectifier :
1. Half wave rectifier.
2. Full wave rectifier.
JUNCTION DIODE AS HALF WAVE
RECTIFIER
When a single diode is used as a rectifier, the rectification of
only one-half of the A.C. wave form takes place. Such a
rectification is called half-wave rectification.

PRINCIPLE :
It is based upon the principle that junction diode offers low
resistance path when forward biased, and high resistance
when reverse biased.

ARRANGEMENT :-
The A.C. supply is applied across the primary coil (P) of a
step down transformer. The secondary coil(S) of the
transformer is connected to the junction diode and a load
resistance RL. The output D.C. voltage is obtained across the
load resistance (RL)

WORKING :
Suppose that during the first half of the input cycle, the
junction diode gets forward biased the conventional current
will flow in the direction of the arrow-heads. The upper end
of RL will be at positive potential w.r.t. the lower end. During
the negative half cycle of the input a.c. voltage, the diode is
reverse biased. No current flows in the circuit, and therefore,
no voltage is developed across (RL). Since only the positive
half cycle of the input appears across the load, the a.c. input is
converted into pulsating direct current (d.c.).
DISADVANTAGE OF HALF-WAVE-
RECTIFIER :
1. Half wave rectification involves a lot of wastage of
energy and hence it is not preferred.
2. A small current flows during reverse bias due to minority
charge carriers. As the output across (RL) is negligible.
3. The resulting d.c. voltage is not steady enough for some
purpose. The following device is used when a very
steady d.c. voltage is required.
JUNCTION DIODE AS A FULL
WAVE RECTIFIER
“A rectifier which rectifies both waves of the a.c. input is
called a full wave rectifier”.

PRINCIPLE :-
It is based upon the principle that a junction diode offers low
resistance during forward biased and high resistance, when
reverse biased.

DIFFERENCE FROM HALF-WAVE

RECTIFIER
The main difference is that in full wave rectifier we use two
diodes. For this when we apply a.c. current to the rectifier
then the first half wave get forward biased due to first
diode. And when the second half wave comes. Then at that
time the second diode comes in action and gets forward
biased. Thus output obtained during both the half cycles of
the a.c. input

ARRANGEMENT:-
The a.c. supply is applied across the primary coil(P) of a step
down transformer. The two diodes of the secondary coil(S) of
the transformer are connected to the P-sections of the junction
diodes (D1) and (D2). A load resistance (RL) is connected
across the n-sections of the two diodes and at centre of the
secondary coil. The d.c. output will be obtained across the
load resistance (RL).
WORKING :-
Suppose that during first half of the input cycle, upper end of
(S) coil is at positive potential. And lower end is at negative
potential. The junction diode (D1) gets forward biased, while
the diode. (D2) get reverse biased. When the second half of
the input cycle comes, the situation will be exactly reverse.
Now the junction diode (D2) will conduct. Since the current
during both the half cycles flows from right to left through the
load resistance (RL) the output during both the half cycles will
be of same nature.
Thus, in a full wave rectifier, the output is continuous but
pulsating in nature. However it can be made smooth by using
a filter circuit.
 INPUT – OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

The input of sinusoidal AC produces pulsating DC output as

above. The output is in the form of ripples. It can be rectified
by using a filter circuit.
 FILTER CIRCUIT

The variation in the amplitude of the output voltage must be

smoothed out to make the rectified D.C. voltage suitable for
satisfactory operation of p-n junction diode. The variation in
output is known as ripple, those circuits which are used to
remove ripple known as Filter Circuit. Filter circuits are used
for establishing action of shunt capacitor and the circuit
smoothing action of a series choke. Depending upon whether
the first component is as capacitor input filter. This is known
as type filter because of its configuration. The choke value
varies from 10 to 15H. A small fluctuation is still present in
filter output, but this current have very small fraction of the
D.C. . Out voltage is practically constant.
ADVANTAGES OF FULL WAVE
RECTIFIER OVER HALF WAVE
RECTIFIER

1. The rectification efficiency is double than half wave

rectifier
2. Ripple factor is less and ripple frequency is double hence
easy to filterout.
3. DC output voltage and current is higher hence output
power is higher.
4. Better transformer utilization factor
 LOSSES AND LIMITATIONS OF
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

1. The losses due to transformer

a. Copper Losses -This is the energy loss in form of
heat(I2R).
b. Iron Losses- This is the energy wasted as heat due
to the development of eddy currents.
c. Hysteresis Loss- This is due to iron core
undergoing repeated cycle of magnetisation and de-
magnetisation when an E.M.F. is applied.
d. Leakage of Magnetic Flux- Owing to imperfect
insulation and winding, sources of the magnetic flux
leaks out.
2. Full wave rectifier requires more diodes i.e two for
centre tap rectifier and four for bridge rectifier.
3. When a small voltage is required to be rectified this full
wave rectifier circuit is not suitable.
4. In centre tap full wave rectifier, centre on the secondary
winding for tapping is difficult.
 RESULT
The Rectifier produces an output of 4V.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. NCERT Physics textbook class 12

2. www.google.com/images
3. https://www.coursehero.com/file/p63vt1k/Advantages-
of-full-wave-rectifier-over-half-wave-rectifier-The-
rectification/
4. http://analyseameter.com/2016/03/full-wave-rectifier-
circuit-characteristics-advantages-disadvantages.html