biomolecule: smallest unit an

tr From cells to organisms

organism can be divided into Human beings are living things.
multicellular: containing more
than one cell
r They are composed of chemical substances called biomolecules.

eukaryote: organism made of cells I They are made up of cells.

that have a nucleus
heterotrophic: obtaining nutrition
from compounds that already
exist
which have different structures and functions.
organelle: special compartment
inside a eukaryotic cell that
performs a specific function
r They perform the three vital functions of all organisms: nutrition,
reaction to stimuli and reproduction.
Our body is a multicellular organism. It is made up of many cells,
Human beings are animals, because:
I They are eukaryotes.
f Their nutrition is heterotrophic.
Cell theory is based on the following series of principles:
r A cell is the structural and functional unit in all living things.
r All our cells come from successive divisions of one initial celr, a
fertilised egg cell called the zygote.

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism.

The cells in our body come in very different shapes and sizes, but they
all share the same basic structure.
r cell membrane. A fine layer thatseparates the cell from the outside
environment and allows substances to enter and leave.
r Cytoplasm.lelly-like substance inside the cell, which contains many
types of organelle and where the majority of the vital chemical
functions take place.
I Nucleus. A structure containing the genetic material with the
necessary information to direct and control the cell's functions.

Endoplasmic reticulum. A
membrane system that forms
organelles wth no a network of tubules and
membrane, made up bags. There are two types:
RNA and proteins. Thev..
v"*"[; M"rbr.*+"r"d , ardscttered th rou g hoot
1 Rough. lt has ribosomes
; b,tilhe outside of its
vesicles that store different the cytoplasm or are
j 4ri{nrbranes. lt synthesises
L*_*__*__dF(.,
substances. the rough
*d stores proteins.
t'Smooth. lt has no
ribosomes. lt synthesises fats

f L"r"t:.rbr.*--**l rd 9::Tvjl*i-T*11ry::
i bound vesicles that contain
i digestive enzymes. They carry
i out the digestion vr
of rqr
large
yE
i molecules or old organelles.
i'"'::L:-:r ",1:19"!t' e j Golgi apparatus. A membranous organelle

Cytoskeleton.
!rrvJ^srstvtt.
_? -e
rProtein
lvt
S) formed by flattened stacked pouches
(cisternae). It takes proteins manufactured in
the endoplasmic reticulum to where thgy are
i filaments that form I
'I complex
comolex networks.
networks They *-*-*-__--*-f

I minf in tha
maintaln the chrna
shape nf
of tl.
the
i cell and are involved in
I organelle movement in
I cell division.

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