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caste
BrE / kst /
NAmE / kst /
noun
WORD ORIGIN
EXAMPLE BANK
1 [ countable ] any of the four main divisions of Hindu society, originally those
made according to functions in society
the caste system
high-caste Brahmins
2 [ countable ] a social class, especially one whose members do not allow others
to join it
the ruling caste
3 [ uncountable ] the system of dividing society into classes based on
differences in family origin, rank or wealth
Oxford University Press, 2010
Clan Tokugawa
los clanes ms poderosos de Japn. Alcanzaron el dominio de Japn durante el perodo Edo,
en donde estableceran el shogunato Tokugawa entre 1603 y 1868.
Originalmente son descendientes del Emperador Seiwa (56 Emperador de Japn, 850 - 880)
de parte de una rama del clan Minamoto, elclan Nitta. Del clan Nitta desciende el clan
Matsudaira, que tuvo como base el Castillo Okazaki y controlaran la provincia de Mikawa a
partir del siglo XV. En 1567, Matsudaira Takechiyo recibi el permiso del Emperador en tomar
el apellido Tokugawa, y cambi su nombre a Ieyasu.
A partir de entonces, en los ltimos aos de la era Sengoku, Ieyasu comienza a ejercer poder
sobre tierras vecinas y expande la influencia del clan en Japn, hasta que en 1603 Ieyasu se
convierte en shogun. En total, unos quince shogun dominaron Japn durante un perodo de
dos siglos y medio, caracterizado por una paz relativa, hasta que en 1868 el poder de los
Tokugawa es transferido al Emperador Meiji, quien apoyado por algunos clanes rivales a los
Tokugawa, estableci la Restauracin Meiji.
Manch
Manch,
Emperador Kangxi Yongzheng Qianlong
Idioma Manch
Los manches (chino simplificado: ; chino tradicional: ; pinyin: Mnz) son un grupo
tnico, originario de Manchuria.
Fueron los fundadores de la dinasta Qing que gobern China hasta el ao 1911. Actualmente,
su poblacin es de aproximadamente 10.000.000 de personas que se concentran en las
provincias de Liaoning, Jilin y Heilongjiang. Los manches forman una de las 56 minoras
tnicas oficialmente reconocidas por el gobierno de la Repblica Popular China.
Mi verdadera gloria no est en haber ganado cuarenta batallas; Waterloo eclipsar el recuerdo de tantas
victorias. Lo que no ser borrado, lo que vivir eternamente, es mi Cdigo Civil (traduccin).
propel / prpel / verb ( past tense and past participle propelled , present
participle propelling ) [ transitive ]
1 to move, drive, or push something forward propulsion :
a boat propelled by a small motor
One of our students was unable to propel her wheelchair up the ramp.
propel yourself along/through etc
She used the sticks to propel herself along.
2 written to make someone move in a particular direction, especially
by pushing them :
He took her arm and propelled her towards the door.
3 to move someone into a new situation or make them do
something
propel somebody to/into something
The film propelled her to stardom.
Company directors were propelled into action.
tap 2 verb ( past tense and past participle tapped , present participle
tapping )
1 HIT LIGHTLY [ intransitive and transitive ] to hit your fingers lightly
on something, for example to get someones attention
tap somebody on the shoulder/arm/chest etc
He turned as someone tapped him on the shoulder.
tap on
I went up and tapped on the window.
tap something on/against/from etc something
Mark tapped his fingers on the tabletop impatiently.
She tapped ash from her cigarette.
2 MUSIC [ transitive ] to make a regular pattern of sounds with your
fingers or feet, especially when you are listening to music :
She tapped her feet in time to the music.
a toe-tapping tune
3 ENERGY/MONEY [ transitive ] ( also tap into ) to use or take what is
needed from something such as an energy supply or an amount of
money :
People are tapping into the power supply illegally.
We hope that additional sources of funding can be tapped.
4 IDEAS [ transitive ] ( also tap into ) to make as much use as
possible of the ideas, experience, knowledge etc that a group of people
has :
Your advisers experience is there to be tapped.
helping people tap into training opportunities
5 TELEPHONE [ transitive ] to listen secretly to someones telephone
by using a special piece of electronic equipment :
Murrays phone calls to Australia were tapped .
6 TREE [ transitive ] to get liquid from the TRUNK of a tree by making
a hole in it
7 PLAYER [ transitive ] ( also tap up ) British English informal if a
football club taps a player from another team, it illegally tries to
persuade that player to join its team
tap something in ( also tap something into something ) phrasal
verb British English
to put information, numbers etc into a computer, telephone etc by
pressing buttons or keys :
Tap in your password before you log on.
tap something out phrasal verb
1 to hit something lightly, especially with your fingers or foot, in
order to make a pattern of sounds :
He whistled the tune and tapped out the rhythm.
2 to write something with a computer :
Brian tapped out a name on his small electronic organizer.
far-flung adjective
1 very distant
far-flung corners/places/regions etc
expeditions to far-flung corners of the globe
people flying to far-flung destinations
2 spread out over a very large area :
Email enables far-flung friends to keep in touch.
lag 1 / l / verb ( past tense and past participle lagged , present participle
lagging )
1 [ intransitive and transitive ] to move or develop more slowly than
others
lag behind
She stopped to wait for Ian who was lagging behind.
Britain is lagging behind the rest of Europe.
2 [ transitive ] British English to cover water pipes etc with a special
material to prevent the water inside them from freezing or the heat from
being lost :
Weve had the hot-water tank lagged.
1 [ only before noun ] being the total amount of sth before anything is taken
away
gross weight (= including the container or wrapping)
gross income/wage (= before taxes, etc. are taken away)
Investments showed a gross profit of 26%.
compare net
2 [ only before noun ] ( formal or law ) ( of a crime, etc. ) very obvious and
unacceptable
gross indecency/negligence/misconduct
a gross violation of human rights
3 ( informal ) very unpleasant
disgusting
He ate it with mustard. Oh, gross!
4 very rude
crude
gross behaviour
5 very fat and ugly
She's not just fat, she's positively gross!
gross ness / BrE rsns ; NAmE rosns / noun [ uncountable ]
adverb
WORD ORIGIN
in total, before anything is taken away
She earns 25000 a year gross.
compare net
verb
VERB FORMS
WORD ORIGIN
EXAMPLE BANK
~ sth
to earn a particular amount of money before tax has been taken off it
It is one of the biggest grossing movies of all time.
The concert grossed a massive 2 million at the box office.
gross sb out ( NAmE , informal ) to be very unpleasant and make sb feel
disgusted
disgust
His bad breath really grossed me out.
noun
WORD ORIGIN
1 ( pl. gross ) a group of 144 things
two gross of apples
to sell sth by the gross
2 ( pl. grosses ) ( especially US ) a total amount of money earned by sth,
especially a film/movie, before any costs are taken away
Oxford University Press, 2010
Competition law
Basic concepts
Monopoly
Coercive monopoly
Natural monopoly
Barriers to entry
HerfindahlHirschman Index
Market concentration
Market power
SSNIP test
Relevant market
Merger control
Anti-competitive practices
Monopolization
Collusion
Formation of cartels
Price fixing
Bid rigging
Refusal to deal
Group boycott
Essential facilities
Exclusive dealing
Dividing territories
Conscious parallelism
Predatory pricing
view
talk
edit
The Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act,[1] 26 Stat. 209, 15 U.S.C. 17) is a landmark
federal statute in the history of United States antitrust law (or "competition law") passed by
Congress in 1890. Passed under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison, it prohibits certain
business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anti-competitive, and
requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts.
In the general sense, a trust is a centuries-old form of a contract whereby one party entrusts its
property to a second party. These are commonly used to hold inheritances for the benefit of
children, for example. The specific sense from 19th Century America used in the law refers to a
type of trust which combines several large businesses for monopolistic purposes - to exert
complete control over a market - though the law addresses monopolistic practices even if they
have nothing to do with this specific legal arrangement. [2] In most countries outside the United
States, antitrust law is known as "competition law."
The law attempts to prevent the artificial raising of prices by restriction of trade or supply.
[3]
"Innocent monopoly", or monopoly achieved solely by merit, is perfectly legal, but acts by a
monopolist to artificially preserve that status, or nefarious dealings to create a monopoly, are
not. The purpose of the Sherman Act is not to protect competitors from harm from legitimately
successful businesses, nor to prevent businesses from gaining honest profits from consumers,
but rather to preserve a competitive marketplace to protect consumers from abuses.
(European competition law extends beyond this, to the protection of competitors, at the
expense of consumers and overall efficiency.[4])
Over time, the Act has also been used more broadly, to oppose the combination of entities that
could potentially harm competition, such asmonopolies or cartels.
French Republic
Rpublique franaise
18701940
Flag Emblem
(unofficial)
Motto
"Libert, galit, fraternit" (French)
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem
"La Marseillaise"
MENU
0:00
France in 1939
France
French protectorates
Capital Paris
Languages French
Religion Catholicism,
disestablished
1905
Government Parliamentary
republic
President
18711873 Adolphe
Thiers (first)
19321940 Albert
Lebrun (last)
President of the Council
of Ministers
18701871 Louis Jules
Trochu
1940 Philippe Ptain
Legislature Parliament
Upper house Senate
Lower house Chamber of
Deputies
History
Proclamation by Leon 4 September
Gambetta 1870
Vichy Franceestablished 10 July 1940
Population
est. 35,565,800
History of France
Prehistory[show]
Ancient[show]
Middle Ages[show]
Early modern[show]
20th century[show]
Timeline
France portal
v
t
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weather 2 verb
1 [ transitive ] to come through a very difficult situation safely :
The company weathered the storm of objections to the scheme.
Northern Ireland weathered the recession better than any other region
in the UK.
2 [ intransitive and transitive ] if rock, wood, or someones face is
weathered by the wind, sun, rain etc, or if it weathers, it changes colour
or shape over a period of time :
The brick has weathered to a lovely pinky-brown.
Her face was weathered by the sun.
Chartist
BrE
NAmE
noun
[ usu pl]
a member of a group of people in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s who supported the
Peoples Charter . This document demanded improvements to the political
system, such as the right to vote for all adult men, the right to vote in secret, and
the right to become a Member of Parliament without owning land. Over three
million people signed the Charter, and some Chartists took part in political
violence, but most of the changes they demanded were not made until much later.
Oxford University Press, 2010
A painting by Sir George Hayter that commemorates the passing of the Act. It depicts the first session of
the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833 held in St. Stephen's Chapel. In the
foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (17641845), William
Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (17791848) and the Whigs on the left; and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of
Wellington (17691852) and the Tories on the right. Currently in theNational Portrait Gallery.
The Representation of the People Act 1832 (known informally as the 1832 Reform
Act, Great Reform Act or First Reform Act to distinguish it from subsequent Reform Acts)
was an Act of Parliament (indexed as 2 & 3 Will. IV c. 45) that introduced wide-ranging
changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. According to its preamble, the Act was
designed to "take effectual Measures for correcting divers Abuses that have long prevailed in
the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament".[1]Before the reform,
most members nominally represented boroughs. The number of electors in a borough varied
widely, from a dozen or so up to 12,000. Frequently the selection of MPs was effectively
controlled by one powerful patron: for example Charles Howard, 11th Duke of
Norfolk controlled eleven boroughs. Criteria for qualification for the franchise varied greatly
among boroughs, from the requirement to own land, to merely living in a house with a hearth
sufficient to boil a pot.
There had been calls for reform long before 1832, but without success. The Act that finally
succeeded was proposed by the Whigs, led by Prime Minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. It
met with significant opposition from the Pittite factions in Parliament, who had long governed
the country; opposition was especially pronounced in the House of Lords. Nevertheless, the bill
was eventually passed, mainly as a result of public pressure. The Act granted seats in the
House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution, and
removed seats from the "rotten boroughs": those with very small electorates and usually
dominated by a wealthy patron. The Act also increased the electorate from about 500,000 to
813,000, with about one in five adult males allowed to vote, from a total population (including
women and children) of some 14 million (about 5.8% of the total population - in comparison: in
Baden, Germany, it was 17% at that time, in France 5%).[2]
The full title is An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales. Its
formal short title and citation is "Representation of the People Act 1832 (2 & 3 Wm. IV, c. 45)".
The Act applied only in England and Wales; the Scottish Reform Act 1832 and Irish Reform Act
1832 brought similar changes to Scotland and Ireland, respectively.[3]
The Chartist Movement had peaked by the 1850s but there was an acceptance among
Members of Parliament that there was more work to be done to remove anomalies in the
system that the first Reform Act had not addressed.
Landowners
However, the call for universal manhood suffrage or 'one man, one vote' was still resisted
by Parliament and the second Reform Act, passed in 1867, was still based around property
qualifications.
There was no question of campaigning for the right to vote for women too. They were still
excluded.
granted the vote to all householders in the boroughs as well as lodgers who paid
rent of 10 a year or more
reduced the property threshold in the counties and gave the vote to agricultural
landowners and tenants with very small amounts of land
Men in urban areas who met the property qualification were enfranchised and the Act
roughly doubled the electorate in England and Wales from one to two million men.
sportsmanship / sptsmnp $ sprts- / noun [ uncountable ]
behaviour that is fair, honest, and polite in a game or sports
competition :
His sportsmanship and style of play are refreshing.
good/bad/poor sportsmanship (= good or bad behaviour in a sport )
We try to teach the kids good sportsmanship.
School funding
The views expressed by industrialists that mass education was vital to the nation's ability to
maintain its lead in manufacture carried considerable weight in Parliament. A Bill which met
many, but not all, of the League's wishes was drafted and introduced by W. E. Forster, and
quickly passed.
The Act allowed voluntary schools to carry on unchanged, but established a system of
'school boards' to build and manage schools in areas where they were needed. The boards
were locally elected bodies which drew their funding from the local rates. Unlike the
voluntary schools, religious teaching in the board schools was to be 'non-denominational'. A
separate Act extended similar provisions to Scotland in 1872.
Many children worked outside school hours - in 1901 the figure was put at 300,000 - and
truancy was a major problem due to the fact that parents could not afford to give up income
earned by their children.
Fees were also payable until a change in the law in 1891. Further legislation in 1893
extended the age of compulsory attendance to 11, and in 1899 to 12.
Compulsory education was also extended to blind and deaf children under the Elementary
Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act of 1893, which established special schools. Similar
provision was made for physically-impaired children in the Elementary Education (Defective
and Epileptic Children) Act of 1899.
commission 1 S3 W2 / km n / noun
1 [ countable ] a group of people who have been given the official
job of finding out about something or controlling something :
The Government set up a commission to investigate allegations of
police violence.
commission on
the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution
2 [ uncountable and countable ] an extra amount of money that is
paid to a person or organization according to the value of the goods
they have sold or the services they have provided :
The dealer takes a 20% commission on the sales he makes.
on commission
He sold cosmetics on commission.
3 [ countable ] a request for an artist, designer, or musician to make
a piece of art or music, for which they are paid :
a commission from the Academy for a new sculpture
4 [ countable ] the position of an officer in the army, navy etc
5 [ uncountable ] formal the commission of a crime is the act of
doing it commit
6 out of commission
a) not working or not available for use :
One of the ships anchors was out of commission.
b) informal ill or injured, and unable to work
7 in commission available to be used :
The operating theatres will be back in commission next week.
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
set up/establish/create a commission They set up a commission to
investigate the problem of youth crime.
appoint a commission (= choose the members of a commission ) The
President appointed a commission to develop standards in schools.
head a commission (= be in charge of one ) He was elected to head a
commission on tax reform.
a commission recommends something The commission
recommended that the federal government change the way it measures
inflation.
a commission approves something The commission approved the
plan.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + COMMISSION
a special commission A special commission was set up to investigate
the killings.
an independent commission The plan requires approval by an
independent commission.
an international commission an international commission on climate
change
a parliamentary commission A report was made by a special
parliamentary commission.
a government commission A government commission regulates the
process.
a national/federal commission the National Commission on
Terrorism
a presidential commission the Presidentail Commission on Health
Care
a joint commission (= involving two or more countries or groups ) a
new India-Sri Lanka joint commission
an investigative/investigating commission An investigative
commission was set up immediately after the incident.
Colours Red
House of Commons 230 / 650
European Parliament 20 / 73
Welsh Assembly 29 / 60
London Assembly 12 / 25
Directly-elected Mayors 13 / 17
Website
www.labour.org.uk
Political parties
Elections
Part of a series on
Organized labour
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v
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The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom.[4][5][6][7] Growing out of
the trade union movement andsocialist parties of the nineteenth century, the Labour Party has
been described as a "broad church", encompassing a diversity of ideological trends from
strongly socialist to moderate social democratic.
Founded in 1900, the Labour Party overtook the Liberal Party as the main opposition to
the Conservative Party in the early 1920s, forming minority governments under Ramsay
MacDonald in 1924 and from 1929 to 1931. Labour later served in the wartime coalition from
1940 to 1945, after which it formed a majority government under Clement Attlee. Labour was
also in government from1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under
Wilson and then James Callaghan.
The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon
Brown, beginning with a landslide majority of 179, reduced to 167 in 2001 and 66 in 2005.
Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in
the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Labour is the largest party in the Welsh Assembly, the third largest party in the Scottish
Parliament and has twenty MEPs in theEuropean Parliament, sitting in the Socialists and
Democrats Group. The party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections
to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a full member of the Party of European
Socialists andProgressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. In
September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was electedLeader of the Labour Party.
Chancellor of the Exchequer noun ( plural Chancellors of
the Exchequer ) [ countable ]
the British government minister in charge of taxes and government
spending
Jim Moher
Jim Moher (JM) gave a presentation on the history of the 1909 Osborne
Judgment and its continued implications today (for a full account, please
see his subsequent H&P paper 'The Osborne Judgment 1909: trade union
funding of political parties in historical perspective').
The LRC also tightened its rules to become a separate party with a
distinct programme and Whip in the Commons. Each of its sponsored
candidates and MPS had to sign a pledge to support this party only,
and this drew a strong reaction from the Lib-Lab trade unionist MPs,
who wanted to retain their tactical alliance with a major government
party, the Liberals.
Richard Bell MP, also General Secretary of the ASRS, refused to sign
the pledge and so fell out with the LRC and his own pro-LRC union
leadership. The dispute rumbled on until the 1906 general election,
when ironically, as a result of an electoral pact with the Liberals, the
Labour Party emerged with 29 MPs.
Manchester Liberalism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Manchester Liberalism, Manchester School, Manchester Capitalism,
and Manchesterism are terms for the political, economic, and social movements of the 19th
century that originated in Manchester, England. Led by Richard Cobden and John Bright, it
won a wide hearing for its argument that free trade would lead to a more equitable society,
making essential products available to all. Its most famous activity was the Anti-Corn Law
League that called for repeal of the Corn Laws that kept food prices high. It expounded the
social and economic implications of free trade and laissez faire. The Manchester School took
the theories of economic liberalism advocated by classical economists such as Adam
Smith and made them the basis for government policy. The School also promoted pacifism,
anti-slavery, freedom of the press and separation of church and state.[1]
Ulster / lst /
another name for Northern Ireland. The name Ulster is often used in
news reports, and it is also the name preferred by the mainly Protestant
political parties and groups who want Northern Ireland to remain part of
the UK.
Junker (Prussia)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rittergut Neudeck, East Prussia (today Ogrodzieniec, Poland), presented to Reich President Paul von
Hindenburg in 1928
The Junkers (/jkr/ YUUNG-kr; German: [jk]) were the members of the landed
nobility in Prussia. They owned great estates that were maintained and worked by peasants
with few rights.[1] They were an important factor in Prussian and, after 1871, German military,
political and diplomatic leadership. The most famous Junker was Chancellor Otto von
Bismarck.[2]
Those who lived in the eastern provinces that either were annexed by Poland or the Soviet
Union or became East Germany fled or were expelled by the Soviet or the Polish or East
German communist regime after 1944 and their lands were confiscated. In western and
southern Germany, the land was often owned by small independent farmers or a mixture of
small farmers and estate owners, and this system was often contrasted with the dominance of
the large estate owners of the east.
Ferdinand Lassalle
Ferdinand Lassalle
Ferdinand Lassalle
Informacin personal
Causa de
Heridas recibidas durante un duelo.
muerte
Nacionalidad Alemana
Partido
Asociacin General de Trabajadores de Alemania
poltico
Informacin profesional
ndice
[ocultar]
1Biografa
2Pensamiento
3Referencias
4Enlaces externos
Biografa[editar]
Nacido en el seno de una familia de comerciantes judos, curs estudios en Breslau y Berln.
En 1845 en Pars conoci el movimiento socialista francs y se afili a la Liga de los Justos.
[cita requerida]
Durante su participacin en la revolucin alemana de 1848-1849, por la que fue
encarcelado, entabl amistad con Karl Marx, con quien mantuvo una relacin epistolar cuando
ste se exili en Londres y a quien visit en 1862. A partir de 1860 colabor con el movimiento
obrero y los sindicatos y fue uno de los fundadores de la Asociacin General de Trabajadores
de Alemania (ADAV, en sus siglas en alemn) en 1863. Muri al ao siguiente como
consecuencia de las heridas recibidas durante un duelo con el pretendiente de una mujer que
amaba.
En 1875, durante el congreso de Gotha, la ADAV se uni con los marxistas agrupados en
el Partido Socialdemcrata Obrero de Alemania para formar el Partido Obrero Socialista de
Alemania, que luego pas a llamarse Partido Socialdemcrata de Alemania(SPD).
Pensamiento[editar]
Artculo principal: Asociacin General de Trabajadores de Alemania
Lassalle pensaba que la humanidad estaba regida por oportunidades fuera de control del
individuo, por lo que se haca necesario que el estado tomase a su cargo la produccin y
distribucin a favor del bienestar social y para lograr que los trabajadores se beneficiaran del
aumento de la productividad, no ms laissez-faire, es necesaria la intervencin del estado a fin
de proteger al dbil del fuerte, pregonaba. En el terreno de la accin inmediata, los esfuerzos
de Lassalle se concentraron en dos metas, la conquista del sufragio universal y la creacin de
asociaciones de produccin, subvencionadas por el estado; en poltica, apoy adems la idea
prusiana de unificacin "por arriba" de Alemania; defendiendo a su vez a Bismarck como el
artfice para esa unin. Esta toma de posicin, que relat en "La guerra italiana y la misin de
Prusia" (1859), lo enfrent directamente a Marx, que apoyaba a los trabajadores contra el
Estado prusiano.
Paris Commune
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the government of Paris in 1871. For the Paris Commune during the
French Revolution, see Paris Commune (French Revolution). For the City of Paris, see Paris.
Paris Commune
Belligerents
Communards
French Republic
National Guards
French Armed
Forces
Strength
20,000[6] killed
The Paris Commune[7] was a radical socialist and revolutionary government that ruled Paris
from 18 March to 28 May 1871. Following the defeat of Emperor Napoleon III in September
1870, the French Second Empire swiftly collapsed. In its stead rose a Third Republic at war
with Prussia, which laid siege to Paris for four months. A hotbed of working-class radicalism,
France's capital was primarily defended during this time by the often politicized and radical
troops of the National Guardrather than regular Army troops. In February 1871 Adolphe Thiers,
the new chief executive of the French national government, signed an armistice with Prussia
that disarmed the Army but not the National Guard.
Soldiers of the Commune's National Guard killed two French army generals; and the
Commune refused to accept the authority of the French government. The regular French Army
suppressed the Commune during "La semaine sanglante" ("The Bloody Week") beginning on
21 May 1871.[8] Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune had significant
influence on the ideas of Karl Marx, who described it as an example of the "dictatorship of the
proletariat".[9]
pipe 2 verb
1 SEND LIQUID/GAS [ transitive usually passive ] to send a liquid or
gas through a pipe to another place
pipe something into/from/out of etc something
Eighty per cent of sewage is piped directly into the sea.
pipe something in/out/up etc
A lot of oil is piped in from Alaska.
villages with no piped water
2 MAKE MUSIC [ intransitive and transitive ] to make a musical
sound, using a pipe
3 FOOD [ transitive ] to decorate food, especially a cake, with lines of
ICING or cream
4 SPEAK [ transitive ] literary to speak or sing something in a high
voice :
Morning! he piped with a cheery voice.
pipe down phrasal verb spoken
to stop talking or making a noise, and become calmer and less
excited :
Everybody pipe down. Theres no need to shout.
pipe something in ( also pipe something into something )
phrasal verb
to send radio signals or recorded music into a room or building :
tunes piped in over an acoustic system
pipe up phrasal verb informal
to suddenly say something, especially when you have been quiet
until then :
Mum suddenly piped up No!
House of Hohenzollern
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Hohenzollern" redirects here. For other uses, see Hohenzollern (disambiguation).
House of Hohenzollern
Margrave of Brandenburg
Duke of Prussia
Burgrave of Nuremberg
Margrave of Bayreuth
Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
King of Prussia
German Emperor
Prince of Neuchtel
King of Romania
Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
Current head
Germany and Prussia:
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen:
Romania:
Romania:
House of Prussia
The House of Hohenzollern is a dynasty of former princes, electors, kings, and emperors
of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania. The family arose in
the area around the town of Hechingen in Swabia during the 11th century and took their name
from Hohenzollern Castle.[1] The first ancestor of the Hohenzollerns was mentioned in 1061.
They derived from the Burchardinger dynasty.[citation needed]
The Hohenzollern family split into two branches, the Catholic Swabian branch and
the Protestant Franconian branch,[2] which later became the Brandenburg-Prussian branch. The
Swabian branch ruled the principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen andHohenzollern-
Sigmaringen until 1849, and also ruled Romania from 1866 to 1947. Members of the
Franconian branch becameMargrave of Brandenburg in 1415 and Duke of Prussia in 1525.
The Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were ruled in personal union after
1618 and were called Brandenburg-Prussia. The Kingdom of Prussia was created in 1701,
eventually leading to the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire in
1871, with the Hohenzollerns as hereditary German Emperors and Kings of Prussia.
Germany's defeat in World War I in 1918 led to the German Revolution. The Hohenzollerns
were overthrown and the Weimar Republic was established, thus bringing an end to
the German monarchy. Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia is the current head of the royal
Prussian line, while Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern is the head of the princely Swabian
line.[2]
Magyar / mj / noun
1 [ countable ] a member of the main group of people who live in
Hungary
2 [ uncountable ] the language of the Magyars
Magyar adjective
beset / bset / verb ( past tense and past participle beset , present
participle besetting ) [ transitive ] formal
1 [ usually passive ] to make someone experience serious problems
or dangers
beset somebody with/by something
The business has been beset with financial problems.
the injuries which have beset the team all season
2 besetting sin a particular bad feature or habit often used
humorously
Robert Owen
Robert Owen
Informacin personal
Nacionalidad Britnica
Familia
Informacin profesional
VIEW HISTORY
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FEEDBACK
Taff Vale case, (190001), in Great Britain, the successful trial of a suit brought by
the Taff Vale Railway Company against the Amalgamated Society of Railway
Servants (ASRS) in which the courts held that a union could be sued
for damages caused by the actions of its officials in industrial disputes. Opposition
to the decision did much to spur the growth of the nascent British Labour Party.
In August 1900, members of the ASRS went on strike for higher wages and union
recognition but settled within a fortnight when the company employed
strikebreakers; the workers gained virtually nothing but the companys promise of
reemployment. During the strike the company began legal action against the union,
claiming that picketing was in violation of the Conspiracy and Protection of
Property Act of 1875. The ASRS held that because it was neither a corporation nor
an individual it could not be held liable. Justice Sir George Farwell decided against
the union, and in 1901 his decision was upheld in the House of Lords. The verdict,
in effect, eliminated the strike as a weapon of organized labour. Workers turned to
the Labour Party for redress; between 1900 and 1906 the number of Labour
members of Parliament rose from 2 to 29, and the Liberal governments Trade
Disputes Act of 1906 nullified the effect of the decision.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Mikhail Bakunin
30 May 1814
District),Russian Empire
Bern, Switzerland
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Russian philosophy
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First International
LABOUR FEDERATION [1864]
WRITTEN BY:
Jean Jaurs
Jean Jaurs.
Jean Jaurs, cuyo nombre completo era Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Lon
Jaurs (Castres, Francia, 3 de septiembre de 1859-Pars, 31 de julio de 1914),1 fue
un poltico socialista francs. Fund L'Humanit en 1904. Fue asesinado tres das despus de
comenzada la Primera Guerra Mundial.2
unyielding / njild / adjective
1 formal not willing to change your ideas or beliefs :
an unyielding resistance to change
2 literary very hard and not changing in shape or form :
a harsh unyielding landscape
Fabian Society
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
international cooperation
Membership 7,000
Official English
language
Website fabians.org.uk
The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the
principles of Communism via gradualist andreformist effort in democracies, rather than by
revolutionary overthrow.[1][2] As founders of the Labour Party in 1900, the Fabian Society has
influenced British policy to the present day, from the postwar creation of the modern welfare
state to the election of Tony Blair. Later members of the Fabian Society included Jawaharlal
Nehru and other leaders of new nations created out of the formerBritish Empire, who used
Fabian principles to create socialist democracies in India, Pakistan, Nigeria and elsewhere as
Britain decolonised after World War II.
The Fabian Society founded the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1895
"for the betterment of society," now one of the leading institutions in the world, an incubator of
influential politicians, economists, journalists, prime ministers and liberal billionaires. [improper synthesis?]
Today, the society functions primarily as a think tank and is one of 15 socialist
societies affiliated with the Labour Party. Similar societies exist in Australia (the Australian
Fabian Society), in Canada (the Douglas-Coldwell Foundation and the now disbandedLeague
for Social Reconstruction), in Sicily (Sicilian Fabian Society) and in New Zealand (The NZ
Fabian Society).
Enlightenment / nlatnmnt /
the Enlightenment a period in the eighteenth century when many
writers and scientists believed that science and knowledge, not religion,
could improve people's lives
Realpolitik
Para otros usos de este trmino, vase Realismo.
Realpolitik (poltica de la realidad en alemn) es la poltica o diplomacia basada en
intereses prcticos y acciones concretas, sin atender a la teora o la filosofa como elementos
"formadores de polticas".
La realpolitik aboga por el avance en los intereses de un pas de acuerdo con las
circunstancias actuales de su entorno, en lugar de seguir principios filosficos, tericos o
morales. A este respecto, comparte su enfoque filosfico con el realismo filosfico y
el pragmatismo.
ndice
[ocultar]
1Origen
2Principales exponentes
3Vase tambin
4Referencias
Origen[editar]
Otto von Bismarck acu el trmino al cumplir la peticin del prncipe Klemens von
Metternich de encontrar un mtodo para equilibrar el poder entre los imperios europeos.
Elequilibrio de poderes significaba la paz, y los practicantes de la realpolitik intentaban evitar la
carrera armamentstica. Sin embargo, durante los primeros aos del siglo XX, larealpolitik fue
abandonada y en su lugar se practic la doctrina Weltpolitik, y la carrera armamentstica
recobr su bro y aboc, juntamente con otras circunstancias, a la Primera Guerra Mundial.
de Isaac Newton
Pas Inglaterra
tap 2 verb ( past tense and past participle tapped , present participle
tapping )
1 HIT LIGHTLY [ intransitive and transitive ] to hit your fingers lightly
on something, for example to get someones attention
tap somebody on the shoulder/arm/chest etc
He turned as someone tapped him on the shoulder.
tap on
I went up and tapped on the window.
tap something on/against/from etc something
Mark tapped his fingers on the tabletop impatiently.
She tapped ash from her cigarette.
2 MUSIC [ transitive ] to make a regular pattern of sounds with your
fingers or feet, especially when you are listening to music :
She tapped her feet in time to the music.
a toe-tapping tune
3 ENERGY/MONEY [ transitive ] ( also tap into ) to use or take what is
needed from something such as an energy supply or an amount of
money :
People are tapping into the power supply illegally.
We hope that additional sources of funding can be tapped.
4 IDEAS [ transitive ] ( also tap into ) to make as much use as
possible of the ideas, experience, knowledge etc that a group of people
has :
Your advisers experience is there to be tapped.
helping people tap into training opportunities
5 TELEPHONE [ transitive ] to listen secretly to someones telephone
by using a special piece of electronic equipment :
Murrays phone calls to Australia were tapped .
6 TREE [ transitive ] to get liquid from the TRUNK of a tree by making
a hole in it
7 PLAYER [ transitive ] ( also tap up ) British English informal if a
football club taps a player from another team, it illegally tries to
persuade that player to join its team
tap something in ( also tap something into something ) phrasal
verb British English
to put information, numbers etc into a computer, telephone etc by
pressing buttons or keys :
Tap in your password before you log on.
tap something out phrasal verb
1 to hit something lightly, especially with your fingers or foot, in
order to make a pattern of sounds :
He whistled the tune and tapped out the rhythm.
2 to write something with a computer :
Brian tapped out a name on his small electronic organizer.
Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer
Informacin personal
Lugar de
Cementerio de Highgate
sepultura
Nacionalidad Britnico
Lengua
Francesa
materna
Familia
Informacin profesional
Lengua de
produccin Inglesa
literaria
Firma
mile Zola
mile Zola
mile Zola.
Informacin personal
Nombre de
mile douard Charles Antoine Zola
nacimiento
Lugar de
Panten de Pars y Cementerio de Montmartre
sepultura
Nacionalidad francs
Lengua
Francs
materna
Familia
Cnyuge
Alexandrine Zola
Jeanne Rozerot
Educacin
Alma mter
Lyce Saint-Louis
Informacin profesional
Ocupacin Escritor
Obras
notables Les Rougon-Macquart
Thrse Raquin
Jaccuse!
Firma
[editar datos en Wikidata]
mile douard Charles Antoine Zola, ms conocido como mile Zola (Pars, Francia, 2 de
abril de 1840-ibdem, 29 de septiembre de 1902), fue un escritor francs, considerado el padre
y el mayor representante del naturalismo.
Tuvo un papel muy relevante en la revisin del proceso de Alfred Dreyfus, que le cost el exilio
de su pas.
ndice
[ocultar]
1Trayectoria
3ltimos libros
4Final
5Obras
6Referencias
7Bibliografa
8Enlaces externos
Trayectoria[editar]
mile Zola naci en Pars, hijo de Franois Zola, un ingeniero veneciano naturalizado, y de la
francesa milie Aubert. Su familia se traslad a Aix-en-Provence y tuvo graves problemas
econmicos tras la muerte temprana del padre. Tuvo como compaero de colegio a Paul
Czanne con quien mantendra una larga y fraternal amistad. Volvi a Pars en 1858. En 1859,
mile Zola suspendi dos veces el examen de bachillerato. Como no quiso seguir siendo una
carga para su madre, abandon los estudios con el fin de buscar trabajo.
En 1862 entr a trabajar en la librera Hachette como dependiente. Escribi su primer texto y
colabor en las columnas literarias de varios diarios. A partir de 1866, cultiv la amistad de
personalidades como douard Manet, Camille Pissarro y los hermanos Goncourt.
La obra consta de veinte novelas y se inicia con La fortuna de los Rougon en 1871: un retrato
social que, siguiendo el esquema del naturalismo, tiene altas dosis de violencia y dramatismo
y result a veces demasiado explcito en sus descripciones para el gusto de la poca. Las
novelas, sin embargo, fueron elaboradas con la imaginacin, pese a los datos que haba
previamente buscado.
En 1886, Zola y Czanne se distanciaron, cosa que se ha atribuido aunque con no mucho
fundamento a los paralelismos existentes entre Paul Czanne, el amigo y pintor, con el
personaje de Claude Lantier, el pintor fracasado de La obra. La diferencia fundamental radica
en que slo algunos rasgos de la personalidad por ejemplo, hbitos, valoraciones y forma
de trabajar del personaje, fueron inspirados sobre la base de las notas que tom Zola de la
vida de su amigo. Sin embargo, la obra plstica ficticia de Claude Lantier est inspirada en
una interpretacin del mismo Zola de un conjunto de pintores que conoca bien, incluyendo
Manet, Le Djeuner sur l'Herbe; como aficionado al arte contemporneo que era, plante un
anlisis convencional sobre dicha obra de Manet, atribuyndosela a un personaje con ideas
artsticas, un carcter, expectativas y costumbres completamente opuestos a los de Czanne,
adems de dotarlo de una historia trgica y dramtica. Contrariamente a lo que se crey en su
momento no correspondan con la vida de Paul, pero si bien todo el conjunto de circunstancias
descritas en la novela evocaban elementos muy diferentes a los que en realidad le
correspondan, stos eran en parte significativos para la vida y obra de Paul Czanne.
Critic habitualmente los criterios utilizados en las exposiciones de arte oficiales del siglo XIX,
en las que se rechazaba de forma continuada las nuevas obras impresionistas.
Por otro lado la publicacin de La tierra levant polmica: el Manifiesto de los cinco marc
la crtica de escritores naturalistas jvenes. Se hace amante de Jeanne Rozerot en 1888, con
la que tendr dos hijos. En 1890, se rechaz su entrada en la Academia francesa.
El caso Dreyfus[editar]
Artculo principal: Caso Dreyfus
Portada de L'Aurore de 13 de enero de 1898 con la carta Yo acuso de Zola.
Desde 1897, Zola se implic en el caso Dreyfus, militar francs, de origen judo, culpado
falsamente por espa.
La versin ntegra en espaol del alegato en favor del capitn Alfred Dreyfus, dirigido por
mile Zola mediante esa carta abierta al presidente francs M. Felix Faure, y publicado por el
diario L'Aurore, el 13 de enero de 1898, en su primera plana, es la siguiente:
"Yo acuso al teniente coronel Paty de Clam como laborante quiero suponer inconsciente
del error judicial, y por haber defendido su obra nefasta tres aos despus con maquinaciones
descabelladas y culpables.
Acuso al general Mercier por haberse hecho cmplice, al menos por debilidad, de una de las
mayores iniquidades del siglo.
Acuso al general Billot de haber tenido en sus manos las pruebas de la inocencia de Dreyfus,
y no haberlas utilizado, hacindose por lo tanto culpable del crimen de lesa humanidad y de
lesa justicia con un fin poltico y para salvar al Estado Mayor comprometido.
Acuso al general Boisdeffre y al general Gonse por haberse hecho cmplices del mismo
crimen, el uno por fanatismo clerical, el otro por espritu de cuerpo, que hace de las oficinas de
Guerra un arca santa, inatacable.
Acuso al general Pellieux y al comandante Ravary por haber hecho una informacin infame,
una informacin parcialmente monstruosa, en la cual el segundo ha labrado el imperecedero
monumento de su torpe audacia.
Acuso a los tres peritos calgrafos, los seores Belhomme, Varinard y Couard por sus informes
engaadores y fraudulentos, a menos que un examen facultativo los declare vctimas de una
ceguera de los ojos y del juicio.
Acuso a las oficinas de Guerra por haber hecho en la prensa, particularmente en L'clair y
en L'Echo de Pars una campaa abominable para cubrir su falta, extraviando a la opinin
pblica.
Y por ltimo: acuso al primer Consejo de Guerra, por haber condenado a un acusado,
fundndose en un documento secreto, y al segundo Consejo de Guerra, por haber cubierto
esta ilegalidad, cometiendo el crimen jurdico de absolver conscientemente a un culpable.
No ignoro que, al formular estas acusaciones, arrojo sobre m los artculos 30 y 31 de la Ley
de Prensa del 29 de julio de 1881, que se refieren a los delitos de difamacin. Y
voluntariamente me pongo a disposicin de los Tribunales.
En cuanto a las personas a quienes acuso, debo decir que ni las conozco ni las he visto
nunca, ni siento particularmente por ellas rencor ni odio. Las considero como entidades, como
espritus de maleficencia social. Y el acto que realiz aqu, no es ms que un medio
revolucionario de activar la explosin de la verdad y de la justicia.
Slo un sentimiento me mueve, slo deseo que la luz se haga, y lo imploro en nombre de la
humanidad, que ha sufrido tanto y que tiene derecho a ser feliz. Mi ardiente protesta no es
ms que un grito de mi alma. Que se atrevan a llevarme a los Tribunales y que me juzguen
pblicamente.
As lo espero".
Era la primera sntesis del proceso, y se ley en todo el mundo. La reaccin del gobierno fue
inmediata. Un agitado proceso por difamacin (con gran violencia, centenares de testigos,
incoherencias y ocultaciones por parte de la acusacin) le conden a un ao de crcel y a una
multa de 7.500 francos (con los gastos), que pag su amigo y escritorOctave Mirbeau.
Agobiado por la agitacin que caus su proceso, Zola se exili en Londres, donde vivi en
secreto. A su regreso, public en La Vrit en marche sus artculos sobre el caso. Slo en
junio de 1899, con la prosecucin del proceso, puede regresar a su pas. Pero Alfred Dreyfus
es condenado, con atenuantes, y Zola le escribe nada ms llegar. Zola adquiere una gran
dimensin social y poltica, pero tiene grandes problemas econmicos (la justicia le embarga
bienes) y es puesto en la picota por medios muy influyentes.
Gauguin, Paul / n $ n /
(18481903) a French painter who went to live in Tahiti, where he
painted brightly coloured scenes which showed the life of the people
there
Paul Gauguin
Paul Gauguin
Autorretrato, (1893)
Museo de Orsay, Pars
Informacin personal
Nombre de
Eugne Henri Paul Gauguin
nacimiento
Causa de
Sfilis
muerte
Nacionalidad Francesa
Familia
Educacin
Alumno de
Camille Pissarro
Informacin profesional
Obras notables
El Cristo amarillo
Cuando te casas?
Firma
revel / rev l / verb ( past tense and past participle revelled , present
participle revelling British English , reveled , reveling American English
) [ intransitive ] old use
to spend time dancing, eating, drinking etc, especially at a party
revel noun [ countable usually plural ]
revel in something phrasal verb
to enjoy something very much :
He revelled in his new-found fame.
cast 1 W3 / kst $ kst / verb ( past tense and past participle cast )
1 cast light on/onto something to provide new information about
something, making it easier to understand :
research findings that cast new light on the origin of our universe
The numerous biographies of Baldwin cast little light on the subject.
2 cast doubt(s) on something to make people feel less certain
about something :
Her documentary casts serious doubt on Gilligans conviction.
3 LIGHT AND SHADE [ transitive ] literary to make light or a shadow
appear somewhere
cast something over/on/across something
The flames cast dancing shadows on the walls.
the shade cast by low-hanging branches
4 cast a shadow/cloud over something literary to make people
feel less happy or hopeful about something :
The allegations cast a cloud over the Mayors visit.
Her fathers illness cast a shadow over the wedding celebrations.
5 LOOK [ transitive ] literary to look quickly in a particular direction
cast a look/glance at somebody/something
She cast an anguished look at Guy.
cast somebody a glance/look
The young tramp cast him a wary glance.
She blushed, casting her eyes down .
6 cast an eye on/over something to examine or read something
quickly in order to judge whether it is correct, good etc :
Mellor cast an eye over the draft for inaccuracies.
cast a critical/expert etc eye
Tonight, Tim Goodman casts a cynical eye on TV ads.
7 cast a vote/ballot to vote in an election :
Barely one in three will bother to cast a ballot on February 26th.
To qualify, candidates must get at least 10% of the votes cast.
CASTING VOTE
8 cast a spell on/over somebody
a) to attract someone very strongly and to keep their attention
completely :
Hong Kong casts a spell over the visitor almost as soon as the aircraft
touches down.
b) to use magic words or acts to change someone or something :
Shes a witch, and shell cast a spell on you if she catches you.
9 cast your mind back literary to try to remember something that
happened in the past
cast your mind back to
Cast your mind back to your first day at school.
cast your mind back over
He frowned, casting his mind back over the conversation.
10 cast aspersions on something/somebody formal to suggest
that someone is not as truthful, honest etc as they seem :
remarks that cast aspersions on the integrity of the jury
11 METAL [ transitive ] to make an object by pouring liquid metal,
plastic etc into a MOULD (= hollow container )
cast something in/from something
a statue of a horse cast in bronze
12 ACTING [ transitive ] to choose which people will act particular
parts in a play, film etc
cast somebody alongside/opposite somebody (= choose people for
the two main roles )
Pfeiffer was expected to be cast alongside Douglas in Basic Instinct.
cast somebody as something
Coppola cast him as Sodapop in The Outsiders.
cast somebody in a role/a part/the lead
The producer finally cast Finsh in the male lead.
13 DESCRIBE [ transitive ] to regard or describe someone as a
particular type of person
cast somebody as something
Clinton had cast himself as the candidate of new economic opportunity.
Clarkes trying to cast me in the role of villain here.
14 THROW [ transitive always + adverb/preposition ] literary to
throw something somewhere SYN toss :
Sparks leapt as he cast more wood on the fire.
15 FISHING [ intransitive and transitive ] to throw a fishing line or
net into the water :
Theres a trick to casting properly.
16 SEND AWAY [ transitive always + adverb/preposition ] literary to
force someone to go somewhere unpleasant
cast somebody into prison/Hell etc
Memet should, in her opinion, be cast into prison.
17 cast your net (far and) wide to consider or try as many things
as possible in order to find what you want :
We cast our net wide to get the right person for the job.
18 SKIN [ transitive ] when a snake casts its skin, the top layer of
skin falls off slowly SYN shed
19 cast a shoe if a horse casts a shoe, the shoe falls off by accident
20 cast a horoscope to prepare and write a HOROSCOPE for
someone
the die is cast at DIE 2 ( 3 ) , throw in/cast your lot with
somebody/something at LOT 2 ( 8 ) , cast pearls before swine at
PEARL ( 4 )
cast about/around for something phrasal verb
to try hard to think of the right thing to do or say :
She cast about frantically for an excuse.
Telecoms companies are casting around for ways of recouping huge
losses.
cast somebody/something aside phrasal verb literary
to remove or get rid of someone or something because you no
longer want or need them :
When Henry became King, he cast aside all his former friends.
cast aside your inhibitions/doubts etc
Cast aside your fears.
cast away phrasal verb [ usually passive ]
to be left alone on a lonely shore or island because your ship has
sunk :
If you were cast away on a desert island, what would you miss most?
cast off phrasal verb
1 to untie the rope that fastens your boat to the shore so that you
can sail away
2 cast somebody/something off literary to remove or get rid
of something or someone that you no longer want or need :
His family had cast him off without a penny.
3 to finish a piece of KNITTING by removing the stitches from the
needle to make an edge that will not come undone
cast something off
Cast off four stitches.
cast on phrasal verb
to start a piece of KNITTING by making the first stitches on the needle
cast something on
Cast on 132 stitches.
cast somebody/something out phrasal verb
literary to force someone or something to leave a place :
God has cast out the demons from your soul.
cast something up phrasal verb literary
if the sea casts something up, it carries it onto the shore :
A body had been cast up on the rocks.
gospel / sp l $ s- / noun
1 Gospel [ countable ] one of the four books in the Bible about
Christs life :
the Gospel according to St Luke
2 ( also Gospel ) [ singular ] the life of Christ and the ideas that he
taught
preach/spread the gospel (= tell people about it )
Missionaries were sent to preach the Gospel.
gospel stories
3 [ countable usually singular ] a set of ideas that someone believes
in very strongly and tries to persuade other people to accept
spread/preach the gospel
spreading the gospel of science
4 ( also gospel truth ) [ uncountable ] something that is completely
true :
Dont take everything she says as gospel (= dont believe everything
she says ) .
5 ( also gospel music ) [ uncountable ] a type of Christian music in
which religious songs are sung very loudly :
a gospel choir
Council of Trent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Council of Trent
Date 154563
Paul III
President
Julius III
Pius IV
Topics Protestantism
Counter-Reformation
Documents and Seventeen dogmatic decrees covering then-
statements disputed aspects of Catholic religion
The Council of Trent meeting in Santa Maria Maggiore church, Trento (Trent).
(Artist unknown; painted late 17th century.)
Part of a a series on
Ecumenical Councils
of the Catholic Church
Jerusalem
Lateran I
Lateran II
Lateran III
Lateran IV
Lyon I
Lyon II
Vienne
Constance
Florence
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Trent
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The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563
in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most
important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described
as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.[1] Four hundred years later, when Pope John
XXIII initiated preparations for the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II), he affirmed the decrees
it had issued: "What was, still is."[2]
As well as decrees,[3] the Council issued condemnations of what it defined to
be heresies committed by Protestantism and, in response to them, key statements and
clarifications of the Church's doctrine and teachings. These addressed a wide range of
subjects, including scripture, the Biblical canon, sacred tradition, original
sin, justification, salvation, the sacraments, the Mass and the veneration of saints.[4] The
Council met for twenty-five sessions between 13 December 1545 and 4 December 1563, all in
Trento (then the capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Trent in the Holy Roman Empire), apart from
the ninth to eleventh sessions held in Bologna during 1547. [5] Pope Paul III, who convoked the
Council, presided over these and the first eight sessions (154547), while the twelfth to
sixteenth sessions (155152) were overseen by Pope Julius III and the seventeenth to twenty-
fifth sessions (156263) by Pope Pius IV.
The consequences of the Council were also significant as regards the Church's liturgy and
practices. During its deliberations, the Council made the Vulgate the official example of the
Biblical canon and commissioned the creation of a standard version, although this was not
achieved until the 1590s.[1] In 1565, however, a year or so after the Council finished its work,
Pius IV issued theTridentine Creed (after Tridentum, Trento's Latin name) and his
successor Pius V then issued the Roman Catechism and revisions of
the Breviary and Missal in, respectively, 1566, 1568 and 1570. These, in turn, led to the
codification of theTridentine Mass, which remained the Church's primary form of the Mass for
the next four hundred years.
More than three hundred and fifty years passed until the next ecumenical council, the First
Vatican Council was convened in 1869.
Ex cathedra
Tres condiciones segn el Catecismo 891 deben reunirse para que una definicin
pontificia sea ex cathedra:
1. El papa debe hablar como Pastor y Maestro supremo de todos los fieles que confirma
en la fe a sus hermanos: si habla en calidad de persona privada, o si se dirige solo a
un grupo y no a la Iglesia universal, no goza de infalibilidad.
Jansenism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ultramontanism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An image of Pope Alexander I. Ultramontane Catholics emphasized the authority of the Pope over
temporal affairs of civil governments as well as the spiritual affairs of the Church.
Ultramontanism is a clerical political conception within the Catholic Church that places strong
emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope.
Gallic / lk / adjective
relating to or typical of France or French people :
Gallic charm
Rothschild
a family of Jewish bankers in Europe who had a lot of influence over
two hundred years.
Enlightenment / nlatnmnt /
the Enlightenment a period in the eighteenth century when many
writers and scientists believed that science and knowledge, not religion,
could improve people's lives
Locke, John / lk $ lk /
(16321704) an English PHILOSOPHER who developed the idea of
EMPIRICISM in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding . In his Two
Treatises on Civil Government he wrote that a king or government
received the right to rule from the people and not from God, and that
the people should be able to change their government if they were not
satisfied with it. These ideas influenced the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
in the US.
empiricism AC / mprsz m, mprsz m / noun
[ uncountable ]
the belief in basing your ideas on practical experience
empiricist noun [ countable ]
toss 1 / ts $ ts / verb
1 [ transitive ] to throw something, especially something light, with
a quick gentle movement of your hand
toss something into/onto etc something
She crumpled the letter and tossed it into the fire.
toss something aside/over etc
Toss that book over, will you?
toss something to somebody
Catch! said Sandra, tossing her bag to him.
toss somebody something
Frank tossed her the newspaper.
2 [ intransitive and transitive ] to move about continuously in a
violent or uncontrolled way, or to make something do this
toss something around/about
The small boat was tossed about like a cork.
3 toss and turn to keep changing your position in bed because you
cannot sleep :
Ive been tossing and turning all night.
4 [ intransitive and transitive ] ( also toss up ) especially British
English to throw a coin in the air, so that a decision will be made
according to the side that faces upwards when it comes down SYN flip
American English :
They tossed a coin to decide who would go first.
toss (somebody) for it
We couldnt make up our minds, so we decided to toss for it.
5 [ transitive ] to throw something up into the air and let it fall to
the ground :
The crowd cheered, banging pots and tossing confetti into the air.
6 toss a pancake British English to throw a PANCAKE upwards so
that it turns over in the air and lands on the side that you want to cook
SYN flip American English
7 [ transitive ] to move pieces of food about in a small amount of
liquid so that they become covered with the liquid :
Toss the carrots in some butter before serving.
8 toss your head/hair written to move your head or hair back
suddenly, often with a shaking movement showing anger :
He tossed his head angrily and left the room.
toss off phrasal verb
1 toss something off to produce something quickly and without
much effort :
one of those painters who can toss off a couple of pictures before
breakfast
2 toss something off written to drink something quickly :
He tossed off a few whiskies.
3 toss (somebody) off British English informal not polite to
MASTURBATE
toss something/somebody out phrasal verb American English
informal
1 to get rid of something that you do not want SYN throw out :
I tossed most of that stuff out when we moved.
2 to make someone leave a place, especially because of bad
behaviour SYN throw out
toss something/somebody out of
Kurt was tossed out of the club for trying to start a fight.
THESAURUS
throw to make something such as a ball or stone move quickly through
the air using your hand : I threw the ball back to him. | Protestors
began throwing stones at the police. | I just threw the letter in the bin.
toss ( also chuck ) informal to throw something, especially in a careless
way without using much effort : She tossed her coat onto the bed. | Can
you chuck me the remote control?
hurl to throw something with a lot of force : Someone hurled a brick
through his window.
fling to angrily throw something somewhere with a lot of force, or to
carelessly throw something somewhere because you have very little
time : He flung her keys into the river. | I flung a few things into a
suitcase.
heave / hiv / to throw something heavy using a lot of effort : They
heaved the log into the river.
lob to throw something high into the air over someone or something :
The police lobbed tear gas canisters over the heads of the
demonstrators.
Junker
Para la compaa aeronutica alemana, vase Junkers.
Se denomina Junker a los miembros de la antigua nobleza terrateniente de Prusia que
domin Alemania a lo largo del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. Los Junkers posean
grandes propiedades rurales donde tambin vivan y trabajaban campesinos con muy pocos
derechos y/o recursos econmicos.1 Originalmente constituan un importante sector poltico,
social y econmico en Prusia y, despus de 1871, tambin en el liderazgo poltico, militar y
diplomtico del Imperio Alemn. Uno de los Junkers ms famosos fue el canciller Otto von
Bismarck.
Georg Friedrich List (August 6, 1789 November 30, 1846) was a leading 19th-century
German-American[2] economist who developed the "National System" or what some[3] would call
today the National System of Innovation. He was a forefather of the German historical school
of economics,[4] and considered the original European unity theorist[5] whose ideas were the
basis for theEuropean Economic Community.[6]
Mercantilismo
Cuadro de Le Lorrain que representa un puerto de mar francs de 1638, en el momento cumbre del
mercantilismo.
Georges Sorel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cherbourg, France
Boulogne-sur-Seine, France
School
Continental philosophy
Marxism
Socialism
Main interests
Philosophy of science
Political philosophy
Syndicalism
Activism
Influences[show]
Influenced[show]
Syndicalism
Precursors[show]
Variants[show]
Economics[show]
Organisations[show]
Leaders[hide]
Daniel De Leon
Victor Griffuelhes
Hubert Lagardelle
Rudolf Rocker
Georges Sorel
Fernand Pelloutier
James Thompson Bain
Mary Fitzgerald
Related subjects[show]
Syndicalism
Labour economics
v
t
e
Georges Eugne Sorel (2 November 1847 29 August 1922) was a French philosopher[1] and
theorist of revolutionary syndicalism.[2][3] His notion of the power of myth in people's lives
inspired anarchists, Marxists and Fascists.[4] It is, together with his defense of violence, the
contribution for which he is most often remembered. [5]
Joseph Chamberlain
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other people named Joseph Chamberlain, see Joseph Chamberlain (disambiguation).
In office
In office
Arthur Balfour
Preceded by The Marquess of Ripon
In office
In office
Personal details
Birmingham, England
Children Beatrice
Austen
Neville
Ida
Hilda
Ethel
Profession Businessman
Signature
Joseph Chamberlain (8 July 1836 2 July 1914) was a British politician and statesman, who
was first a radical Liberal then, after opposing Home Rule for Ireland, a Liberal Unionist,
eventually serving as a leading imperialist in coalition with the Conservatives.
Chamberlain made his career in Birmingham, first as a manufacturer of screws and then as a
notable Mayor of the city. He was a radical Liberal Party member and an opponent of
the Education Act of 1870. As a self-made businessman, he had never attended university and
had contempt for the aristocracy. He entered the House of Commons at thirty-nine years of
age, relatively late in life compared to politicians from more privileged backgrounds. Rising to
power through his influence with the Liberal grassroots organisation, he served as President of
the Board of Trade in Gladstone's Second Government (188085). At the time, Chamberlain
was notable for his attacks on the Conservative leader Lord Salisbury, and in the 1885 general
election he proposed the "Unauthorised Programme", which was not enacted, of benefits for
newly enfranchised agricultural labourers, including the slogan promising "three acres and a
cow." Chamberlain resigned from Gladstone's Third Government in 1886 in opposition to Irish
Home Rule. He helped to engineer a Liberal Party split and became a Liberal Unionist, a party
which included a bloc of MPs based in and around Birmingham.
From the 1895 general election the Liberal Unionists were in coalition with the Conservative
Party, under Chamberlain's former opponent Lord Salisbury. In that government Chamberlain
promoted the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1897.[1][2] He served asSecretary of State for the
Colonies, promoting a variety of schemes to build up the Empire in Asia, Africa, and the West
Indies. He had some responsibility for causing and directing the Second Boer War (1899-1902)
and was a dominant figure in the Unionist Government's re-election at the "Khaki Election" in
1900. In 1903, he resigned from the Cabinet to campaign for tariff reform (i.e. taxes included in
the prices of imports instead of free trade). He obtained the support of most Unionist MPs for
this stance, but the Party's split led to its landslide defeat at the 1906 general election. Some
months later, shortly after public celebrations of his seventieth birthday in Birmingham, he was
disabled by a stroke, ending his public career.
Despite never becoming Prime Minister, he was one of the most important British politicians of
the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as a renowned orator and divisive politician.
[3]
Winston Churchill later wrote of him that he was the man "who made the weather".
Chamberlain was the father, by different marriages, of Sir Austen Chamberlain and Prime
Minister Neville Chamberlain.
grim / rm / adjective
1 making you feel worried or unhappy SYN harsh :
the grim reality of rebuilding the shattered town
When he lost his job, his future looked grim.
Millions of Britons face the grim prospect (= something bad that will
probably happen ) of dearer home loans.
We received the grim news in silence.
2 looking or sounding very serious :
Ill survive, he said with a grim smile.
The child hung on to her arm with grim determination .
The police officers were silent and grim-faced.
3 British English informal very bad, ugly, or unpleasant :
The weather forecast is pretty grim.
They painted a grim picture of what life used to be like there.
a grim industrial town
4 [ not before noun ] informal ill :
Juliet felt grim through the early months of her pregnancy.
5 hold/hang on for/like grim death British English informal to
hold something very tightly because you are afraid
grimly adverb :
Arnold smiled grimly.
grimness noun [ uncountable ]