Solar PV Standard 1

SOLAR LABORATORY
University of the Philippines

Diliman, Quezon City
German Yia Hall, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
Telephone: (632) 434-3660 / (632) 434-3661 Fax No. (632) 922-4714 / (632) 434-3661
PROPOSED
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD
FOR
PHOTOVOLTAICS
STATUS REPORT
UP SOLAR LABORATORY
June 1997
1
FOREWORD
The proposed Philippine National Standards (PNS) for the Philippine Photovoltaic Industry
was developed because of the need for a quality control and quality assurance for PV
components such as PV modules, battery charge controller, inverters and appliances for
PV applications. There is also no feedback mechanism for products and systems
performance between users, manufacturers and government agencies and other research
laboratories implementing PV projects.
This PNS Standard was prepared by the dedicated and dynamic people of the U.P. Solar
Laboratory for without their contribution and dedication, this Standard will not be possible.
The Committee on Photovoltaic Standards of the Solar Laboratory are composed of:
Chairman Rowaldo R. del Mundo
Vice-Chairman: Reynaldo A. Reynaldo
Members Ericson C. Aquino Cirila T.

Baco Edwin R. Cruz Fidelpio
V. Ferraris Jonathan D.
Fuentes Israel F. Gutay
Edwin A. Josef Ariel P. Manila
Reyman M. Selirio
2
ABSTRACT
Photovoltaic technology is increasingly being recognized as a viable alternative power

source. Its advantages such as decentralized and modularity makes it easy to install
where there is sunshine.
The advantage of PV Technology is heralded in its reliability particularly where the PV

modules are concerned. However, improvements are still needed to improve the
reliability of the balance of system components such as battery charge controller,
inverters, lamps and other appliances. This paper emphasizes the urgency of
establishing standards for quality control and quality assurance of the balance of
systems.
3
Proposed Philippine National Photovoltaic Standards A Status
Report
1.0 Introduction
Photovoltaic (PV) technology is considered a mature technology. During the past 10 years
several large scale dissemination of PV systems, particularly Solar Home Systems, experienced
system and component breakdowns because of poor balance of system (BOS) component design
and insufficient information campaign on the technical aspect of the technology.
As a result, a lot of potential PV users perceive the technology to be unreliable and only
imported components are the only ones reliable. Such a perception might be a hindrance for the
commercialization of PV systems and for the local assembly and manufacture of the balance of
systems in the country.
Clearly, there is no quality control and quality assurance standards for PV systems, components
and general safety practices.
2.0 Standards Submitted for Bureau of Product Standards (BPS) Adoption
2.1 Crystalline Silicon Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Modules - Design Qualification and
Type Approval.
There are currently existing International Standards for Crystalline Silicon Terrestrial
Photovoltaic modules. The UP Solar Laboratory made a comparative analysis of the existing
standards such as those from ASTM, CEC, JIS, ANSI/IEEE and IEC. The comparative analysis of
existing international standards on crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules is shown in
Appendix 1.
The UP Solar Laboratory proposes that the IEC Standard 1215 with revision for Philippine
conditions be adopted by the Bureau of Product Standards for crystalline silicon PV modules. See
Appendix 2 for the proposed revisions and a copy of IEC Standard 1215.
2.2 Thin-Film Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PT7) Modules - Design Qualification and Type
Approval.
The UP Solar Laboratory proposes that the IEC Standards 1646 be adopted by the Bureau of
Product Standards for thin-film PV modules. See Appendix 3 for the proposed standard.
2.3 Battery Charge Controller for Photovoltaic Applications - General, Safety, and Performance
Requirements.
The object of this standard is to determine the electrical characteristics of the battery charge
controller and to ensure that the minimum safety requirements are satisfied.
This standard was a result of numerous field experiences and in-house researches by the Solar
Laboratory staffs on battery charge controllers. This standard will ensure safety to the end-users
and will function satisfactorily when properly installed.
The UP Solar Laboratory proposes that the UPSL be adopted by the Bureau of Product Standards
as Philippine National Standard for battery charge controllers. See Appendix 4 for the proposed
standard.
2.4 Battery Charge Controllers for Photovoltaic Application - Design Qualification and Test
Requirements.
The object of this standard is to determine the electrical characteristics of the battery charge
controller and to show, as far as is possible within reasonable constraints of cost and time, that
the controller is capable of withstanding prolonged exposure in its expected environment.
4
This standard will ensure that passed battery charge controllers met the minimum requirement
for reliability. It will also ensure that the/controller shall continue to function even if some
abnormal conditions occurs and when the condition is removed.
for battery charge controllers. See Appendix 5 for the proposed standard.
2.5 Inverters for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Applications - General, Safety, and Performance
Requirements.
The object of this standard is to determine the electrical characteristics of the stand-alone
inverter and to ensure that the minimum safety requirements are satisfied. This standard will
ensure safety to the end-users and will function satisfactorily when properly installed.
2.6 inverters for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Applications - Design Qualifications and Test
Requirements.
The object of this standard is to determine the electrical characteristics of the inverter and to
show, as far as is possible within reasonable constraints of cost and time, that the inverter is
capable of withstanding prolonged exposure in its expected environment.
This standard will ensure that passed inverter met the minimum requirement for reliability.
3.0 PV Standards Under Development

3.1 Storage Batteries for Photovoltaic Applications
The standards for storage batteries will cover general, safety, and performance requirements, as
well as requirements for design qualifications and type approval. The object of the standard is to
ensure the safety of the users and property. The standards will also determine the electrical
characteristics, efficiency, and lifetime of storage batteries for PV applications.
3.2 Safety Standards and Recommended Practices for Photovoltaic 'Systems
This standard will cover general safety requirements, as well as, recommended practices for
sizing, installation and maintenance of photovoltaic applications.
4.0 PV Standards for Future Development

4.1 "Standards for PV Pumps and Controllers"
The UP Solar Laboratory shall also develop a PV Standard for pumps and pump controllers for
photovoltaic applications in the near future. The standard will cover general, safety, and
performance requirements, as well as requirements for design qualifications and type approval.
In the future standard for PV pumps and controllers, characterization of the Pump flow (Q),
Dynamic Head (H), and Power (P) curves will be made. Tests will be performed to validate Q-H-
P curves from the manufacturer's data.
Proper installation of PV pumps and controllers will be emphasized for safety and reliability.
Commissioning procedures will also be included in the standard.
5
5.0 Lamps and Ballast
Currently, lamps and ballasts standards have been adopted by the Bureau of Product
Standards.
The UP Solar Laboratory proposes that the existing BPS Standards for lamps and ballast
be adopted for lamps and ballast installed in photovoltaic applications.
Shown in Table 5 is the existing BPS Standards on lamp and ballast.
6.0 Recommendation
The UP Solar Laboratory has developed a Philippine National Standard for the Philippine PV
Industry. The Laboratory recommends that this set of standards be adopted and approved
by the Bureau of Product Standards and a qualified testing center be created. This two
recommendations shall ensure the quality and reliability of PV components and systems.
The Testing Center shall test and qualify PV components such as PV modules, controllers,
inverters, batteries and appliances prior to installation according to the PNS for PV. The
Center shall also be the focal point for all players involved in the dissemination of PV
technology in the Philippines. The Center could also advise government agencies
implementing PV projects, as well as give feedback to manufacturers and suppliers to
improve quality and efficiency of the various components. The Center shall also continue
the development of the PV Standard if the Standard needs revisions and additions.
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APPENDIX 1
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
FOR CRYSTALLINE SILICON TERRESTIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS TESTS
A. Visual Inspection
Purpose: To inspect for visual defects which might affect performance or reliability of
the module.
Remarks: Defects for ASTM includes delaminations or voids, discoloration,, corrosion,

rust, or cracks in any port of the module assembly.
The Proposed Philippine Standard adopts the procedure as described in IEC

1215.
B. Performance at Standard Test Condition
Purpose: To determine how the electrical performance of the module varies with load at
STC.
Remarks : Although each standard has its own procedure of measuring the electrical
performance of the module, basically all the standards use the same
parameters (25 C, 1000 W/m z, AM 1.5), hence all the standards are expected
to produce the same or at the worst, close values.
The Proposed Philippine Standard adopts the measuring procedure of IEC 904-
1.
C. Insulation Test
Purpose: To determine whether or not the module is sufficiently well insulated.
Remarks: The IEC and CEC standards measures the insulation resistance only while the
IEEE standard measures the leakage current only. The ASTM standard
measures both the insulation resistance and leakage current.
7
In accordance to the APEC agreement, the Proposed Philippine Standard adopts
the procedure as described in IEC 1215. For safety purposes, it will also adapt
the leakage current insulation integrity test method of ASTM E1462 and ANSI
1262.
D. Measurement of Temperature Coefficients
Purpose: To determine the temperature coefficients of current (x) and voltage (3) from
module measurements.
Remarks: Although each standard has its own method in determining the temperature
coefficient, the end result is expected to be the same. Thus, the Proposed
Philippine Standard adopts the procedure as described in IEC 1215.
E. Measurement of Nominal Operating Cell Temperature
Purpose: To determine the NOCT of the module. NOCT is defined as the equilibrium mean
solar cell junction temperature within an open rack mounted module in the
following Standard Reference Environment:
tilt angle : at normal incidence to the direct

solar beam at local solar noon.
total irradiance : 800 W/m2
ambient temperature : 20 C
wind speed : 1 m/s
electrical load : nil (open circuit)
Remarks: Although each standard has its own method in determining the temperature
coefficient, the end result is expected to be the same. Thus, the Proposed
Philippine Standard adopts the procedure as described in IEC 1215.
F. Performance at NOCT
Purpose: To determine how the electrical performance of the module varies with load at
NOCT, irradiance of 800 W/m2 and AM 1.5.
Remarks: The IEC and CEC standard sets the module exposure to ultra-violet radiation
(between 280 and 400 m) level of 15 kWh/m 2 or equivalent to 325 hours
exposure. The JIS standard uses a wavelength range of 300 - 700 m and about
500 hours exposure.
In accordance with the APEC agreement, the Proposed Philippine Standard adopts
the procedure as described in IEC 1215. For more reliability however, it will also
adapt the JIS standard of 500 hours UV exposure. Hence the Proposed Philippine
Standard shall have two total UV irradiation levels, one for 325 hours and another
for 500 hours.
8
L. Thermal Cycling Test
Purpose: To determine the ability of the module to withstand repeated rapid change of
temperature.
Remarks: The IEC and CEC standard use the same high (85 C) and low temperature (40 C )
levels, cycle duration (6 hours) and number of cycles (50 & 200). The ASTM, ANSI
and JIS also use the same low temperature levels and cycle duration as IEC with a
higher high temperature level (90 C). The ANSI uses 50 &200 cycles, JIS uses the
200 cycles only while ASTM does not specify a standard number of cycles.
The test parameters of all the given standards can simulate the Philippine climate
and environment. Thus, the Proposed Philippine Standard adopts the procedure as
described in IEC 1215 in accordance with the APEC agreement. But if the module
designer applies for warranty, the unit shall be tested in a specific number of cycles
equivalent to the expected module lifetime.
M Humidity Freeze Test
Purpose: To examine the deterioration of a module when the module is used and stored
being subjected to temperature change at high relative humidity, in a short period.
Remarks: The IEC, CEC, ASTM and ANSI standard use the same high (85 C) and low
temperature (-40 C ) levels, relative humidity (85%), cycle duration (24 hours)
and number of cycles (10). The JIS also uses the same parameter levels but has a
second low temperature level (-20 C) and a factor cycle duration (6 hours).
Although the test parameters of all the given standards does not simulate the
Philippine climate and environment, the Proposed Philippine Standard adopts the
procedure as described in IEC 1215 in accordance with the APEC agreement and to
conform with international standards. And if the module designer applies for
warranty, the unit shall be tested in a specific number of cycles equivalent to the
expected module lifetime.
N. Damp Heat Test
Purpose: To examine the aptitude of modules used and stored under the conditions of
high temperature and humidity.
Remarks: The IEC, CEC and ANSI standards use the same temperature (80 C), relative
humidity (85%) and test duration (1000 hours). The JIS standard also uses the
9
same temperature and test duration as the other standards but uses a higher
relative humidity of 90 to 93%.
The test parameters of all the given standards can simulate the Philippine climate
and environment. Thus, The Proposed Philippine Standard adopts the procedure as
described in IEC 1215 in accordance with the APEC agreement.
O. Robustness of Termination
Purpose: To determine whether or not the termination of the module can withstand stresses
applied to them during normal assembly and handling operations.
Remarks: The IEC and CEC standards use the same procedure as described in IEC 68-21.
The JIS standard has a different procedure but which was also derived from IEC
68-2-1.
In accordance with the APEC agreement , the Proposed Philippine Standard adopts
the procedure as described in IEC 1215.
P. Twist
Purpose: To examine the mechanical endurance when a module is mounted to an imperfect

structure.
Remarks: The IEC, CEC and JIS Standards uses the same procedure and same
deformation angle of 1.2. Thus, the Proposed Philippine Standard adopts the
procedure as described in IEC 1215 in accordance with the APEC agreement.
Q. Mechanical Load
Purpose: To investigate the resistance of modules against dynamic mechanical loads

such as winds and static mechanical loads such as snow.
Remarks: The IEC and CEC standards use 2 cycles of 2400 Pa uniform load, applied one
hour to front and back surfaces in turn to simulate dynamic loading of wind.
Both use 5400 Pa for ice and snow accumulation simulation. ANSI uses 1440
Pa, max. of 1.5 sec, and 10,000 cycles for dynamic loading and uses 2400 Pa,
30 minutes, and 3 cycles for static loading. JIS, on the other hand, uses a
much more complex method for static and dynamic loading.
10
The Philippines occasionally experience heavy and gusty winds of 200-300
km/hr during typhoon seasons. The IEC standard of 2400 Pa which simulates
the pressure from a 360 km/hr wind easily passes the Philippine r9quirement.
Thus, the Proposed Philippine Standard adopts the procedure as described in
IEC 1215.
R. Hail Resistance Test
Purpose: To verify that the module is capable of withstanding the impact of hailstones.
Remarks: The IEC and CEC standards use ice balls (25 mm dia) at 23 m/s directed to
eleven impact locations. The JIS standard generally uses the same size and
speed with only 10 impact locations but has 7 other sizes and velocities. The
ASTM standard has 9 possible sizes and 4 possible final velocities at six target
impact locations.
Although the Philippines does not experience hail, the Proposed Philippine
Standard adopts the procedure as described in IEC 1215 to conform with
international standards.
S. Salt Mist Corrosion Test
Purpose: To examine the endurance against salt mist of structural materials and packages for
modules used in areas where salt mist occurs.
Remarks: The Philippines being an archipelago, some modules shall be exposed to near sea
and ocean conditions. Thus, the Proposed Philippine Standard adopts the procedure
as described in IEC 1701 to account for this possibility.
T. Waterproof Test
Purpose: To determine the ability of module to endure the rainfall outdoors.
Remarks: The Philippines which experience 100 to 400 cm of rainfall annually. The Proposed
Philippine Standard adopts the procedure as described in JIS C 8917 A-9 for safety
and to make sure module termination enclosures are waterproof.
11
APPENDIX 2
PROPOSED PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARDS

CRYSTALLINE SILICON TERRESTIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
Design Qualification and Type Approval
PROPOSED PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD
Crystalline Silicon Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Modules

U. P. SOLAR LABORATORY December 1996
12
Proposed
Philippine National Standard
FOREWORD
10.10 UV Test
The IEC 1215 "Crystalline Silicon Terrestrial The purpose of this test is to determine the
Photovoltaic (PV) Modules - Design ability of the module to withstand exposure
Qualification and Type Approval" has been to ultra-violet (UV) radiation. For greater
reviewed and studied by the Committee on reliability, the Proposed Philippine Standard
Standards of the U. P. Solar Laboratory, and shall perform this test using two total UV
has decided to adopt it as a Philippine irradiation levels, one for 325 hours and
National Standard. Some technical another for 500 hours.
deviations were made to suit the Philippine
conditions. Revised and added sections are
as follows: Additions
Revisions
Draft schedule Test Procedures :
Because of revisions and additions in test 10.18 Ground Path Continuity Test
procedures, the required eight modules for
testing in the IEC Standard shall increase to The purpose of this test is to verify that
ten modules in the Proposed Philippine the electrical continuity exists between all
Standard. Initially, all this ten modules shall
of the external conductive surfaces and
be subjected to visual inspection,
performance at STC, insulation tests, and the module grounding point.
the ground path continuity tests. One shall
10.19 Salt Mist Corrosion Test
remain as a control, while the others shall
be subjected to the test sequence in Fig. 1.
The visual inspection, performance at STC, The purpose of this test is to examine the
insulation tests, and the ground path endurance against salt mist of structural
continuity tests shall be done after every materials and packages for modules used
environment test to detect and measure any in areas where salt mist occurs.
degradation.
10.20 Waterproof Test
10.3 Insulation Test
The purpose of this test is to determine
The purpose of this test is to determine
whether or not the module is sufficiently the ability of module to endure the rainfall
well insulated. For safety purposes, it will outdoors.
also adapt the leakage current insulation
integrity test method of ASTM E1462 and
ANSI 1262.
10.8 Outdoor Exposure Test
The purpose of this test is to make a

preliminary assessment of the ability of the
module to withstand exposure to outdoor
conditions and to reveal any synergistic
degradation defects which may not be
d4tected by laboratory tests. For greater
reliability, the Proposed Philippine Standard
shall perform this test using two total
irradiation levels, 60kWh/m2 and 120-150
kWh/m2.
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APPENDIX 3

THIN-FILM TERRESTIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
PROPOSED
Thin-Film Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Modules

- Design Qualification and Type Approval

Proposed
Philippine National Standard
FOREWORD
The IEC 1646 "Thin film Terrestrial

Photovoltaic (PV) Modules - Design
Qualification and Type Approval" has been
reviewed and studied by the Committee
on Standards of the U. P. Solar
Laboratory, and has decided to adopt it
as a Philippine National Standard as is.
APPENDIX 4
BATTERY CHARGE CONTROLLERS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC
APPLICATIONS
General, Safety and Performance Requirements
PROPOSED
Battery Charge Controllers for Photovoltaic Applications

- General, Safety and Performance Requirements

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
SECTION ONE - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3
l. Scope 3
2. Definitions 3
3. General requirements 4
4. Markings 4
5. Indicators 4
SECTION TWO - SAFETY REQURRMENTS 5
6. Terminals 5
7, Constructional requirements 5
8. Enclosure 5
9. Moisture resistance and insulation 5
10. Polarity reversal 6
11. Short circuit 6
12. Overvoltage 6
13. Connection sequence 6
SECTION THREE - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 7
14. Electrical characteristics 7
15. Environmental characteristics 7

BATTERY CHARGE CONTROLLERS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
This proposes standard covers general, safety, performance and test requirements for
battery charge controllers (BCC) used in photovoltaic systems.
Note: Safety requirements ensure that electrical equipment constructed in accordance with
these standards does not endanger the -safety of person or property when properly
installed and maintained and used in applications for which it was intended.
SECTION ONE - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1. Scope
This standard specifies general, safety, performance and test requirements for battery
charge controllers in photovoltaic systems not exceeding 300VDC.
2. Definitions:
2.1. Charging current: Amount of d.c. current being delivered by the PV generator
to the battery.
2.2. Rated voltage: Range of d.c. voltage over which the charge controller is
intended to be operated.
2.3. Hysteresis: The range of voltages in between the switching thresholds within
which switching does not take place.
2.4. Load Voltage Disconnect (LVD): the threshold battery voltage which when
attained triggers the disconnection of the load from the battery to protect it
from deep discharge cycles.
2.5. Load Reconnect Voltage (LRV): the threshold battery voltage which when
attained triggers the reconnection of the load to the battery.
2.6. PV array High Voltage Disconnect (HVD): the threshold battery voltage which
when attained triggers the disconnection of the battery from the PV generator
to protect it from overcharging and excessive gassing.
2.7. PV array Reconnect Voltage (PRV): the threshold battery voltage which when
attained triggers the reconnection of the battery to the PV generator.
2.8. PV array: A mechanically integrated assembly of PV modules or panels with

a support structure, tacking and thermal controls, and other components, as
required to form a direct-current power producing unit.
3. General requirements
Battery charge controllers shall be so designed and constructed that. in normal use they
operate without danger to the users and surroundings.
In general, compliance for battery charge controllers is checked by carrying out all the
tests specified described in Section 3 of Battery Charge Controller for Photovoltaic
Applications-Design Qualification and Test Requirements..
4. Markings
4.1. Battery charge controllers shall be clearly marked with the following
mandatory markings:
a. Name, nomogram or symbol of manufacturer
b. Model number or type reference of the manufacturer.
c. Date and place of manufacturer traceable from the serial number
d. Rated voltage.
e. Maximum PV array current.
f. Maximum load current
e. Terminals identification
4.2. Markings shall be durable and legible.
Compliance is checked by inspection as specified in Section 2 of the Battery Charge

Controller for Photovoltaic Applications-Design Qualification and Test Requirements.
4.3. Indication of type and current rating of the fuse, if applicable shall also be
provided.
5. Indicators
Light emitting diodes (LED) or liquid crystal display (LCD) shall be present in the front
panel of the charge regulator to indicate voltage conditions of the battery.
SECTION TWO - SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
6. Terminals
6.1. Terminals shall permit the connection of conductors from each component.
6.2. Terminals shall be prominently marked for polarities for each component in the
PV system.
7. Constructional requirements
7.1. Battery charge controllers shall be mechanically robust and shall be so designed
as to minimize the effects of moisture and temperature during use and to prevent
the ingress of insects, dust and water spray
7.2. Adequately robust means of fixing shall also be provided.
8. Battery charge controller enclosure
8.1. Battery charge controller enclosure shall be sufficiently protected from the
ingress of water spray, dust and small insects.
9. Moisture resistance and insulation
9.1. The Battery charge controller shall be moisture resistant. It shall not show any
appreciable damage after being subjected to the moisture treatment described
below.
Before the insulation test, visible drops of water, if any are removed by means of
blotting paper.
Immediately after the moisture treatment, the insulation resistance is measured

1 min after the application of a d.c. voltage of approximately 500 V.
The insulation resistance shall be not less than 2 Mohm.
9.2. Insulation shall be adequate between the input terminals bonded together and all
exposed metal parts.
10. Polarity reversal
When the battery charge controller is declared to be proof against supply voltage polarity
reversals it shall be operated with reverse voltage for 1 h and at the maximum voltage range.
At the end of this period the supply shall be disconnected correctly and the battery charge
controller shall operate normally.
11. Short circuit

The battery charge controller shall be adequately protected from short circuit conditions that
may arise from PV array and load.
12. Overvoltage
The battery charge controller should be protected from lightning flashes and inductive over
voltage if applicable.
13. Connection Sequence
The battery charge controller shall be protected from connection sequence reversals and shall be
tested according to the procedure described in Section 3 of the Battery Charge Controller for
Photovoltaic Applications - Design Qualification and Type Approval.
At the end of this test, the correct sequence of connection of each component to the battery
charge controller shall be conducted and the battery charge controller shall operate normally.
SECTION THREE - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
14. Electrical Characteristics
14.1. Electrical characteristics of the battery charge controller shall be faithful to the
manufacturer's data and shall be tested according to the test procedures
described in Section 3 of the Battery Charge Controller for Photovoltaic
Applications - Design Qualification and Type Approval.
The battery charge controller shall be tested for the following:

a. low voltage load disconnect (LVD)
b. load reconnect voltage (LRV)
c. PV array high voltage disconnect (HVD)
d. PV array reconnect voltage (PRV)
e. stand-by current consumption
f. PV solar current
g. load current
15. Environmental Characteristics
15.1 The battery charge controller shall be subjected to environmental and

electrical cycling tests described below to determine potential failures.
15.2
The sample is tested at these condition for the voltage hysteresis as described
in the Battery Charge Controller for Photovoltaic Applications - Design
Qualification and Type Approval.
At the end of this tests, the battery charge controller shall operate normally.
APPENDIX 5

BATTERY CHARGE CONTROLLERS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC
APPLICATIONS
PROPOSED
Battery Charge Controllers for Photovoltaic Applications

- Design Qualification and Type Approval

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
1. Scope 3
2.. Purpose 3
3. Sampling 3
4. Marking 4
5. Testing 4
6. Pass criteria 4
7. Major visual defects 5
8. Report 5
9. Modifications 5
SECTION TWO - STANDARD TEST METHODS 6

i
10. Ambient temperature and test rooms 6
11. Test Voltage 6
12. Voltage hysteresis test 6
13. No-load loss test 6
14. Applied no-load test 6
15. Rated solar current test 7
16. Rated load current test 7
17. Determination of protection features 7
18. Environmental cycling 7
APPENDIX A - TEST CIRCUITS 8

BATTERY CHARGE CONTROLLERS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
Design Qualifications and Type Approval
INTRODUCTION
This standard covers the requirements for the design qualification and type approval of battery
charge controllers used in photovoltaic systems.
SECTION ONE - GENERAL REQUIRMENTS
1. Scope
This section lays down the requirements for the design qualification and type approval of battery
charge controllers used in photovoltaic systems suitable for long-term operations.
2. Purpose
To determine the electrical and environmental characteristics of the battery charge controller. The
actual life expectancy of battery charge controllers so qualified will depend on their design, their
environment and the conditions under which they are operated.
3. Sampling
Three battery charge controllers for qualification testing (plus spares as desired) shall be taken at
random from a production batch or batches. The battery charge controllers shall have been
subjected to the manufacturer's normal inspection, quality control and production acceptance
procedures. The battery charge controllers shall be complete in every detail and shall be
accompanied by the manufacturer's handling, mounting and connection instructions, including the
maximum permissible voltage.
When the battery charge controllers are prototypes of a new design and not from production, the
fact shall be noted in the test report (see Clause A8).
4. Marking
Each battery charge controller shall carry the following clear indelible markings:
name, monogram or symbol of manufacturer

type or model number
serial number
polarity of terminals
nominal system voltage
maximum PV array current
maximum load current
The date and place of manufacturer shall be marked on the battery charge controller traceable
from the serial number.
Compliance is checked by inspection and by trying to remove the markings by rubbing lightly for
15 s each, with two pieces of cloth, one soaked in water and the other with petroleum spirit.
Note: The petroleum spirit used should consist of a solvent hexane with a content of aromatics
of maximum 0.1 volume percentage, a kauributanol value of 29, an initial boiling-point of
approximately 65C, a dry-point of approximately 69C and a density of approximately
0.68 g/ cm3.
5. Testing
The battery charge controllers shall be subjected to the test sequences in Figure 1, carried out in
the order laid down. Test procedures and severities including initial and final measurements
where necessary are detailed in Part B.
In carrying out the tests, the manufacturer's handling, mounting and connection instructions
shall be strictly observe.
6. Pass criteria
A battery charge controller shall be judged to have passed the qualification tests, if each test
sample meets the following criteria:
6.1. The voltage set points for the deep discharge and overcharge protection does not
exceed 2% of the prescribed limit after each test.
6.2. No sample has exhibited any short-circuit nor open circuit conditions during the
tests.
6.3. There is no visual evidence of a major defect, as defined in Clause A7.
6.4. The insulation test requirement are met after the tests.
Should the first sample fail any test, the other two battery charge controller shall be
subjected to the whole relevant test sequence from the beginning. If one or both battery
charge controllers fail, the design shall be deemed not to have met the qualification
standard. If, however, both battery charge controllers pass the test sequence, the design
shall be judged to have met the qualification requirements.
7. Major visual defects
For the purposes of design qualification and type approval, the following are considered to be
major visual defects:
shorted terminals
shorted routes in the printed circuit board
shorted electronic parts in the printed circuit board
8. Report
A certified test report of the qualification tests, with the measured performance characteristics
and details of any failures and re-tests shall be prepared by the test agency. A copy of this
report shall be kept by the manufacturer for reference purposes.
9. Modifications
Any change in the design, materials, components or processing of the battery charge controller
may require a repetition of some or all the qualification tests to maintain type approval.
SECTION TWO- STANDARD TEST METHODS
10. Ambient temperature and test room
Tests shall be made in a room free of draughts and at an ambient temperature within the range
20C to 40C.
11. Test voltage
Unless otherwise specified, the battery charge controller to be tested shall be operated at its
design voltage.
12. Battery Charge controller voltage hysteresis test

The low voltage disconnect shall be set at 4% volts of the nominal battery voltage 2% . The
cut-in voltage for connecting the load should be set at 1.05% volts of the nominal battery
voltage 2%.
The high voltage disconnect shall be set at 1.17% volts of the nominal battery voltage 2% .
The reconnect voltage for connecting the PV generator should be set at 1.13% volts of the
nominal battery voltage 2%.
Figure 2 gives a testing circuit for the determination of the voltage hysteresis of the battery
charge controllers.
13. No-load loss
The no-load loss of the battery charge controller not exceed 1 % of the rated load current.
Figure 3 gives a testing circuit for the determination of the no-load loss of the battery charge
controller.
14. Verification of reliability of service with applied no-load voltage
The Battery Charge Controller is subjected to no-load conditions by removing the battery,
allowing the BCU to absorb the short circuit current, Isc, of the solar generator. The BCC should
be able to handle the full current from the solar generator.
The BCC pass if after being subjected to the above mentioned test still functions normally.
Figure 4 shows a testing circuit for the testing of reliability of service of the battery charge
controller without the battery
15. Determination of Rated Solar Current
The battery charge controller is subjected to applying the maximum solar current as specified in
its nameplate. The BCC shall be able to handle the maximum solar current as specified.
Figure 5 shows a testing circuit for the determination of maximum solar current in a battery
charge controller.
The battery charge controller pass if after being subjected to the above mentioned test still
functions normally.
16. Determination of Rated Load Current
The battery charge controller is subjected to applying the load current as specified in its
nameplate. The BCC shall be able to handle the maximum load current as specified.
Figure 6 shows s a testing circuit for the determination of maximum solar current in a battery
charge controller.
functions normally.
17. Determination of protection
The battery charge controller is inspected for reverse polarity and short circuit protection.
functions normally.
18. Environmental cycling
The battery charge controller is conditioned for 240 hours at 50% relative humidity and 480
hours at 95% humidity. The temperature of the air at all places where samples can be located is
maintained within 1'C at any convenient value between 20'C and 40 * C.
The sample is tested at these condition for the voltage hysteresis as described in Appendix A.
At the end of this tests, the battery charge controller shall operate normally.
Appendix A Test Circuits
APPENDIX 6

INVERTERS FOR STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
PROPOSED
Inverters for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Applications

- General, Safety and Performance Requirements

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
l. Scope 3
2. Definition 3
4. General notes on tests 4
5. Markings and Packaging 4
SECTION TWO - SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 6
6. Terminals 6
7. Constructional requirements 6
8. Provisions for earthing 6
9. Protection against accidental contact with live parts 6
10. Moisture and resistance and insulation 7
SECTION THREE - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 8
11. Electrical Characteristics 8
12. Inverter protection 8

INVERTERS FOR STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATION General,
Safety and Performance Requirements
INTRODUCTION
This proposed standard covers general and safety requirements for non utility interactive
inverters used in photovoltaic systems. Performance requirements for these inverters are
also included.
Note: Safety requirements ensure that electrical equipment constructed in accordance with
these standards does not endanger the- safety of person or property when properly
installed and maintained and used in applications for which it was intended.
1. Scope
This standard specifies general and safety requirements for non-utility interactive inverter
for photovoltaic systems not exceeding 300VDC.
2. Definitions:
2.1. Rated voltage range: Range of d.c. voltage over which the inverter is
intended to be operated.
2.2. Design voltage: Voltage declared by the manufacturer to which all the
inverter characteristics are related.
2.3. Live part: Conductive part which may cause an electric shock in normal use.
The neutral conductor shall, however, be regarded as a live part.
2.4. Type test: test or series of tests made on a type-test sample for the purpose
of checking compliance of the design of a given product with the
requirements of the relevant specifications.
2.5. Type test sample: Sample consisting of one or more similar units submitted
by the manufacturer or responsible vendor for the purpose of a type test.
3. General requirements:
Inverters shall be so designed and constructed that in normal use they operate without danger
to the users and surroundings.
In general, compliance for inverters is checked by carrying out all the tests specified described
in the Annexes.
4. General notes on tests
4.1. Tests according to this standard are type tests.
Note: The requirement and tolerances permitted by this standard are related to
the testing of a type-test sample submitted for that purpose. Compliance
of the type test sample does not ensure compliance of the whole
production of a manufacturer with this safety standard.
4.2. Unless otherwise specified, the tests are carried out at an ambient temperature
between 10C and 30C.
4.3. Where inverters are intended for use from battery supplies it is permissible to
substitute a d.c. power source other than a battery, provided that the source
impedance is equivalent to that of a battery.
4.4. Three samples are required for testing. In such cases if more than one inverter
fails, then the type is rejected.
4.5. If one inverter fails, the test is repeated using the other two inverters and all of
these shall comply with the test requirements.
5. Markings
5.1. Inverters shall be clearly marked with the following mandatory markings:
a. Mark or origin (trade mark, manufacturer's name or name of the

responsible supplier).
b. Model number or type reference of the manufacturer.
c. Rated input battery voltage.
d. Rated output a.c. voltage.
e. Rated output frequency
f. Rated power output
g. Rated voltage output wave form
h. Wiring diagram indicating the position of the terminal
i. Whether the inverter is proof against supply voltage polarity reversals.
5.2. Markings shall be durable and legible.
Compliance is checked by inspection and by trying to remove the markings by rubbing

lightly for 15 s each, with two pieces of cloth, one soaked in water and the other with
petroleum spirit.
Note: The petroleum spirit used should consist of a solvent hexane with a content of
aromatics of maximum 0.1 volume percentage, a kauributanol value of 29, an
initial boiling-point of approximately 65C, a dry-point of approximately 69C and
a density of approximately 0.68 g/ cm3.
5.3. Inverter enclosure
Inverter enclosure shall be sufficiently protected from the ingress of water spray, dust
and small insects.
5.4. Inverter packaging
Light emitting diodes (LED) or liquid crystal display (LCD) shall be present in the front
panel of the inverter to indicate voltage conditions of the battery. Voltmeters and current
meters should be added in the front panel. Furthermore, audio or visual alarms should
be incorporated in the inverter to warn users of nearing load disconnection.
SECTION TWO - SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
6. Terminals
6.1. Terminals shall permit the connection of conductors from e4ch component.
6.2. Terminals shall be prominently marked for polarities for each component in the
PV system.
7. Constructional requirements
7.1. Inverters shall be mechanically robust and shall be so designed as to minimize

the effects of moisture and temperature during use as well prevent the ingress of
insects, dust and water spray.
7.2. Adequately robust means of fixing shall be provided.
8. Provisions for earthing
8.1 Any earth terminal shall be adequately locked against loosening and it shall not
be possible to loosen the clamping by hand. For screwless terminals, it shall not
be possible to loosen the clamping means unintentionally.
8.2 All parts of an earth terminal shall be such as to minimize the danger of
electrolytic corrosion resulting from contact with 4he earth conductor or any
other metal contact in them.
8.3 The screw or other parts of the earth terminal shall be made of brass or other
metal no less resistant to corrosion, or a material with a nonrusting surface and
at least one of the contact surfaces shall be bare metal.
Compliance is by inspection.
9. Protection against accidental contact with live parts
9.1. Inverters shall, when installed as in normal use, be sufficiently protected against
accidental contact with live parts as specified in Appendix C.
Lacquer and enamel are not deemed to be adequate protection or insulation for
the purpose of this requirement.
9.2 Parts providing protection against accidental contact shall have adequate
mechanical strength and shall not work loose in normal use. It shall not be
possible to remove them without the aid of a tool.
Compliance is checked by inspection. It is further recommended that a lamp be used

for the indication of contact and that the voltage be not less than 40V.
10 Moisture and resistance and insulation
10.1. The inverter shall be moisture resistant. It shall not show any appreciable
damage after being subjected to the following test:
The inverter is conditioned for 48 hours in an enclosure containing air with a

relative humidity maintained between 91% and 95%.. The temperature of the
air at all places where samples can be located is maintained within 1C at any
convenient value between 25C and 40C.
10.2 Insulation shall be adequate between the input terminals bonded together and
all exposed metal parts.
Before the insulation test, visible drops of water, if any, are removed by
means of blotting paper.
Immediately after the moisture treatment, the insulation resistance is

measured with a d.c. voltage of approximately 500 V 1 min after application of
the voltage.
The insulation resistance shall be not less than 2 Mohm.

SECTION THREE - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
11. Electrical Characteristics
11.1. Electrical characteristics of the inverter shall be faithful to the manufacturer's

data and shall be tested according to the procedure described in Appendix B.
The inverter shall be tested for the following:
a. Stand-by power loss

b. Operating voltage range
c. Conversion efficiency
d. DC ripple
e. Power factor
f. Voltage and frequency variation
g. Total Harmonic distortion
h. Electromagnetic noise
i. Acoustic noise
j. Ground path continuity
12. Inverter Protection
The provisions of Clause 4 apply together with the following mandatory marking requirement.
12.1. Indication of type and current rating of the fuse or disconnecting means, if
applicable.
12.2. Either fuses or circuit breakers are acceptable for over current devices provided
they are rated for their intended use.
12.3 Polarity Reversal
When the inverter is declared to be proof against supply voltage polarity reversals it shall
be operated with reverse voltage for 1 h and at the maximum voltage range.
At the end of this period the supply shall be connected correctly and the inverter shall
operate normally.
12.4. Over voltage
The inverter shall be protected from lightning flashes and inductive over voltage if
applicable.
12.5. The inverter shall be equipped with inverse time circuit breakers or time delay
fuses or similar disconnecting means for over voltage conditions.
12.6. In circuits where no transients are anticipated, fast acting fuses can be used.
12.7 Connection Sequence
The inverter shall be protected from connection sequence reversals and shall be tested
according to the procedure described in Appendix B.
At the end of this test, the correct sequence of connection of each component to the
inverter shall be conducted and the inverter shall operate normally.
12.8 The inverter shall be subjected to environmental and electrical cycling tests
described in Annex D to determine potential failures.
At the end of this tests, the inverter shall operate normally.

APPENDIX 7

INVERTERS FOR STAND-ALONE
PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
PROPOSED
Inverters for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Applications - Design

Qualification and Type Approval

CONTENTS 4
INTRODUCTION
1. Scope 4
2. Purpose 4
-
3. Sampling 4
4. Marking 5
5. Testing 5
6. Pass Criteria 5
7. Major visual defects 6
8. Report 6
9. Modification 6
SECTION TWO - STANDARD TEST METHODS
11. Measurement of stand-by power 8
12. Measurement of power factor 8
13. Determination of operating voltage 8
14. Measurement of conversion efficiency 8
15. Measurement of d.c. ripple 8
16. Voltage and frequency variation 8
17. Total Harmonic Distortion 9
18. Electromagnetic compatibility 9
19. Acoustic Noise 9
20. Electric Shock Conductivity Test .9
21. Temperature Cycling and Endurance Test 10
APENDIX A - TEST CIRCUITS 11

INVERTERS FOR STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
This standard covers the requirements for the design qualification and type approval of
stand-alone inverters used in photovoltaic systems.
1. Scope
This standard lays down the requirements for the design qualification and type approval of
stand-alone inverters used in photovoltaic systems suitable for long-term operations.
2. Purpose
To determine the electrical and thermal characteristics of inverters. The actual life
expectancy of inverters so qualified will depend on their design, their environment and the
conditions under which they are operated.
3. Sampling
Three inverters for qualification testing (plus spares as desired) shale be taken at random
from a production batch or batches. The inverters have been subjected to the
manufacturer's normal inspection, quality control and production acceptance procedures.
The inverter shall be complete in every detail and shall be accompanied by the
manufacturer's handling, mounting and connection instructions, including the maximum
permissible voltage.
When the inverter are prototypes of a new design and not from production, the fact shall
be noted in the test report.
4. Marking
Each inverter shall carry the following clear indelible markings:
name, monogram or symbol of manufacturer

type or model number
serial number
polarity of terminals
output voltage
nominal system voltage
Rated power
voltage/current wave form

The date and place of manufacturer shall be marked on the inverter traceable from the
serial number.
5. Testing
The inverter shall be subjected to the test sequences in Figure 1, carried out in the order laid
down. Test procedures and severities including initial and final measurements where necessary
are detailed in Part B.
In carrying out the tests, the tester shall strictly observe the manufacturer's handling, mounting
and connection instructions.
6. Pass criteria
An inverter shall be judged to have passed the qualification tests, if each test sample meets the
following criteria:
6.1. No apparent damage appears on the inverter after the tests conditions and
functions normally.
6.2. No sample has exhibited any short-circuit nor open circuit conditions during the
tests.
6.3. There is no visual evidence of a major defect, as defined in Clause A7.
6.4. The insulation test requirement are met after the tests.
Should the first sample fail any test, the other two inverters shall be subjected to the whole
relevant test sequence from the beginning. If one or both inverters fail, the design shall be
deemed not to have met the qualification standard. If, however, both inverters pass the test
sequence, the design shall be judged to have met the qualification requirements.
7. Major visual defects
For the purposes of design qualification and type approval, the following are considered to be
major visual defects:
shorted terminals
shorted routes in the printed circuit board
shorted electronic parts in the printed circuit board
8. Report
A certified test report of the qualification tests, with the -measured performance characteristics
and details of any failures and re-tests shall be prepared by the test agency. A copy of this
report shall be kept by the manufacturer for reference purposes.
9. Modifications
Any change in the design, materials, components or processing of the inverter may require a
repetition of some or all the qualification tests to maintain type approval.
SECTION THREE - STANDARD TEST METHODS
10. General requirements
Tests are type test. One inverter shall be subjected to all tests.
10.1. Ambient temperatures
Tests shall be made in a draught free room and at an ambient temperature within the
range 20 to 30C.
10.2. Supply voltage
Unless otherwise specified, the inverter to be tested shall be operated at its design
voltage.
10.3. Inverter stability
a. An inverter shall be brought to a condition of stable operation before carrying out

measurements.
b. The characteristics of an inverter shall be checked immediately before and
immediately after each series of tests.
10.4. Instrument characteristics
a. Potential circuit
Potential circuits of instruments connected across the inverter shall not pass
more than 3 % of the nominal running current.
b. Current circuit
Instruments connected in series with the inverter shall have a sufficiently low
impedance such that the voltage drop shall not exceed 2% of the inverter voltage
c. R.M.S. measurements
Instruments shall be essentially free from errors due to wave form distortion and
shall be suitable for the operating frequencies
10.5. Inverter power source
It is permissible to substitute a d.c. power source other than a battery, provided that the
source impedance is equivalent to that of a battery.
11. Measurement of stand-by power
Figure 1 gives a typical testing circuit. If this circuit is used. no correction is used or need be
made for the current drawn by the voltmeter, provided that the resistance of the voltmeter
complies with the requirements of Clause B1.4a.
12. Measurement of power factor
Figure 2 gives a typical circuit for the determination of power factor. A suitable correction shall
be made for instrument losses.
13. Determination of operating voltage
Figure 3 gives a typical circuit for the determination of operating voltage.
14. Measurement of conversion efficiency
The inverter efficiency shall be >- 90% at full load.
Figure 4 gives a typical circuit for the determination of inverter efficiency.
15. Measurement of d.c. ripple
There shall be no do ripple on the d.c. supply side of the inverter.
Figure 5 gives the circuit for measurement of d.c. ripple.
16. Voltage and frequency variation
The voltage regulation of the inverter shall be < 5 % of the rated output voltage while the
frequency variation of the inverter should be <- 1 % of the rated output frequency.
Figure 6 givers the test circuit for measuring voltage and frequency variation.
17. Total Harmonic Distortion
The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the inverter shall be 5 3% at 1.0 p.u. and not lower than
5%.
Figure 6 gives the circuit for measurement o the voltage and frequency variation.
18. Electromagnetic compatibility
Electromagnetic compatibility shall be lower than 40 dB at a distance of 10 m.
Figure 7 gives the testing diagram for electromagnetic compatibility.
19. Acoustic Noise
When operating over the rated voltage range and with load connected the inverter shall comply
with the following requirements:
at and above an operating frequency of 18 kHz: no requirements;

below an operating frequency of 18 kHz: requirements under consideration.
20. Electric Shock Conductivity Test
In order to determine whether a conductive part is a live part which may cause an electric
shock, the inverter is operated at rated voltage and tthe following tests are conducted:
20.1. The current flowing between the part connected and earth is measured, the
measuring current having a non-inductive resistance of 2000 50 52.
The part concerned is a live part if a current of more than 0.7 mA (peak) or 2 mA
d.c. is measured.
20.2. The voltage between the part concerned and any accessible part is measured, the
measuring circuit having a non-inductive resistance of 5000052. The part
concerned is a live part if a voltage or more than 34 V (peak) is measured.
For the above test, one pole of the test supply shall be at earth potential.
21. Temperature Cycling and Endurance Test
Compliance is checked by the following tests:
The inverter shall be mounted in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, operated in
association with full load conditions at the maximum voltage of the rated load and subjected to a
temperature cycling test and an endurance test, as follows:
21.1. the temperature cycling test shall be carried out firstly at the lower limit of the
ambient temperature range for 1 hour. The temperature shall be raised to the
upper limit of the ambient temperature range for 1 hour. Five such temperature
cycles shall be carried out;
21.2. the endurance test shall be carried out at the ambient temperature for the
following test period:
- for continual operation inverters: 500 h;
- for intermittent operation inverters: 50 h.
At the end of this time, and after cooling to room temperature, the inverter shall operate the
load at the rated voltage.
Appendix A -Test Citcuits
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
CRYSTALLINE SILICON TERRESTRIAL

PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES
DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND TYPE APPROVAL
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for

standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The
object of the IEC is to promote international cooperation on all questions concerning standardization
in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes
International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National
Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work.
International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate
in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters, prepared by technical
committees on which all the National Committees having a special interest therein are represented,
express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the subjects dealt with.
3) They have the form of recommendations for international use published in the form of standards,
technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC
International Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional
standards. Any divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional
standard shall be dearly indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered
responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
International Standard IEC 1215 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 82: Solar
photovoltaic energy systems.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the reports on voting
indicated in the above table
1 Scope and object
This International Standard lays down IEC requirements for the design qualification and type
approval of terrestrial photovoltaic modules suitable for long-term operation in general open-air
climates, as defined in IEC 721-2-1. It applies only to crystalline silicon types. Standards for
thin-film modules and other environments, such as marine or equator conditions, are under
consideration.
This standard does not apply to modules used with concentrators.
The object of this test sequence is to determine the electrical and thermal characteristics of the
module and to show, as far as is possible within reasonable constraints of cost and time, that
the module is capable of withstanding prolonged exposure in climates described in the scope.
The actual lifetime expectancy of modules so qualified will depend on their design, their
environment and the conditions under which they are operated.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions
indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements
based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying
the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
IEC 68-1: 1988, Environmental testing - Part 1:. General and guidance
IEC 68-2-3: 1969, Environmental testing - Part 2: Tests - Test Ca: Damp heat, steady
state
IEC 68-2-21: 1983, Environmental testing - Part 2: Tests - Test U: Robustness of termin -
ations and integral mounting devices
IEC 410: 1973, Sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes
IEC 721-2-1: 1982, Classification of environmental conditions - Part 2: Environmental

conditions appearing in nature - Temperature and humidity
IEC 891: 1987, Procedures for temperature and irradiance corrections to measured l-V
characteristics of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) devices
IEC 904-3: 1989, Photovoltaic devices - Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial
photovoltaic (PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data
QC 001002: 1986, Rules of Procedure of the IEC Quality Assessment System for Elec
tronic Components (lECQ)
Amendment No. 1 (1992)
3 Sampling
Eight modules for qualification testing (plus spares as desired) shall be taken at random from a
production batch or batches, in accordance with the procedure given*in IEC 410. The modules
shall have been manufactured from specified materials and components in accordance with the
relevant drawings and process sheets and have been subjected to the manufacturer's normal
inspection, quality control and production acceptance procedures. The modules shall be
complete in every detail and shall be accompanied by the manufacturer's handling, mounting
and connection instructions, including the maximum permissible system voltage. '
When the modules to be tested are prototypes of a new design and not from production, this
fact shall be noted in the test report (see clause 8).
4 Marking
Each module shall carry the following clear and indelible markings:
- name, monogram or symbol of manufacturer;
- type or model number;
- serial number;
- polarity of terminals or leads (colour coding is permissible);
- maximum system voltage for which the module is suitable.
The date and place of manufacture shall be marked on the module or be traceable from the
serial number.
5 Testing
The modules shall be divided into groups and subjected to the qualification test sequences in
figure 1, carried out in the order laid down. Each box refers to the corresponding subclause in
this standard. Test procedures and severities, including initial and final measurements where
necessary, are detailed in clause 10.
NOTE - Where the final measurements for one test serve as the initial measurements for
the next test in the sequence, they need not be repeated. In these cases, the initial
measurements are omitted from the test.
In carrying out the tests, the tester shall strictly observe the manufacturer's handling, mounting
and connection instructions. Test given in 10.4 may be omitted if the temperature coefficients a
and P are already known.
6 Pass criteria
A module design shall be judged to have passed the qualification tests, and therefore to be IEC type
approved, if each test sample meets all the following criteria:
a) the degradation of maximum output power at standard test conditions (STC) does
not exceed the prescribed limit after each test nor 8 % after each test sequence;
b) no sample has exhibited any open-circuit or ground fault during the tests;
c) there is no visual evidence of a major defect, as defined in clause 7;
d) the insulation test requirements are met after the tests.
If two or more modules do not meet these test criteria, the design shall be deemed not to have met
the qualification requirements. Should one module fail any test, another two modules meeting the
requirements of clause 3 shall be subjected to the whole of the relevant test sequence from the
beginning. If one or both of these modules also fail, the design shall be deemed not to have met the
qualification requirements. If, however, both modules pass the test sequence, the design shall be
judged to have met the qualification requirements.
7 Major visual defects
For the purposes of design qualification and type approval, the following are considered to be major
visual defects:
'.
a) broken, cracked, bent, misaligned or torn external surfaces;
b) a crack in a cell whose propagation could remove more than 10 % of that cell's area
from the electrical circuit of the module;
c) bubbles or delamination forming a continuous path between any part of the electrical
circuit and the edge of the module;
d) loss of mechanical integrity, to the extent that the installation and/or operation of the
module would be impaired.
8 Report
Following type approval, a certified report of the qualification tests, with measured performance
characteristics and details of any failures and re-tests, shall be prepared by the test agency in
accordance with IECQ procedure QC 001002. A copy of this report shall be kept by the manufacturer
for reference purposes.
9 Modifications
Any change in the design, materials, components or processing of the module may require a
repetition of some or all of the qualification tests to maintain type approval.
10 Test procedures
10.1 Visual Inspection
10.1.1 Purpose
To detect any visual defects in the module.
10.1.2 Procedure
Carefully inspect each module under an illumination of not less than 1 000 lux for the following
conditions:
- cracked, bent, misaligned or torn external surfaces;

- broken cells;
- cracked cells;
- faulty interconnections or joints;
- cells touching one another or the frame;
- failure of adhesive bonds;
- bubbles or delamination forming a continuous path between a cell and the edge
of the module;
- tacky surfaces of plastic materials;
- faulty terminations, exposed live electrical parts;
- any other conditions which may.affect performance.
Make note of and/or photograph the nature and position of any cracks, bubbles or delamination,
etc. which may worsen and adversely affect the module performance in subsequent tests.
10.1.3 Requirements
Visual conditions other than the major visual defects listed in clause 7 are acceptable for the
purposes of type approval.
10.2 Performance at STC
10.2.1 Purpose
To determine how the electrical performance of the module varies with load at STC (cell
temperature: 25 C t 2 C, irradiance: 1 000 W-m 2) using natural sunlight or a class A simulator
conforming to the requirements of IEC 904-3.
10.2.2 Procedure
Determine the current-voltage characteristic of the module at STC, in accordance with IEC 904-1.
When necessary, make-temperatme and irradiance corrections to accordance with IEC 891.
10.3 Insulation test
10.3.1 Purpose
To determine whether or not the module is sufficiently well insulated between current
carrying parts and the frame.
10.3.2 Test conditions
The test shall be made on modules at ambient temperature of the surrounding

atmosphere (see IEC 68-1) and in a relative humidity not exceeding 75 %.
10.3.3 Procedure
a) Connect the shorted output terminals of the module to the positive terminal of a d.c.
insulation tester with a current limitation.
b) Connect the exposed metal parts of the module to the negative terminal of the
tester. If the module has no frame or if the frame is a poor electrical conductor, mount
the module on a metallic simulated support structure, which is to be connected to the
negative terminal of the tester.
c) Increase the voltage applied by the tester at a rate not exceeding 500 V-s -1 to a
maximum equal to 1 000 V plus twice the maximum system voltage (i.e. the open
circuit voltage of the system at STC). Maintain the voltage at this level for 1 min. If the
maximum system voltage does not exceed 50 V, the applied voltage shall be 500 V.
d) Reduce the applied voltage to zero and short-circuit the terminals of the tester for 5
min, while still connected to the module.
e) Remove the short circuit.

. ,
f) Apply a d.c. voltage of not less than 500 V to the module, with the tester connected
as in steps a) and b). Determine the insulation resistance.
10.3.4 Test requirements
- no dielectric breakdown (less than 50 uA ) or surface cracking during step c);

- insulation resistance not less than 50 Mfg.
10.4 Measurement of temperature coefficients
10.4.1 Purpose
To determine the temperature coefficients of current (a) and voltage (~) from module
measurements. The coefficients so determined are valid at the irradiance at which the
measurements were made. For linear modules, they are also valid over an irradiance
range of 30 % of this level. This procedure supplements that in IEC 891 for
measuring -- these coefficients from a representative set of single cells.
10.4.2 Apparatus
a) Solar simulator (class B or better), conforming to future standard IEC (under

consideration). Means to measure irradiance, short-circuit current and open-
circuit voltage in accordance with clause 2 of IEC 904-1.
NOTE - The use of a pulsed solar simulator is preferred, since it creates little additional
heat that could affect the module during the measurement. If a steady-state simulator
is used, it should be equipped with a shutter or equivalent means to minimize the
period of irradiance to 0,5 s or less.
b) Means to measure the surface or cell temperature of the module to an

accuracy of t0,5 C.
c) A chamber capable of accommodating the module, equipped with a

transparent window and means for evenly heating and cooling the contents over
the temperature range of interest.
10.4.3 Procedure
a) Determine the short-circuit current of the module at the desired irradiance at

room temperature, in accordance with IEC 904-1.
b) Mount the test module in the chamber and a suitable irradiance monitor
outside the chamber within the simulator beam. Connect to the instrumentation.
c) Close the chamber and set the irradiance so that the test module produces
the short-circuit current determined in item a). Use the irradiance monitor to
maintain this irradiance setting throughout the test.
d) Heat the module to the maximum temperature of interest, switch off the
heater and allow the module to cool evenly.
e) As the module cools, take measurements of the short-circuit current and

open circuit voltage at 5 C intervals over a range of interest of at least 30 C.
NOTE - The complete current-voltage characteristic may be measured at each

temperature to determine the curve correction factor K, in accordance with clause 5 of
IEC 891.
f) Plot the values of lsc and V oc as functions of temperature and construct a least
squares-fit curve through each set of data.
g) From the slopes of the current and voltage curves at a point midway between
the minimum and maximum temperatures of interest, calculate a and the
temperature coefficients for the module.
10.5 Measurement of nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT)
10.5.1 Purpose
To determine the NOCT of the module.
10.5.2 Introduction
NOCT is defined as the equilibrium mean solar cell junction temperature within an
open rack mounted module in the following standard reference environment (SRE):
- Tilt angle: at normal incidence to the direct solar beam at local

solar noon
2
- Total irradiance: 800 W-m
- Ambient temperature: 20 C
- Wind speed: 1 m-s-1
- Electrical load: nil (open circuit).
NOCT can be used by the system designer as a guide to the temperature at which a module will
operate in the field and it is therefore a useful parameter when comparing the performance of
different module designs. However, the actual operating temperature at any particular time is
affected by the mounting structure, irradiance, wind speed, ambient temperature, sky
temperature and reflections and emissions from the ground and nearby objects. For accurate
performance predictions, these factors shall be taken into account.
Two methods for determining NOCT are described.
The first, called "the primary method", is universally applicable to all PV modules. In the case of
modules not designed for open-rack mounting, the primary method may be used to determine
the equilibrium mean solar cell junction temperature in the SIRE, with the module mounted as
recommended by the manufacturer.
The second, called "the reference-plate method", is faster but is applicable only to PV modules of
the type which respond to changes of ambient temperature (within restricted ranges of wind
speed and irradiance) in the same way as the reference plates used in the measurement.
Crystalline silicon modules with a glass front and plastic back are in this category. The reference
plates are calibrated using the same procedure as in the primary method.
10.5.3 Primary method 10.5.3.1 Principle
This method is based on gathering actual measured cell temperature data under a range of
environmental conditions including the SIRE. The data are presented in a way that allows
accurate and repeatable interpolation of the NOCT.
The temperature of the solar cell junction (T) is primarily a function of the ambient temperature
(Tam b )' the average wind speed (V) and the total solar irradiance (G) incident on the active
surface of the module. The temperature difference (T j - Ta m b ) is largely independent of the
ambient temperature and is essentially linearly proportional to the irradiance at levels above 400
W-m 2. The procedure calls for plotting (Tj - T am b ) against G for a period when wind conditions
are favourable. A preliminary NOCT value is then determined by adding 20 C to the value of (T j
- T a m b ) interpolated at the SRE irradiance of 800 W-m `. Finally, `1 correction factor, dependent
on the average temperature and wind speed during the test period, is added to the preliminary
NOCT to correct it to 20 C and 1 m-s-1.
10.5.3.2 Apparatus
The following apparatus is required:
a) An open rack to support the test module(s) and pyranometer in the specified manner
(see 10.5.3.3). The rack shall be designed to minimize heat conduction from the
modules and to interfere as little as possible with the free radiation of heat from their
front and back surfaces.
NOTE - In the case of modules not designed for open-rack mounting, the test module(s)
should be mounted as recommended by the manufacturer.
b) A pyranometer, mounted in the plane of the module(s) and within 0,3 m of the test
array.
c) Instruments to measure wind speed down to 0,25 m-s-1 and wind direction,
installed approximately 0,7 m above the top of the module(s) and 1,2 m to the east or
west.
d) An ambient temperature sensor, with a. time constant approaching that of the

module(s), installed in a shaded enclosure with good ventilation near the wind sensors.
e) Cell temperature sensors, attached by solder or thermally conductive adhesive to the
backs of two solar cells near the middle of each test module, or other equipment
necessary for IEC-approved measurement of cell temperature.
f) A data acquisition system to record the following parameters within an interval of

no more than 60 s:
Parameter
irradiance
ambient temperature
cell temperature
wind speed
wind direction
Accuracy the total accuracy of NOCT shall be 1 K.

10.5.3.3 Test module mounting
Tilt angle: the test module(s) shall be positioned so that it is normal to the direct solar beam
(within 5) at local solar noon.
Height: the bottom edge of the test module(s) shall be 0,6 m or more above the local horizontal
plane or ground level.
Configuration: to simulate the thermal boundary conditions of modules installed in an array, the
test module(s) shall be mounted within a planar surface that extends at least 0,6 m beyond the
module(s) in all directions. For modules designed for freestanding,.. open-back installations,
black aluminium plates or other modules of the same design shall be used to fill out the
remaining open area of the planar surface.
Surrounding area: there shall be no obstructions to prevent full irradiance of the test module(s)
during the period from 4 h before local solar noon to 4 h after local solar noon. The ground
surrounding the module(s) shall not have an abnormally high solar reflectance and shall be flat and
level or sloping away from the test fixture in all directions. Grass, other types of vegetation, black
asphalt or dirt are acceptable for the local surrounding area.
.
10.5.3.4 Procedure
a) Set up the apparatus with the test module(s), as described in 10.5.3.3. Ensure that the test
module(s) are open-circuited.
b) On a suitable, clear, sunny day with little wind, record, as a function of time, the cell
temperature, the ambient temperature, the irradiance, wind speed and wind direction.
c) Reject all data taken during the following conditions:

- irradiance below 400 W-m-2;
- wind speeds outside the range 1 t 0,75 m-s-1 ;
- ambient temperatures outside the range 20 15 C or varying by more than 5 C;
- a 10-min interval after a wind gust of more than 4 m-s-1;
- wind direction within t 20 of east or west.
d) From a minimum of 10 acceptable data points covering an irradiance range of at least 300 W- -2 ,
plot (Tj - Tamb) as a function of irradiance. Draw a straight line through the data points.
e) From the straight line, determine the value of (Tj - Tamb) at 800 W-m2 and add 20 C to give the
preliminary value of NOCT.
f) Calculate the average ambient temperature, amb, and the average wind speed, V, associated
with the acceptable data points and determine the appropriate correction factor from figure 2.
g) Add the correction factor to the preliminary NOCT to correct it to 20 C and 1 m-s -1. This sum is
the NOCT of the module.
h) Repeat the entire procedure on a different day and average the two values of NOCT if they are
within 0,5 C. If the difference is more than 0,5 C, repeat the procedure on a third day and
average all three values of NOCT.
10.5.4 Reference-plate method
10.5.4.1 Principle
This method is based on the principle of comparing the temperature of the test module(s) with that
of standard reference plates under the same conditions of irradiance, ambient temperature and
wind speed. The steady-state temperature of the reference plate in the SRE is determined using the
primary method described in 10.5.3.
The NOCT of the test module is obtained by correcting the temperature difference between the test
module and the reference plates to the SRE and adding this value to the mean steady-state
temperature of the reference plates in the SRE. It has been established that the measured
temperature difference is insensitive to fluctuations in irradiance and to small changes in
ambient temperature and wind speed.
10.5.4.2 Reference plates
The reference plates shall be made of hard aluminium alloy to the dimensions shown in figure
3. The front surface shall be painted matt black and the back surface gloss white. Means shall
be provided for measuring the temperature of the reference plates to the required accuracy.
One method employing two thermocouples is shown in figure 3. One thermocouple is
cemented into each branch of the milled groove with thermally conductive and electrically
insulating adhesive, after removing any insulation for a distance of 25 mm from the junction.
The remainder of the thermocouple wires are finally cemented into the groove with
aluminium putty.
.
At least three reference plates shall be made and calibrated, using the primary method
described in 10.5.3. The steady-state temperatures so determined shall be within the range
46 C to 50 C and shall differ by no more than 1 C. One of the reference plates shall be
kept unused as a control. Before making a NOCT measurement, the steady-state
temperatures of the reference plates shall be checked against that of the control plate under
the acceptable conditions indicated in item c) of 10.5.3.4 to detect any change in their
thermal properties. If the measured temperatures of the reference plates differ by more
than 1 C, the reason for this shall be investigated and necessary corrective action taken
before proceeding with the test.
10.5.4.3 Test site
Select a flat test site with negligible wind disturbance from buildings, trees and topographical
features. Non-uniform reflections from the ground and objects behind the test plane shall be
avoided.
10.5.4.4 Apparatus
The following apparatus is required (see figure 4).
a) A number of reference plates, as described in 10.5.4.2 (one more than the number of
modules to be tested simultaneously).
b) A pyranometer or a PV reference device.
c) An open rack to support the test module(s), reference plates and pyranometer so that they
are normal to the direct solar beam (within t5) at local solar noon. Each module shall be
closely flanked by two references plates, with the lower edge of the modules) approximately 1
m above the ground. The rack shall be designed to minimize heat conduction from the
module(s) and plates and to interfere as little as possible with the free radiation of heat from
their front and back surfaces.
d) Instruments to measure wind speed down to 0,25 m-s 1 and wind direction, installed
approximately 0.7 m above the top of the module(s) and 1,2 m to the east or west, as shown in
figure 4.
e) An ambient temperature sensor with a time constant approaching that of the modules,
installed in a shaded enclosure with good ventilation near the wind sensors.
f) Cell temperature sensors, attached by solder or thermally conductive adhesive to the backs of
two solar cells near the middle of each module, or other equipment necessary for IEC-approved
measurement of cell temperature.
g) A data acquisition system to record the following parameters within an interval of no more than
60 s:
Parameter:
irradiance
ambient temperature
cell temperature wind speed
wind direction
reference-plate temperatures
Accuracy, the total accuracy of the NOCT shall be 1 K.
10.5.4.5 Procedure
a) Set up the apparatus with the test module(s) and reference plates as shown in figure 4. Ensure
that the test module(s) are open-circuited.
b) On a suitable, clear, sunny day with little wind, record, as a function of time, the cell
temperature(s) of the test module(s), the reference-plate temperature, irradiance, ambient
temperature, wind speed and wind direction.
c) Reject all data taken during, or for 15 min after, the following conditions:
- irradiance below 750 W-m-2 or above 850 W-m-2;
- wind speeds above 2 m-s-1 that continue for more than 30 s;
- wind speeds below 0,5 m-s- I:
- wind direction within 20 of east or west;
- differences between temperatures of the reference plates greater than 1 C.
d) For each data point the the selected period, take the mean temperatue T P of all the reference
plates.
e) For each data point in the selected period and for each test module:
where
f, the irradiance correction factor, is 800 divided by the average irradiance over the
selected period;
, the ambient temperature correction factor, is obtained from the average ambient
temperature Tamb over the selected period using the following table (linear
interpolation for values is acceptable.
R, the wind correction factor, is obtained from the average wind speed over the selected
period, using the graph in figure 5.
10.6 Performance at
NOCT
10.6.1 Purpose
To determine how the electrical performance of the module varies with load at NOCT and an
irradiance of 800 W-m-2, with the IEC 904-3 reference solar spectral irradiance distribution.
10.6.2 Procedure
Heat the module uniformly to NOCT and trace its current-voltage characteristic at an
irradiance of 800 W-m -2 (as measured by a suitable reference device), in accordance with IEC
904-1, using natural sunlight or a class A simulator conforming to the requirements of the
relevant IEC publication.
Alternatively, transpose the IN characteristic measured at room temperature and 800 W.m-2
to NOCT in accordance with IEC 891.
10.7 Performance at low irradiance
10.7.1 Purpose
To determine how the electrical performance of the module varies with load at 25 C and an irradiance
of 200 W -m-2 (as measured by a suitable reference device), in accordance with IEC 904-1 using
natural sunlight or a class A simulator conforming to the requirements of the relevant IEC publication.
10.7.2 Procedure
Determine the current-voltage characteristic of the module at 25 C t 2 C and an irradiance of 200

W-m 2 (as measured by a suitable reference device), in accordance with IEC 904-1 using natural
sunlight or a class A simulator conforming to the requirements of the relevant IEC publi cation. The
irradiance shall be reduced to the specified level by using neutral filters or some other technique which
does not affect the spectral irradiance distribution.
Make temperature and irradiance corrections when necessary.
10.8 Outdoor exposure test
10.8.1 Purpose
To make a preliminary assessment of the ability of the module to withstand exposure to outdoor
conditions and to reveal any synergistic degradation effects which may not be detected by laboratory
tests.
NOTE - Caution should be taken in making absolute judgments about module life on the
basis of passing this test because of the shortness of the test and the environmental
variability of the test conditions. This test should only be used as a guide or indicator of
possible problems.
10.8.2 Apparatus
a) a solar irradiation monitor, accurate to 10 %;
b) means to mount the module, as recommended by the manufacturer, co-planar with the
irradiation monitor.
10.8.3 Procedure
a) Short-circuit the module and mount it outdoors, as recommended by the manufacturer, co-
planar with the irradiation monitor. Any hot-spot protective devices recommended by the
manufacturer shall be installed before the module is tested.
b) Subject the module to an irradiation totaling 60 kWh-m-2, as measured by the - monitor,

under conditions conforming to general open-air climates, as defined in IEC 721-2-1.
10.8.4 Final measurements
Repeat tests 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
10.8.5 Requirements
- no evidence of major visual defects, as defined in clause 7;
- the degradation of maximum output power at STC shall not exceed 5 % of the value
measured before the test;
- insulation resistance shall meet the same requirements as for the initial measurements.
10.9 Hot-spot endurance test
10.9.1 Purpose
To determine the ability of the module to withstand hot-spot heating effects, e.g. solder melting
or deterioration of the encapsulation. This defect could be provoked by cracked or mismatched
cells, interconnect failures, partial shadowing or soiling.
10.9.2 Hot-spot effect
Hot-spot heating occurs' in a module when its operating current exceeds the reduced short-circuit
current of a shadowed or faulty cell or group of cells within it. When such a condition occurs, the
affected cell or group of cells is forced into reverse bias and must dissipate power, which can
cause overheating.
Figure 6 illustrates the hot-spot effect in a module consisting of a series string of cells, - one of
which, cell Y, is partially shadowed. The amount of power dissipated in Y is equal to the product
of the module current and the reverse voltage developed across Y. For any irradiance level,
maximum power is dissipated in the short-circuit condition, when the reverse voltage across Y is
equal to the voltage generated by the remaining (s - 1) cells in the module. This is shown in
figure 6 by the hatched rectangle constructed at the intersection of the reverse 1-V characteristic
of Y with the image of the forward IN characteristic of the (s - 1) cells.
Because the reverse characteristic can vary considerably from cell to cell, it is necessary to
classify cells as voltage-limited (type A) or current-limited (type B), according to how the reverse
characteristic intersects the "test limit zone" shown in figure 7.
Figure 6 also illustrates the condition of maximum dissipation in a faulty or shadowed type A cell.
This occurs when the reverse characteristic intersects the image of the (s - 1) characteristic at its
maximum power point.
In contrast, figure 8 shows that the maximum dissipation in a type B cell occurs when it is fully
shadowed. But it should be noted that, in this case, the dissipated power may be only a fraction
of the total power available from the module.
10.9.3 Classification of cell interconnection
Solar cells in a PV module are connected in one of the following ways:
Case S: series connection of s cells in a single string (figure 6);
Case SP: series-parallel connection, i.e. a parallel connection of p strings, each with s cells in
series (figure 9);
Case SPS: Series-parallel-series connection, i.e. a series connection of b blocks, where each
block consists of a -parallel connection of p strings, each with s cells in series (figure 10).
By-pass diodes, if present, limit the reverse voltage of the enclosed cells and therefore define the
part of the circuit to be tested. Each configuration requires a particular hot-spot testing procedure.
The maximum internal power dissipation occurs with the module short-circuited.
10.9.4 Apparatus
a) Radiant source 1. Steady-state solar simulator or natural sunlight capable of an irradiance

of not less than 700 W-m-2 with a non-uniformity not more than t2 % and a temporal
stability within 5 %.
b) Radiant source 2. Class C steady-state solar simulator (or better) or natural sunlight with
an irradiance of 1 000 W-m 2 f 10 %.
c) Module IN curve tracer.
d) Set of opaque covers for test cell shadowing in 5 % increments.
e) An appropriate temperature detector, if required.
10.9.5 Procedure
All tests shall be performed at an ambient temperature of 25 C t 5 C, with a wind speed less than
2 m-s-1. Any hot-spot protective devices recommended by the manufacturer shall be installed
before the modal is tested.
10.9.5.1 Case S
a) Expose the un shadowed module to radiant source 1 at an irradiance of not less - than
700 W.m`2. Measure the I-V characteristic and determine the current at maximum power,
IMP.
b) Short-circuit the module and select a cell by one of the following methods:
1) With the module exposed to radiant source 1 at a stable irradiance of not less
than 700 W-m 2, determine the hottest cell using an appropriate temperature
detector.
2) Under the irradiance specified for step a), completely shadow each cell in turn
and select the cell or one of the cells which gives the biggest decrease in short-
circuit current when shadowed. During this process, the irradiance shall not change
by more than 5 %.
c) Under the same irradiance (within t3 %) as used in step a), completely shadow the
selected cell and check that the I sc of the module is less than the IMP, as determined in
step a). If this condition does not occur, one cannot set the condition of maximum
power dissipation within a single cell. In this case, proceed with the selected cell
completely shadowed, omitting step d).
d) Gradually decrease the shadowed area of the selected cell until the I sc of the module
coincides as closely as possible with IMP. In this condition, the maximum power is
dissipated within the selected cell.
e) Expose the module to radiant source 2. Note the value of I sc and keep the module in
the condition of maximum power dissipation, re-adjusting the shadow, if necessary, to
maintain the Isc at the specified level.
f) After 1 h, shade the module from the light source and verify that the Isc is not more
than 10 % of IMP
g) After 30 min, restore the irradiance to 1 000 W-m 2.
h) Repeat steps e), f) and g) a total of five
10.9.5.2 Case SP
a) Expose the un shadowed module to radiant source 1 at an irradiance of not less than
700 W-m 2. Measure the I-V characteristic and determine I sc (*), the short-circuit current
corresponding to the condition of maximum hot spot power dissipation, from the following
equation, assuming that all strings generate the same current:
where
ISC is the short-circuit current of the unshadowed module;
IMP is the current at maximum power of the unshadowed module:
p is the number of parallel strings in the module.
b) Short-circuit the module and select a cell by one of the following methods:.
1) with the module exposed to radiant source 1 at a stable irradiance of not less
than 700 W-m 2, determine the hottest cell using an appropriate temperature
detector:
2) under the irradiance specified in step a), completely shadow each cell in
turn and find the cell which gives the biggest decrease in short-circuit
current when shadowed. During this process, the irradiance shall not change
by more than 5 %.
c) Under the same irradiance as in step a) (within t3 %), check that, with ,the
selected cell fully shadowed, the I sc of the module is less than I sc (*), as determined
in step a). If this condition does not occur, one cannot set the condition of maximum
power dissipation within a single cell. In this case, proceed with the selected cell fully
shadowed, omitting step d).
d) Gradually decrease the shadowed area of the selected cell until the I sc of the
module coincides as closely as possible with In this condition, the maximum power is
dissipated within the selected cell.
.
e) Expose the module to radiant source 2. Note the value of !Sc and keep the module
in the condition of maximum power dissipation, re-adjusting the shadow, if
necessary, to maintain the I SC at the specified level.
f) After 1 h, shade the module from the light source and verify that the ISC is not
more than 10 % of I MP .
g) After 30 min, restore the irradiance to 1 000 W-m -2 .
h) Repeat steps e), f) and g) a total of five times.
10.9.5.3 Case SPS
a) Short-circuit the unshadowed module and expose it to radiant source 1 at a stable

irradiance of not less than 700 W-m -2 . Take at random at least 30 % of the cells in the
module, fully shadow each cell in turn and measure the temperature at which it
stabilizes, using thermal imaging equipment or other appropriate means.
b) Fully shadow the hottest cell found in step a).
c) While continuing to monitor its temperature, gradually decrease the shadowed area
and determine the condition in which maximum temperature is achieved.
d) Expose the module to radiant source 2 and keep it in the shadowed condition estab -
lished in step c).
e) After 1 h, shade *,,e module from the light source.
f) After 30 min, restore the irradiance to 1 000 W-m -2 .
g) Repeat steps d). e) and f) a total of five times.
10.10 UV test
10.10.1 Purpose
To determine the ability of the module to withstand exposure to ultra-violet (UV) radiation.
The UV test is under consideration.
10.11 Thermal cycling test
10.11.1 Purpose
To determine the ability of the module to withstand thermal mismatch, fatigue and other
stresses caused by repeated changes of temperature. ,
10.11.2 Apparatus
a) A climatic chamber with automatic temperature control, means for circulating

the air inside and means to avoid condensation on the module during the test,
capable of subjecting one or more modules to the thermal cycle in figure 11.
b) Means for mounting or supporting the module(s) in the chamber, so as to allow

free circulation of the surrounding air. The thermal conduction of the mount or
support shall be low, so that, for practical purposes, the module(s) are thermally
isolated.
c) Means for measuring and recording the temperature of the module(s) to an

accuracy of 1 C. The temperature sensors shall be attached to the front or back
surface of the module near the middle. If more than one module is tested simul -
taneously, it will suffice -to monitor the temperature of one representative sample.
d) Means for monitoring, throughout the test, the continuity of the internal circuit
of each module.
e) Instrumentation for monitoring in each module the integrity of the insulation
between one of the terminals and the module frame or supporting structure.
10.11.3 Procedure
a) Install the module(s) at room temperature in the chamber. If the frame is a

poor electrical conductor, mount the module on a metal frame simulating an
open support structure.
b) Connect the temperature monitoring equipment to the temperature sensor(s).

Connect the continuity instrumentation across the module terminals. Connect the
insulation monitor between one terminal and the frame or supporting structure.
c) Close the chamber and, with the air around the module(s) circulating at a
velocity of not less than 2 m-s -2 , subject the module(s) to cycling between
module temperatures of -40 C t 2 C and +85 C 2 C, in accordance with
the profile in figure 11. The rate of change of temperature between the low and
high extremes shall not exceed 100 C/h and the module temperature shall
remain stable at each extreme for a period of at least 10 min. The cycle time
shall not exceed 6 h. The number of cycles shall be as shown in the relevant
blocks in figure 1.
d) Throughout the test, record the module temperature and monitor the
module(s) to detect any open-circuit or ground faults that may occur during the
exposure.
10.1 1.4 Final measurements
After a minimum recovery time of 1 h, repeat tests 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
10.11.5 Requirements
- no intermittent open-circuit or ground faults detected during the test;

- the degradation of maximum output power-at STC shall not exceed 5
% of the value measured before the test;
- insulation resistance shall meet the same requirements as for the
initial measurements.
10.12 Humidity-freeze test
10.12.1 Purpose
To determine the ability of the module to withstand the effects of high temperature and
humidity followed by sub-zero temperatures. This is not a thermal shock test. There are
two alternative methods: single-chamber and two-chamber.
10.12.2 Single-chamber method
10.12.2.1 Apparatus
a) A climatic chamber with automatic temperature and humidity control, capable

of subjecting one or more modules to the humidity-freeze cycle specified in
figure 12. At sub-zero temperatures. the dew-point of the chamber air shall be
the chamber temperature.
b) Means for measuring and recording the module temperature to an accuracy of

1 C. (It is sufficient to monitor the temperature of one representative sample,
if more than one module are tested simultaneously.)
c) Means for monitoring, throughout the test, the continuity of the internal circuit of
each module.
d) Instrumentation for monitoring in each module the integrity of the insulation

10.12.2.2 Procedure
a) Attach a suitable temperature sensor to the front or back surface of the

module(s) near the middle.
b) Install the module(s) at room temperature' in the climatic chamber at an angle

of not less than 5 to the horizontal. If the frame is a poor electrical conductor,
mount the module on a metal frame simulating an open-support structure.
c) Connect the temperature monitoring equipment to the temperature sensor(s).
d) After closing the chamber, subject the module(s) to 10 complete cycles in

accordance with the profile in figure 12. The maximum and minimum temperatures
shall be within 2 C of the specified levels and the relative humidity shall be
maintained within 5 % of the specified value at all temperatures above room
temperature.
e) Throughout the test. record the module temperature and monitor the module(s)
to detect any open-circuit or ground faults that may occur during the exposure.
10.12.3 Two-chamber method
10.12.3.1 Apparatus
a) A climatic chamber (chamber A). with automatic temperature and humidity

control, capable of heating one or more modules from room temperature to 85 C
at relative humidities up to 85 .
b) A second climatic chamber (chamber B), with automatic temperature control,

capable of cooling the module(s) from room temperature to -40 C. The dew-point
of this chamber shall be as specified for the single-chamber method.
c) Module temperature, continuity and insulation instrumentation, as required for

the single-chamber method.
10.12.3.2 Procedure
a) Attach a suitable temperature sensor to the front or back surface of the

module(s) near the middle.
b) Ensure that the air inside chambers A and B is at room temperature and a
relative humidity of 85 % 5 %.
c) Install the module(s) at room temperature in chamber A at an angle of not

less than 5 to the horizontal. If the frame is a poor electrical conductor, mount the
module on a metal frame simulating an open-support structure.
d) Connect the temperature monitoring equipment to the temperature sensor(s).

e) After closing the chamber, subject the module(s) to the first part of the profile in
figure 12, starting and finishing at room temperature. The maximum temperature
shall be within 2 C of the specified level and the relative humidity shall be
maintained at 85 % = 5 % throughout this part of the cycle.
f) With the module(s) at room temperature, transfer it as quickly as possible to

chamber B, mounting it, as before, at an angle of not less than 5 to the horizontal
and re-connecting it to the temperature, continuity. and insulation instrumentation.
g) After closing the chamber, subject the module(s) to the second part of the profile
in figure 12, starting and finishing at room temperature. The minimum temperature
shall be within 2 C of the specified level.
h) Repeat steps b) to g) inclusive for a total of 10 complete cycles. Throughout the
test, record the module temperature and monitor the module(s) to detect any open
circuit or ground faults that may occur during the exposure.
After a recovery time between 2 h and 4 h. repeat tests 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
- no intermittent open-circuit or ground faults detected during the test;

- no evidence of major visual defects. as defined in clause 7;
- the degradation of maximum output power at STC shall not exceed 5 % of the
value measured before the test:
- insulation resistance shall meet the same requirements as for the initial measurements.
10.13 Damp-heat test
10.13.1 Purpose
To determine the ability of the module to withstand the effects of long-term penetration of
humidity.
10.13.2 Procedure
The test shall be carried out in accordance with IEC 68-2-3 with the following provisions:
a) Preconditioning
The module(s), being at room temperature, shall be introduced into the chamber
without preconditioning.
b) Severities
The following severities are applied:
Test temperature : 85 C 2 C
Relative humidity : 85 o 5
Test duration : under consideration
c) Recovery
Module(s) shall be submitted to a recovery time between 2 h and 4 h.
At the end of the recovery time, repeat tests 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
measured before the test:
- insulation resistance shall meet the same requirements as for the initial measure -
ments.
10.14 Robustness of terminations test
10.14.1 Purpose
T o determine that the terminations and the attachment of the terminations to the body of
the module will withstand such stresses as are likely to be applied during normal assembly
or handling operations.
10.14.2 Types of terminations
Three types of module terminations are considered:
type A: wire or flying le2d:

type B: tags, threaced studs. screws, etc.:
type C: connector.
10.14.3 Procedure
Preconditioning: 1 h at standard atmospheric conditions for measurement and test.
10.14.3.1 Type A terminations
Tensile test: as described in IEC 68-2-21, test Ua, with the following provisions:
all terminations shall be tested;

tensile force shall never exceed the module weight.

Bending test: as described in IEC 68-2-21, test Ub, with the following provisions:

method 1-10 cycles (1 cycle is 1 bend in each opposite direction).
10.14.3.2 Type B Terminations
Tensile and bending tests:
a) for modules with exposed terminals, each termination shall be tested as for type
A terminations;
b) if the terminations are enclosed in a protective box, the following procedure shall
be applied:
A cable of the size and type recommended by the module manufacturer, cut to a
suitable length, shall be connected to the terminations inside the box using the
manufacturer's recommended procedures. The cable shall be taken through the
hole of the cable gland, taking care to utilize any cable clamp arrangement
provided. The lid of the box shall be securely replaced. The module shall then be
tested as for type A terminations.
Torque test: as described in IEC 68-2-21, test Ud, with the following provisions:
- all terminations shall be tested;

- severity 1.
The nuts or screws should be capable of being loosened afterwards unless they are
specifically designed for permanent attachment.
10.14.3.3 Type C terminations

A cable of the size and type recommended by the module manufacturer, cut to a suitable
length, shall be connected to the output end of the connector and the tests for type A
terminations shall be carried out.
Repeat tests 10.1 and 10.2.
- no evidence of mechanical damage:

measured before the test.
10.15 Twist test
10.15.1 Purpose
To detect defects which might be caused to the module when mounted on an imperfect
structure.
10.15.2 Procedure
a) Equip the module so that the electrical continuity of the internal circuit and the
insulation resistance of the module can be monitored continuously during the test.
The insulation resistance shall be measured as described in test 10.3, except that
only one of the module terminals shall be connected to the tester.
b) Maintain three corners of the module in the same plane. c) Displace the fourth
corner from this plane by a distance:
where
h is the displacement measured perpendicular to the module diagonal

(corresponding to an angle of deformation of 1,2):
L is the length of the module:
W is the width of the module.
NOTE - The module shall not be in operation during the test.
- no intermittent open-circuit or ground faults detected during the test:
- no evidence of major visual defects, as defined in clause 7:
- the degradation of maximum output power at STC shall not exceed 5 ,o of the
value measured before the test.
10.16 Mechanical load test

10.16.1 Purpose
To determine the ability e1 the module to withstand wind, snow, static or ice loads.
10.16.2 Procedure
a) Equip the module so that the electrical continuity of the internal circuit can be monitored
continuously during the test.
b) Mount the module on a rigid structure using the method prescribed by the manu -
facturer. (If there are different possibilities, use the worst one, where the distance
between the fixing points is at maximum.)
c) On the front surface, apply gradually a load corresponding to 2 400 Pa, spread
uniformly. (This load may be applied pneumatically or by means of a water-filled bag
covering the entire surface. In the latter case, the module shall be mounted horizon tally.)
Maintain this load for 1 h.
d) Without removing the module from the rigid structure, apply the same procedure on the
back surface of the module.
e) Repeat steps c) and d).
NOTE - 2 400 Pa corresponds to a wind pressure of 130 km.h -1 (approximately 800 Pa) with a
safety factor of 3 for gusty winds. It the module is to be qualified to withstand heavy
accumulations of snow and ice. the load applied to the front of the module during this test shall be
increased from 2 400 Pa to 5 400 Pa.
- no intermittent short-circuit or open-circuit fault detected during the test;

- no evidence of major visual defects. as defined in clause 7;
measured before the test;
- insulation resistance shall meet the same requirements as for the initial measure -
ments.
10.17 Nail test
10.17.1 Purpose
To verify that the module is capable of withstanding the impact of hailstones.
10.17.2 Apparatus
a) Moulds of suitable material for casting spherical ice balls of the required
diameter. The standard diameter shall be 25 mm but any of the other diameters
listed in table 2 may be specified for special environments.
b) A freezer, controlled at -10 C 5 C.
c) A storage container for storing the ice balls at a temperature of -4 C 2 C.
d) A launcher capable of propelling an ice ball at the specified velocity, within 5

%, so as to hit the module within the specified impact location. The path of the ice
ball from the launcher to the module may be horizontal, vertical or at any
intermediate angle, so long as the test requirements are met.
e) A rigid mount for supporting the test module by the method prescribed by the
manufacturer, with the impact surface normal to the path of the projected ice ball.
f) A balance for determining the mass of an ice ball to an accuracy of 2 %.
g) An instrument for measuring the velocity of the ice ball to an accuracy of 2

%. The velocity sensor shall be no more than 1 m from the surface of the test
module.
As an example, figure 13 shows in schematic form a suitable apparatus comprising a

horizontal pneumatic launcher, a vertical module mount and a velocity meter which
measures electronically the time it takes the ice ball to traverse the distance
between two light beams.
10.17.3 Procedure
a) Using the moulds and the freezer, make sufficient ice balls of the required size
for the test, including some for the preliminary adjustment of the launcher.
b) Examine each one for cracks, size and mass. An acceptable ball shall meet the
following criteria:
- no cracks visible to the unaided eye;

- diameter within 5 % of that required;
- mass within 5 % of the appropriate nominal value in table 2.
c) Place the balls in the storage container and leave them there for at least 1 h
before use.
d) Ensure that all surfaces of the launcher likely to be in contact with the ice balls
are near room temperature.
e) Fire a number of trial shots at a simulated target in accordance with step g)

below and adjust the launcher until the velocity of the ice ball, as measured with
the velocity sensor in the prescribed position, is within 5 % of the appropriate
hailstone test velocity in table 2.
f) Install the module at room temperature in the prescribed mount, with the
impact surface normal to the path of the ice ball.
g) Take an ice ball from the storage container and place it in the launcher. Take
aim at the first impact location specified in table 3 and fire. The time between the
removal of the ice ball from the container and impact on the module shall not
exceed 60 s.
h) Inspect the module in the impact area for signs of damage and make a note of
any visual effects of the shot. Errors of up to 10 mm from the specified location
are acceptable.
j) If the module is undamaged, repeat steps g) and h) for all the other impact
locations in table 3. as illustrated in figure 14.

assured before the test:
- insulation resistance shall meet the same requirements as for the initial measure ments.
10.9.4 Apparatus
.
a) Radiant source 1: natural sunlight, or a class C (or better) steady-state solar
simulator conforming to IEC 904-9 with an irradiance of not less than 700 W-m -2 ,
a non-uniformity not more than t 2 % and a temporal stability within t 5 %.
b) Radiant source 2: natural sunlight, or a class C (or better) steady-state solar

simulator conforming to IEC 904-9 with an irradiance of 1000 W-m -2 t 10 %.
c) Module I-V curve tracer.
d) Set of opaque covers for test cell shadowing in 5 % increments. e) An

appropriate temperature detector, if required.
10.9.5 Procedure
All tests shall be performed at an ambient temperature of 25 C t 5 C, with a wind

speed less than 2 m-s -1 . Any hot-spot protective devices recommended by the
manufacturer shall be installed before the module is tested.
10.9.5.1 Case S
a) Expose the unshadowed module to radiant source 1 at an irradiance of not less

than 700 W-m -2 . Measure the I-V characteristic and determine the current at
maximum power, I MP .
1) with the module exposed to radiant source 1 at a stable irradiance of not

less than 700 W-m -2 determine the hottest cell using an appropriate
temperature detector;
2) under the irradiance specified for step a), completely shadow each cell in
turn and select the cell or one of the cells which gives the biggest decrease
in short-circuit current when shadowed. During this process, the irradiance
shall not change by more than t 5 %.
c) Under the same irradiance (within t 3 %) as used in step a), completely shadow
the selected cell and check that the I SC of the module is less than the I MP , as
determined in step a). If this condition does not occur, one cannot set the condition
of maximum power dissipation within a single cell. In this case, proceed with the
selected cell completely shadowed, omitting step d).
d) Gradually decrease the shadowed area of the selected cell until the ISC of the
module coincides as closely as possible with I MP . In this condition, the maximum
power is dissipated within the selected cell.
e) Expose the module to radiant source 2. Note the value of ISC and keep the
module in the condition of maximum power dissipation, re-adjusting the shadow, if
necessary, to maintain the I SC at the specified level.
f) After 1 h shade the module from the light source and verify that I SC is not more
than 10 % of I MP .
g) After 30 min, restore the irradiance to 1000 W-m -2 . h) Repeat steps e), f) and g)
a total of five times.
10.9.5.2 Case SP
a) Expose the unshadowed module to radiant source 1 at an irradiance of not less

than 700 W-m -2 .. Measure the I-V characteristic and determine ISC (*), the short-
circuit current corresponding to the condition of maximum hot-spot power
dissipation, from the following equation, assuming that all strings generate the
same current:
where
I Sc is the short-circuit current of the unshadowed module;
I MP is the current at maximum power of the unshadowed module;
p is the number of parallel strings in the module.
1) With the module exposed to radiant source 1 at a stable irradiance of

not less than 700 W-m -2 determine the hottest cell using an appropriate
temperature detector.
2) Under the irradiance specified in step a), completely shadow each cell
in turn and find the cell which gives the biggest decrease in short-circuit
current when shadowed. During this process, the irradiance shall not
change by more than 5 %
c) Under the same irradiance as in step a) (within f 3 check that, with the
selected cell fully shadowed, the ISC of the module is less than I SC as determined in
step a). If this condition does not occur, one cannot set the condition of maximum
power dissipation within a single cell. In this case, proceed with the selected cell
fully shadowed, omitting step d).
d) Gradually decrease the shadowed area of the selected cell until the ISc of the
module coincides as closely as possible with ISC (*). In this condition, the maximum
power is dissipated within the selected cell.
e) Expose the module to radiant source 2. Note the value of ISC and keep the
module in the condition of maximum power dissipation, re-adjusting the shadow, if
necessary, to maintain the ISC at the specified level.
f) After 1 h, shade the module from the light source and verify that ISc is not more
than 10 % of I MP .
g) After 30 min, restore the irradiance to 1000 W-m -2 .
h) Repeat steps e), f) and g) a total of five times.
10.9.5.3 Case SPS
a) Short-circuit the unshadowed module and expose it to radiant source 1 , at a stable

irradiance of not less than 700 W-m -2 . Take at random at least 30 % of the cells in the
module, fully shadow each cell in turn and measure the temperature at which it
stabilizes, using thermal imaging equipment or other appropriate means.
b) Fully shadow the hottest cell found in step a).
c) While continuing to monitor its temperature, gradually decrease the shadowed area
and determine the condition in which maximum temperature is achieved.
d) Expose the module to radiant source 2 and keep it in the shadowed condition
established in step c).
e) After 1 h, shade the module from the light source.
f) After 30 min, restore the irradiance to 1000 W-m -2 . g) Repeat steps d), e) and f) a
total of five times.
10.9.6 Requirements
- No evidence of major visual defects, as defined in clause 7.

- Insulation resistance shall meet the same requirements as for the initial
measurements.
- The degradation of maximum output power at STC shall not exceed 5 % of the
10.10.1 Purpose
To determine the ability of the module to withstand exposure to ultra-violet (UV) radiation.
A new UV test is described in future IEC 1345 (see bibliography).

Before conducting this test, the module shall, if necessary, be subjected to light-soaking.

- The maximum output power at STC shall exceed the manufacturer's minimum power
rating.
measurements.
10.11 Thermal cycling test
10.11.1 Purpose
To determine the ability of the module to withstand thermal mismatch, fatigue and other
stresses caused by repeated changes of temperature.
Before conducting the test, the module shall be annealed as shown in figure 1. The before I-
V measurement" is that measurement taken after annealing. Care shall be taken not to
expose the module to light before the final I-V measurement.
10.11.2 Apparatus
a) A climatic chamber with automatic temperature control, means for circulating the
air inside and means. to avoid condensation on the module during the test, capable
of subjecting one or more modules to the thermal cycle in figure 11.
b) Means for mounting or supporting the module(s) in the chamber, so as to allow

free circulation of the surrounding air. The thermal conduction of the mount or
support shall be low, so that, for practical purposes, the module(s) are thermally
isolated.
c) Means for measuring and recording the temperature of the module(s) to an

accuracy of 1 C. The temperature -sensors shall be attached to the front or back
surface of the module near the middle. If more than one module is tested
simultaneously, it will suffice to monitor the temperature of one representative
sample.
d) Means for monitoring, throughout the test, the continuity of the internal circuit of
each module.
e) Instrumentation for monitoring in each module the integrity of the insulation

10.11.3 Procedure
a) Install the module(s) at room temperature in the chamber. If the frame is a poor
electrical conductor, mount the module on a metal frame simulating an open support
structure.
b) Connect the temperature monitoring equipment to the temperature sensor(s). Connect

the continuity instrumentation across the module terminals. Connect the insulation monitor
between one terminal and the frame or supporting structure.
c) Close the chamber and, with the air around the module(s) circulating at a velocity of not
less than 2 m-s-1, subject the module(s) to cycling between module temperatures of -40
C 2 C and +85 C2 C, in accordance with the profile in figure 11. The rate of change
of temperature between the low and high extremes shall not exceed 100 C/h and the
module temperature shall remain stable at each extreme for a period of at least 10 min.
The cycle time shall not exceed 6 h. The number of cycles shall be as shown in the relevant
blocks in figure 1.
d) Throughout the test, record the module temperature and monitor the module(s) to
detect any open-circuit or ground faults that may occur during the exposure.
After a minimum recovery time of 1 h, repeat tests 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
- No intermittent open-circuit or ground faults detected during the test.

- insulation resistance snail meet the same requirements as for the initial
measurements.
- The degradation of maximum output power at STC shall not exceed 5 % of the value
10.12 Humidity-freeze test
10.12.1 Purpose
To determine the ability of the module to withstand the effects of high temperature and
humidity followed by sub-zero temperatures. This is not a thermal shock test.
Before conducting the test, the module shall be annealed and subjected to the thermal cycle
test as shown in figure 1. The before I-V measurement " is that measurement taken after
the thermal cycle test. Care shall be taken not to expose the module to light before the final
I-V measurement.
There are two alternative methods: the single-chamber method and the two-chamber
method.
10.12.2 Single-chamber method
10.12.2.1 Apparatus
a) A climatic chamber with automatic temperature and humidity control, capable of

subjecting one or more modules to the humidity-freeze cycle specified in figure 12. At
subzero temperatures, the dew-point of the chamber air shall be the chamber
temperature.
b) Means for measuring and recording the module temperature to an accuracy of 1

C. (It is sufficient to monitor the temperature of one representative sample, if more
than one module are tested simultaneously.)
c) Means for monitoring, throughout the test, the continuity of the internal circuit of
each module.
d) Instrumentation for monitoring in each module the integrity of the insulation
10.12.2.2 Procedure
a) Attach a suitable temperature sensor to the front or back surface of the module(s)
near the middle.
b) Install the module(s) at room temperature in the climatic chamber at an angle of

not less than 5 to the horizontal. If the frame is a poor electrical conductor, mount
the module on a metal frame simulating an open-support structure.
c) Connect the temperature monitoring equipment to the temperature sensor(s).

d) After closing the chamber, subject the module(s) to 10 complete cycles in

accordance with figure 12. The maximum and minimum temperatures shall be within
2 C of the specified levels and the relative humidity shall be maintained within 5
% of the specified value at all temperatures above room temperature.
e) Throughout the test, record the module temperature and monitor the module(s) to
detect any open-circuit or ground faults that may occur during the exposure.
10.12.3 Two-chamber method
10.12.3.1 Apparatus
a) A climatic chamber (chamber A), with automatic temperature and humidity control,
capable of heating -one or more modules from room temperature to +85 C at relative
humidities up to 85 %.
b) A second climatic chamber (chamber B), with automatic temperature control,

capable of cooling the module(s) from room temperature to -40 C. The dew-point of
this chamber shall be as specified for the single-chamber method.
c) Module temperature, continuity and insulation monitoring instrumentation, as
required for the single-chamber method.
10.12.3.2 Procedure
a) Attach a suitable temperature sensor to the front or back surface of the module(s)
near the middle.
b) Ensure that the air inside chambers A and B is at room temperature and a relative
humidity of 85 % 5 %.
c) Install the module(s) at room temperature in chamber A at an angle of not less

than 5 to the horizontal. If the frame is a poor electrical conductor, mount the
module on a metal frame simulating an open-support structure.
d) Connect the temperature monitoring equipment to the temperature sensor(s).

Connect the continuity monitoring instrumentation across the module terminals.
Connect the insulation monitor between one terminal and the frame or supporting
structure.
e) After closing the chamber, subject the module(s) to the first part of the diagram in
figure 12, starting and finishing at room temperature. The maximum temperature
shall be within 2 C of the specified level and the relative humidity shall be
maintained at 85 % 5 % throughout this part of the cycle.
f) With the module(s) at room temperature, transfer it (them) as quickly as possible

to chamber B, mounting it (them), as before, at an angle of not less than 5 to the
horizontal and re-connecting it (them) to the temperature, continuity and insulation
monitoring instrumentation.
g) After closing the chamber, subject the module(s) to the second part of the
diagram in figure 12, starting and finishing at room temperature. The minimum
temperature shall be within 2 C of the specified level.
h) Repeat steps b) to g) inclusive for a total of 10 complete cycles. Throughout the

test, record the module temperature and monitor the module(s) to detect any open-
circuit or ground faults that may occur during the exposure.
After a recovery time between 2 h and 4 h, repeat tests 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
- No intermittent open-circuit or ground faults detected during the test

measurements. - The degradation of maximum output power at STC shall not exceed 5
% of the value measured before the test.
10.13 Damp heat test
10.13.1 Purpose
To determine the ability of the module to withstand the effects of long-term penetration of
humidity.
10.13.2 Procedure
The test shall be carried out in accordance with IEC 68-2-3 with the following provisions:
a) preconditioning
Before conducting the test, the module shall be annealed. The "before I-V
measurement " is that measurement taken after annealing. Care shall be taken not to
expose the module to light before the final I-V measurement.
The module(s), being at room temperature, shall be introduced into the chamber.
b) severities
The following severities are applied:
test
85 C 2 C
temperature:
relative
85 % 5
humidity:
test duration: 1000 h
c) recovery
The module(s) shall be submitted to a recovery time between 2 h and 4 h.
At the end of the recovery time, repeat tests 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
No evidence of major visual defects, as defined in clause 7.

Insulation resistance shall meet the same requirements as for the initial
measurements.
The degradation of maximum output power at STC shall not exceed 5 % of the
10.14 Robustness of terminations test
10.14.1 Purpose
To determine that the terminations and the attachment of the terminations to the body of
the module will withstand such stresses as are likely to be applied during normal assembly
or handling operations.
10.14.2 Types of terminations
Three types of module terminations are considered:
- type A: wire or flying lead;

- type B: tags, threaded studs, screws, etc.;
- type C: connector
10.14.3 Procedure
Preconditioning: 1 h at standard atmospheric conditions for measurement and test.
10. 14.3.1 Type A terminations
Tensile test: as described in IEC 68-2-21, test Ua, with the following provisions:
- tensile force shall never exceed the module weight.
Bending test: as described in IEC 68-2-21, test Ub, with the following provisions:

method 1 - 10 cycles (one cycle is one bend in each opposite direction).
10.14.3.2 Type B terminations
Tensile and bending tests:
a) for modules with exposed terminals, each termination shall be tested as for type
A terminations;
b) if the terminations are enclosed in a protective box, the following procedure shall
be applied:
a cable of the size and type recommended by the module manufacturer, cut
to a suitable length, shall be connected to the terminations inside the box
using the manufacturer's recommended procedures. The cable shall be taken
through the hole of the cable gland, taking care to utilize any cable clamp
arrangement provided. The lid of the box shall be securely replaced. The
module shall then be tested as for type A terminations.
Torque test: as described in IEC 68-2-21, test Ud, with the following provisions:
- severity 1.
The nuts or screws should be capable of being loosened afterwards unless they are
specifically designed for permanent attachment.
10.14.3.3 Type C terminations
A cable of the size and type recommended by the module manufacturer, cut to a suitable
length, shall be connected to the output end of the connector, and the tests for type A
terminations shall be carried out.
- No evidence of mechanical damage.

- The degradation of maximum output power at STC shall not exceed 5 % of the
10.15 Twist test
10.15.1 Purpose
To detect defects which might be caused to the module when mounted on an imperfect
structure.
10.15.2 Procedure
a) Equip the module so that the electrical continuity of the internal circuit and the
insulation resistance of the module can be monitored continuously during the test.
The insulation resistance shall be measured as described in test 10.3, except that
only one of the module terminals shall be connected to the tester.
b) Maintain three corners of the module in the same plane. c) Displace the fourth
corner from this plane by distance h:
where
h is the displacement measured perpendicular to the module diagonal (corresponding
to an angle of deformation of 1,2);
L is the length of the module;
W is the width of the module.
The module shall not be in operation during the test.
- No intermittent open-circuit or ground faults detected during the test.

- The degradation of maximum output power at STC shall not exceed 5 % of the value
10.16 Mechanical load test
10.16.1 Purpose
To determine the ability of the module to withstand wind, snow, static or ice loads. 0.16.2
Procedure
a) Equip the module so that the electrical continuity of the internal circuit can be
monitored continuously during the test.
b) Mount the module on a rigid structure using the method prescribed by the
manufacturer. (if there are different possibilities, use the worst one, where the
distance between the fixing points is at maximum).
c) On the front surface, apply gradually a load corresponding to 2400 Pa, spread
uniformly. (This load may be applied pneumatically or by means of a water-filled
bag covering the entire surface. In the latter case, the module shall be mounted
horizontally.) Maintain this load for 1 h.
d) Without removing the module from the rigid structure, apply the same procedure
on the back surface of the module.
e) Repeat steps c) and d).
2400 Pa correspond to a wind pressure of 130 km-h -1 (approximately : 800 Pa)

with a safety factor of 3 for gusty winds. If the module is to be qualified to withstand
heavy accumulations of snow and ice, the load applied to the front of the module
during this test shall be increased from 2400 Pa to 5400 Pa.

- No intermittent short-circuit or open-circuit fault detected during the test.

measurements. - The degradation of maximum output power at STC shall not exceed
5 % of the value measured before the test.
10.17 Hail test
10.17.1 Purpose
To verify that the module is capable of withstanding the impact of hailstones.
10.17.2 Apparatus
a) Moulds of suitable material for casting spherical ice balls of the required diameter.
The standard diameter shall be 25 mm but any of the other diameters listed in table
2 may be specified for special environments.
b) A freezer, controlled at -10 C 5 C.
c) A storage container for storing the ice balls at a temperature of -4 C 2 C.
d) A launcher capable of propelling an ice ball at the specified velocity, within 5 %,

so as to hit the module within the specified impact location. The path of the ice ball
from the launcher to the module may be horizontal, vertical or at any intermediate
angle, so long as the test requirements are met.
e) Rigid mount for supporting the test module by the method prescribed by the
manufacturer, with the impact surface normal to the path of the projected ice ball.
f) A balance for determining the mass of an ice ball to an accuracy of 2 %.
g) An instrument for measuring the velocity of the ice ball to an accuracy of 2 %.

The velocity sensor shall be no more than 1 m from the surface of the test module.
As an example, figure 13 shows in schematic form a suitable apparatus comprising a
horizontal pneumatic launcher, a vertical module mount and a velocity meter which
measures electronically the time it takes the ice ball to traverse the distance
between two light beams.
10.17.3 Procedure
a) Using the moulds and the freezer, make enough ice balls of the required size for
the test, including some for the preliminary adjustment of the launcher.
b) Examine each one for cracks, size and mass. An acceptable ball shall meet the
following requirements:
- no cracks visible to the naked eye;

- diameter within 5 % of that required;
- mass within t 5 % of the appropriate nominal value in table 2.
c) Place the balls in the storage container and leave them there for at least 1 h
before use. d) Ensure that all surfaces of the launcher likely to be in contact with the
ice balls are near room temperature.
e) Fire a number of trial shots at a simulated target in accordance with step g) below
and adjust the launcher until the velocity of the ice ball, as measured with the
velocity sensor in the prescribed position, is within t 5 % of the appropriate hailstone
test velocity in table 2.
f) Install the module at room temperature in the prescribed mount with the impact
surface normal to the path of the ice ball.
g) Take an ice ball from the storage container and place it in the launcher. Take aim
at the first impact location specified in table 3 and fire. The time between the
removal of the ice ball from the container and impact on the module shall not exceed
60 s.
h) Inspect the module in the impact area for signs of damage and make a note of
any visual effects of the shot. Errors of up to 10 mm from the specified location
are acceptable.
j) If the module is undamaged, repeat steps g) and h) for all the other impact
locations shown in table 3, as illustrated in figure 14.

measurements. - The degradation of maximum output power at STC shall not
exceed 5 % of the value measured before the test.
10.18 Light-soaking
10.18.1 Purpose
To stabilize the electrical characteristics of thin-film modules by means of simulated solar

irradiation.
10.18.2 Apparatus
a) A class C solar simulator, in accordance with IEC 904-9.
b) A suitable reference device, with integrator, for monitoring the irradiation.
c) Means to mount the modules, as recommended by the manufacturer, co-planar

with the reference device.
d) Two thermocouples, accurate to 0,5 C, attached by thermally conductive

adhesive to the back of each module, one in the middle and the other at the edge.
e) Means for maintaining the module temperature within t 2 C, as determined by the

average temperature of the two thermocouples.
10.18.3 Procedure
a) Open-circuit the module(s) and mount them, as recommended by the

manufacturer, with the reference device in the test plane of the simulator.
b) Using the reference device, set the irradiance between 800 W-m -2 and 1000
W-m-2. Record the irradiance.
c) Ensure that the module temperature does not vary by more than 2 C within
the range of 40 C to 50 C during the course of the test. Record the temperature.
d) Subject each module to irradiation until its maximum power values, measured
over three consecutive periods of at least 48 h each, are all within 2 % of each
other. All intermediate maximum power measurements shall be performed at any
convenient module temperature reproduced within 2 C.
e) Note the irradiation at which this stability is reached.
10.18-5 Requirements

- Insulation resistance shall meet the same requirements as for the initial measurements.
- After the final light-soaking, the maximum output power at STC shall be not less than 90
% of the minimum value specified by the manufacturer in clause 4.
10.18.6 Test report
The following test conditions and results shall be reported:
a) average irradiance during the test;

b) irradiation at the end of the test;
c) module temperature during the test;
d) maximum power before and after the test.
10.19 Annealing
10.19.1 Purpose
To anneal thin-film modules before subjecting them to the qualification tests. Without such
annealing, the heating during the subsequent tests could possibly mask degradation from
other causes.
10.19.2 Apparatus
High temperature chamber, capable of maintaining a test temperature of 85 C t 2 C.
10.19.3 Procedure
The test shall be carried out in accordance with IEC 68-2-2, test Ba or Bb, dry heat, with
the following provisions:
a) preconditioning
The modules, being at room temperature, shall be introduced into the chamber without
pre-conditioning.
b) severities
- Test temperature: 85 C t 2 C
- Test duration: subject each module to the annealing temperature until its maximum
power values, measured over three consecutive periods of at least 20 h each, are all
within 2 % of each other. All intermediate maximum power measurements shall be
performed at any convenient module temperature reproduced within 2 C.
c) recovery
The modules shall be submitted to a recovery time sufficient to stabilize their

temperature to that of ambient.
Repeat tests 10.1, 10.2, and 10.3.

measurements.
- The maximum output power at STC shall not be less than the minimum value
specified by the manufacturer in clause 4.
10.19.6 Test report
The following test conditions and results shall be reported:
a) annealing time;
b) maximum output power before and after the test.
10.20 Wet leakage current test
10.20.1 Purpose
To evaluate the insulation of the module under wet operating conditions and verify that
moisture from rain, fog, dew or melted snow does not enter the active parts of the module
circuitry, where it might cause corrosion, a ground fault or a safety hazard.
Two methods are provided for conducting this test:
a) edge dip method;

b) immersion method.
10.20.2 Apparatus
a) A trough or tank containing a water/wetting agent solution, meeting the following

requirements:
temperature : 22 C 3 C
resistively : 3 500 S2-cm or less
surface tension : 3 NM-2 or less
- Edge dip method: the trough shall be large enough and the solution deep enough to
immerse each edge of the module in turn to a level above the junction between the module
plate and frame. The trough shall be configured to provide safe support for the module.
- Immersion, method: a shallow tank of sufficient size to enable the module plate and
frame to be placed in the solution in a flat, horizontal position shall be provided. The depth
of the solution shall be sufficient to cover all surfaces except junction box entries not
designed for immersion.
b) Spray equipment containing the same solution.
c) DC voltage source, with current limitation, capable of applying 500 V.
d) Instrument to measure - the leakage current.
e) A conductive mesh, foil or structure is required if the module has no electrically

conductive frame.
10.20.3 Procedure - edge dip method
All connections shall be representative of the recommended field wiring installation and
precautions shall be taken to ensure that leakage currents do not originate from the
instrumentation wiring attached to the module.
a) If required, attach the conductive mesh, foil or structure around all edges of the module.
b) Immerse one edge of the module in the trough for 30 s, where this can be done without
immersing the terminations or terminal box. Using the spray equipment, thoroughly wet all
areas of the electrical termination box and wiring penetration points. Maintain this wetted
condition by continuously spraying these areas during the 30 s edge soak period.
c) Connect the shorted output terminals of the module to the positive terminal of the test
equipment. Connect any exposed metal parts of the module and the conductive frame, mesh
foil or structure to the grounded, negative terminal of the test equipment.
d) Increase the voltage applied by the test equipment at a rate not exceeding 500 V-s -1 to
500 V. Maintain the voltage at this level for 2 min. Then determine the leakage current.
e) Reduce the applied voltage to zero and short-circuit the terminals of the test equipment
for 2 min, while still connected to the module.
f) Repeat steps b) to e) for the other edges of the module.
10.20.4 Procedure - immersion method
All connections shall be representative of the recommended field wiring installation and
precautions shall be taken to ensure that leakage currents do not originate from the
instrumentation wiring attached to the module.
a) Immerse the module in the tank of the required solution to a depth sufficient to cover all
surfaces except junction box entries not designed for immersion. The cable entries shall be
thoroughly sprayed with solution.
b) Connect the shorted output terminals of the module to the positive terminal of the test
equipment. Connect the liquid test solution to the negative terminal of the test equipment
using a suitable metallic conductor.
c) Increase the voltage applied by the test equipment at a rate not exceeding 500 V-s -1 to
500 V. Maintain the voltage at this level for 2 min. Then determine the leakage current.
d) Reduce the applied voltage to zero and short-circuit the terminals of the test equipment
for 2 min, while still connected to the module.
- No dielectric breakdown or surface tracking during steps 10.20.3 d) and 10.20.4 c).
- Leakage current less than 10 pA, increased by 5 p.A per square metre of module area.
For the Prig.- dip method the combined sum of the leakage currents measured for all of the
edges shall not exceed this requirement.
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
THIN-FILM TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES
- DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND TYPE APPROVAL
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for

standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees).
The object of the IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning
standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities,
the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees;
any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this
preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with
the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement
between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters, express as nearly as
possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical
committee has representation from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are
published in the form of standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the
National Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC
International Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and
regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or
regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered
responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard
may be the subject of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights. International Standard IEC 1646 has been prepared by IEC technical
committee 82: Solar photovoltaic energy systems.
The text of this standard is based on International Standard IEC 1215 and on the following
documents:
FDIS Report on voting
82/153/FDIS 82/166/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report
on voting indicated in the above table. .
Annex A is for information only.

THIN-FILM TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES
- DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND TYPE APPROVAL
1 Scope and object
This International Standard lays down requirements for the design qualification and type
approval of terrestrial thin-film photovoltaic modules suitable for long-term operation in
moderate open-air climates as defined in IEC 721-2-1. It is written with amorphous silicon
technology in mind, but may also be applicable to other thin-film PV modules.
Modifications to this test sequence may be necessary due to the specific characteristics of
these other new technologies.
The test sequence is based largely on that specified in IEC 1215 for the design qualification
and type approval of terrestrial crystalline silicon PV modules. However, some changes
have been made to account for the special features of amorphous silicon thin-film
modules. Light soaking is used to separate light-induced degradation from other
degradation mechanisms, and to provide the maximum power at the end of the test
sequence as an estimate of the long-term performance of thin-film modules. Modules are
annealed before thermal cycling and damp heat tests in order to separate the annealing
effects from any degradation resulting from these tests. For thin-film technologies other
than amorphous silicon, pretreatments such as light-soaking and annealing may differ or
may prove unnecessary. A wet leakage current test has been added because all types of
thin-film modules are susceptible to moisture-induced corrosion.
The object of this test sequence is to determine the electrical and thermal characteristics
of the module and to show, as far as possible within reasonable constraints of cost and
time, that the module is capable of withstanding prolonged exposure in climates described
in the scope. The actual life expectancy of modules so qualified will depend on their
design, their environment and the conditions under which they are operated.
This standard does not apply to modules used with concentrators.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this
text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the
editions indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties
to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated
below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International
Standards.
IEC 68-1: 1988, Environmental testing - Part 1: General and guidance Amendment 1 (1992)
IEC 68-2-2: 1974, Environmental testing - Part 2: Tests - Tests B: Dry heat Amendment 1
(1993)
Amendment 2 (1994)
IEC 68-2-3: 1969, Environmental testing - Part 2: Tests - Test Ca: Damp heat, steady state
IEC 68-2-21: 1983, Environmental testing - Part 2: Tests - Test U: Robustness of terminations
and integral mounting devices
Amendment 2 (1991)
Amendment 3 (1992)
IEC 410: 1973, Sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes
IEC 721-2-1: 1982, Classification of environmental conditions - Part 2: Environmental conditions

appearing in nature - Temperature and humidity
Amendment 1 (1987)
IEC 891: 1987, Procedures for temperature and irradiance corrections to measured 1-V
characteristics of crystalline silicon photovoltaic devices
Amendment 1 (1992)
IEC 904-1: 1987, Photovoltaic devices - Part 1: Measurements of photovoltaic current-voltage

characteristics
IEC 904-3: 1989, Photovoltaic devices - Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial photovoltaic
(PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data
IEC 904-9: 1995, Photovoltaic devices -Part 9: Solar simulator performance requirements
IEC 1215: 1993, Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and
type approval
IEC OC 001(102- 1986, Rules of Procedure of the IEC Quality Assessment System for Electronic
Components (IECQ)
Amendment 2 (1994)
3 Sampling
Eight modules for qualification testing (plus spares as desired) shall be taken at random from a
production batch or batches, in accordance with the procedure given in IEC 410. The modules
shall have been manufactured from specified materials and components in accordance with the
relevant drawings and process sheets and shall have been subjected to the manufacturer's normal
inspection, quality control and production acceptance procedures. The modules shall be complete
in every detail and shall be accompanied by the manufacturer's handling, mounting and
connection instructions, including the maximum permissible system voltage.
When the modules to be tested are prototypes of a new design and not from production, this fact
shall be noted in the test report (see clause 8).
4 Marking
Each module shall carry the following clear and indelible markings:
- name, monogram or symbol of manufacturer;

- type or model number;
- serial number;
- polarity of terminals or leads (color coding is permissible);
- maximum system voltage for which the module is suitable;
- nominal and minimum values of maximum output power at STC, as specified by the
manufacturer for the product type.
The date and place of manufacture shall be marked on the module or be traceable from the serial
number.
5 Testing
The modules shall be divided into groups and subjected to the qualification test sequences
in figure 1, carried out in the order laid down. Each box refers to the corresponding
subclause in this standard. Test procedures and severities, including initial and final
measurements where necessary, are detailed in clause 10. However, with regard to the
tests of 10.2, 10.4, 10.6 and 10.7, it should be noted that the procedures laid down in IEC
891 for temperature and irradiance corrections to measured IN characteristics apply only
to linear modules. If the module is non-linear these tests shall be carried out within t 5 %
of the specified irradiance and within t 2 C of the specified temperature.
NOTE - Where the final measurements for one test serve as the initial measurements for
the next test in the sequence, they need not be repeated. In these cases, the initial
measurements are omitted from the test.
Any single test, executed independently of a test sequence, shall be preceded by the initial
tests of 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
In carrying out the tests, the tester shall strictly observe the manufacturer's handling,
mounting and connection instructions. Tests given in 10.4 may be omitted if the
temperature coefficients a and R are already known. For thin-film technologies other than
amorphous silicon, annealing and light-soaking may be omitted if these have been
conclusively proven to have no effect (change in maximum power less than 0,5 %). The
test report shall state the basis for any such omission.
Test conditions are summarized in table 1.
6 Pass criteria
A module design shall be judged to have passed the qualification tests, and therefore, to
be IEC type approved, if each test sample meets all the following criteria:
a) the degradation of maximum output power at standard test conditions (STC)

does not exceed the prescribed limit after each test;
b) after the final light-soaking, the maximum output power at STC is not less than
90 % of the minimum value specified by the manufacturer in clause 4;
c) no sample has exhibited any open-circuit or ground fault during the tests;
d) there is no visual evidence of a major defect, as defined in clause 7;
e) the requirements of tests 10.3 and 10.20 are met.
If two or more modules do not meet these test criteria, the design shall be deemed not to
have met the qualification requirements. Should one module fail any test, another two
modules meeting the requirements of clause 3 shall be subjected to the whole of the
relevant test sequence from the beginning. If one or both of these modules also fail, the
design shall be deemed not to have met the qualification requirements. If, however, both
modules pass the test sequence, the design shall be judged to have met the qualification
requirements.
7 Major visual defects
For the purposes of design qualification and type approval, the following are considered to
be major visual defects:
a) broken, cracked, bent, misaligned or torn external surfaces;
b) voids in, or visible corrosion of any of the thin-film layers of the active circuitry
of the module, extending over more than 10 % of any cell;
c) bubbles or delamination forming a continuous path between any part of the

electrical circuit and the edge of the module;
d) loss of mechanical integrity, to the extent that the installation and/or operation
of the module would be impaired.
8 Report
Following type approval, a certified report of the qualification tests, with measured
performance characteristics and details of any failures, re-tests or omissions shall be
prepared by the test agency in accordance with the procedure of IEC QC 001002. A copy of
this report, shall be kept by the manufacturer for reference purposes.
9 Modifications
Any change in the design, materials, components or processing of the module may require
a repetition of some or all of the qualification tests to maintain type approval.
REFER TO FIGURE 1 OF PAGE 50 AND TABLE 1 OF PAGE 51
10 Test procedures
10.1 Visual inspection
10.1.1 Purpose
To detect any visual defects in the module.
10.1.2 Procedure
_
Carefully inspect each module under an illumination of not less than 1000 Ix for the
following conditions:
- broken, cracked, bent, misaligned or torn external surfaces;

- faulty interconnections or joints;
- voids in, and visible corrosion of any of the thin-film layers of the active circuit;
- visible corrosion of output connections, interconnections and bus bars;
- failure of adhesive bonds;
- tacky surfaces of plastic materials;
- faulty terminations, exposed live electrical parts;
- any other conditions which may affect performance;
- bubbles, delamination or any kind of defect forming a continuous path between a
cell and the edge of the module.
Make note of and/or photograph the nature and position of any cracks, bubbles or
delamination, etc. which may worsen and adversely affect the module performance in
subsequent tests.
10.1.3 Requirements
Visual conditions other than the major visual defects listed in clause 7 are acceptable for
the purpose of type approval.
10.2 Performance at STC
10.2.1 Purpose
To determine how the electrical performance of the module varies with load at STC (cell
temperature: 25 C2 C, irradiance: 1000 W-m -2 ) using natural sunlight or a class A
simulator conforming to the requirements of IEC 904-9.
10.2.2 Procedure
Determine the current-voltage characteristic of the module at STC, in accordance with IEC
904-1. When necessary, make temperature and irradiance corrections in accordance with
IEC 891.
10.3 Insulation test
10.3.1 Purpose
To determine whether or not the module is sufficiently well insulated between current-
carrying parts and the frame.
10.3.2 Test conditions
The test shall be made on modules at ambient temperature of the surrounding atmosphere
(see IEC 68-1) and in a relative humidity not exceeding 75 %.
10.3.3 Procedure
a) Connect the shorted output terminals of the module to the positive terminal of a d.c.
insulation tester with a current limitation. Set the current limit to 50 ;IA.
b) Connect the exposed metal parts of the module to the negative terminal of the tester. If
the module has no frame or if the frame is a poor electrical conductor, mount the module on
a metallic simulated support structure, which is to be connected to the negative terminal of
the tester.
c) Increase the voltage applied by the tester at a rate not exceeding 500 V-s -' to a maximum
equal to 1000 V plus twice the maximum system voltage (i.e. the open-circuit voltage of the
system at STC). Maintain the voltage at this level for 1 min. If the maximum system voltage
does not exceed 50 V, the applied voltage shall be 500 V.
d) Reduce the applied voltage to zero and short-circuit the terminals of the- tester for 5 min,
while still connected to the module.
e) Remove the short circuit.
f) Apply a d.c. voltage of not less than 500 V to the module, with the tester connected as in
steps a) and b). Determine the insulation resistance.
10.3.4 Test requirements
- No dielectric breakdown (less than 50 A) or surface cracking during step c).

- Insulation resistance not less than 50 M
10.4 Measurement of temperature coefficients
10.4.1 Purpose
To determine the temperature coefficients of current (a) and voltage ((3) from module
measurements. The coefficients so determined are valid at the irradiance at which the
measurements were made. For linear modules, they are also valid over an irradiance range
of 30 % of this level. This procedure supplements that in IEC 891 for measuring these
coefficients from a representative set of single cells. The temperature coefficients of a thin-
film module may depend upon the irradiation and the thermal history of the module. When
temperature coefficients are referred to, the history concerning the conditions and the
results of irradiation along with thermal tests shall be indicated.
10.4.2 Apparatus
a) Solar simulator (class B or better), conforming to IEC 904-9. Means to measure

irradiance, short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage in accordance with clause 2 of IEC
904-1.
NOTE - The use of a pulsed solar simulator is preferred, since it creates little additional
heat that could affect the module during the measurement. If a steady-state simulator is
used, it should be equipped with a shutter or equivalent means to minimize the period of
irradiance to 0,5 s or less.
b) Means to measure the surface or cell temperature of the module to an accuracy of 0,5
C.
c) A chamber capable of accommodating the module, equipped with a transparent window

and means for evenly heating and cooling the contents over the temperature range of
interest.
10.4.3 procedure
a) Determine the short-circuit current of the module at the desired irradiance at room
temperature, in accordance with IEC 904-1.
b) Mount the test module in the chamber and a suitable irradiance monitor outside
the chamber within the simulator beam. Connect to the instrumentation.
c) Close the chamber and set the irradiance so that the test module produces the
short-circuit current determined in item a). Use the irradiance monitor to maintain
this irradiance setting throughout the test.
d) Heat the module to the maximum temperature of interest, switch off the heater
and allow the module to cool evenly.
e) As the module cools, take measurements of the short-circuit current and open-
circuit voltage at 5 C intervals over a range of interest of at least 30 C.
NOTE - The complete current-voltage characteristic may be measured at each

temperature to determine the curve correction factor K, in accordance with clause 5 of
IEC 891.
f) Plot the values of ISC and Voc as functions of temperature and construct a least-
squares fit curve through each set of data.
g) From the slopes of the current and voltage curves at a point midway between the
minimum and maximum temperatures of interest, calculate a and 0, the temperature
coefficients for the module.
10.5 Measurement of nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT)
10.5.1 Purpose
To determine the NOCT of the module.
10.5.2 Introduction
NOCT is defined as the equilibrium mean solar cell junction temperature within an open-rack
mounted module in the following standard reference environment (SRE):
- tilt angle: at normal incidence to the direct solar beam at local solar noon
- total irradiance: 800 W-m-2
- ambient temperature: 20 C
- wind speed: 1 m.s -1
- electrical load: nil (open circuit)
NOCT can be used by the system designer as a guide to the temperature at which a module
will operate in the field and it is therefore a useful parameter when comparing the
performance of different module designs. However, the actual operating temperature at any
particular time is affected by the mounting structure, irradiance, wind speed, ambient
temperature, sky temperature and reflections and emissions from the ground and nearby
objects. For accurate performance predictions, these factors shall be taken into account.
Two methods for determining NOCT are described.
The first, called the primary method, is universally applicable to all PV modules. In the case
of modules not designed for open-rack mounting, the primary method may be used to
determine the equilibrium mean solar cell junction temperature in the SIRE, with the module
mounted as recommended by the manufacturer.
The second, called the secondary (reference-plate) method, is faster but is applicable only
to pV modules of the type which respond to changes of ambient temperature (within
restricted ranges of wind speed and irradiance) in the same way as the reference plates
used in the measurement. Modules with a glass front and plastic back are in this category.
The reference plates are calibrated using the same procedure as in the primary method.
10.5.3 Primary method
10.5.3.1 Principle
This method is based on gathering actual measured cell temperature data under a range of
environmental conditions including the SRE. The data are presented in a way that allows
accurate and repeatable interpolation of the NOCT.
The temperature of the solar cell junction (T) is primarily a function of the ambient
temperature (Tamb), the average wind speed (Vj and the total solar irradiance (G) incident
on the active surface of the module. The temperature difference (T - Tamb) is largely
independent of the ambient temperature and is essentially linearly proportional to the
irradiance at levels above 400 W.m - 2. The procedure calls for plotting (T - Tamb) against G
for a period when wind conditions are favourable. A preliminary NOCT value is then
determined by adding 20 C to the value of (T - Tamb,) inte~polated' at the SRE irradiance
of 800 W-m-2. Finally, a correction factor, dependent on the average temperature and
wind speed during the test period, is added to the preliminary NOCT to correct it to 20 C
and 1 m-s -1 .
10.5.3.2 Apparatus
The following apparatus is required:
a) an open rack to support the test module(s) and pyranometer in the specified
manner (see 10.5.3.3). The rack shall be designed to minimize heat conduction fr(?
m the modules and to interfere as little as possible with the free radiation of heat
from their front and back surfaces;
NOTE - In the case of modules not designed for open-rack mounting, the test
module(s) should be mounted as recommended by the manufacturer.
b) a pyranometer, mounted in the plane of the module(s) and within 0,3 m of the
test array;
c) instruments to measure wind speed down to 0,25 m-s-1 and wind direction,
installed approximately 0,7 m above the top of the module(s) and 1,2 m to the east
or west;
d) an ambient temperature sensor, with a time constant approaching that of the

module(s), installed in a shaded enclosure with good ventilation near the wind
sensors;
e) cell temperature sensors, attached by solder or thermally conductive adhesive to

the backs of two solar cells near the middle of each test module, or other
equipment necessary for IEC-approved measurement of cell temperature;
f) a data acquisition system to record the following parameters within an interval of

no more than 60 s:
Parameter:
Irradiance
ambient temperature
cell temperature
wind speed
wind direction
Accuracy the total accuracy of NOCT shall be 1 K.
10.5.3.3 Test module mounting
Tilt angle: the test module(s) shall be positioned so that it (they) is (are) normal to the
direct solar beam (within t 5) at local solar noon.
Height: the bottom edge of the test module(s) shall be 0,6 m or more above the local
horizontal plane or ground level.
Configuration: to simulate the thermal boundary conditions of modules installed in an array,

the test module(s) shall be mounted within a planar surface that extends at least 0,6 m
beyond the module(s) in all directions. For modules designed for free-standing, open-back
installations, black aluminum plates or other modules of the same design shall be used to fill
out the remaining open area of the planar surface.
Surrounding area: there shall be no obstructions to prevent full irradiance of the test
module(s) during the period from 4 h before local solar noon to 4 h after local solar noon.
The ground surrounding the module(s) shall not have an abnormally high solar reflectance
and shall be flat and level or sloping away from the test fixture in all directions. Grass, other
types of vegetation, black asphalt or dirt are acceptable for the local surrounding area.
10.5.3.4 Procedure
a) Set up the apparatus with the test module(s), as described in 10.5.3.3. Ensure
that the test module(s) are open-circuited.
b) On a suitable, clear, sunny day with little wind, record, as a function of time, the
cell temperature, the ambient temperature, the irradiance, wind speed and wind
direction.
c) Reject all data taken during the following conditions:
- irradiance below 400 W.m -2;

- wind speeds outside the range 1,0 m.s -1 0,75 m.s -1;
- ambient temperatures outside the range 20 C 15 C or varying by more
than 5 C;
- a 10 min interval after a wind gust of more than 4 m-s-1; - wind direction
within 20 of east or west
d) From a minimum of 10 acceptable data points covering an irradiance range of at

least 300 W-m -2 plot (T i - Tamb) as a function of irradiance. Draw a straight line
through the data points.
e) From the straight line, determine the value of (T i - Tamb) at 800 W. m-2 and add 20
C to give the preliminary value of NOCT.
f) Calculate the average ambient temperature, Tamb, and the average wind speed, V,
associated with the acceptable data points and determine the appropriate correction
factor from figure 2.
g) Add the correction factor to the preliminary NOCT to correct it to 20 C and 1

m.s -1. This sum is the NOCT of the module.
h) Repeat the entire procedure on a different day and average the two values of
NOCT if they are within 0,5 C. If the difference is more than 0,5 C, repeat the
procedure on a third day and average all three values of NOCT.
10.5.4 Secondary method (reference-plate method)
10.5.4.1 Principle
This method is based on the principle of comparing the temperature of the test module(s)
with that of standard reference plates under the same conditions of irradiance, ambient
temperature and wind speed. The steady-state temperature of the reference plate in the
SRE is determined using the primary method described in 10.5.3.
The NOCT of the test module is obtained by correcting the temperature difference between
the test module and the reference plates to the SRE and adding this value to the mean
steady state temperature of the reference plates in the SRE. It has been established that
the measured temperature difference is insensitive to fluctuations in irradiance and to
small changes in ambient temperature and wind speed.
-
10.5.4.2 Reference plates
The reference plates shall be made of hard aluminum alloy to the dimensions shown in
figure 3. The front surface shall be painted matt black and the back surface gloss white.
Means shall be provided for measuring the temperature of the reference plates to the
required accuracy. One method employing two thermocouples is shown in figure 3. One
thermocouple is cemented into each branch of the milled groove with thermally conductive
and electrically insulating adhesive, after removing any insulation for-a distance of 25 mm
from the junction. The remainder of the thermocouple wires are finally cemented into the
groove with aluminum putty.
At least three reference plates shall be made and calibrated, using the primary method
described in 10.5.3. T pie steady-state temperatures so determined shall be within the
range 46 C to 50 C and shall differ by no more than 1 C. One of the reference plates
shall be kept unused as a control. Before making a NOCT measurement, the steady-state
temperatures of the reference plates shall be checked against that of the control plate
under the acceptable conditions indicated in item c) of 10.5.3.4 to detect any change in
their thermal properties. If the measured temperatures of the reference plates differ by
more than 1 C, the reason for this shall be investigated and necessary corrective action
taken before proceeding with the test.
10.5.4.2 Test site
Select a flat test site with negligible wind disturbance from buildings, trees and
topographical features. Non-uniform reflections from the ground and objects behind the
test plane shall be avoided.
10.5.4.4 Apparatus
The following apparatus is required (see figure 4).
a) a number of reference plates, as described in 10.5.4.2 (one more than the

number of modules to be tested simultaneously);
b) a pyranometer or a PV reference device;
c) an open rack to support the test module(s), reference plates and pyranometer so
that they are normal to the direct solar beam (within t 5) at local solar - noon. Each
module shall be closely flanked by two references plates, with the lower edge of the
modules(s) approximately 1 m above the ground. The rack shall be designed to
minimize heat conduction from the modules(s) and plates and to interfere as little
as possible with the free radiation of heat from their front and back surfaces;
d) instruments to measure wind speed down to 0,25 m-s-1 and wind direction,
installed approximately 0,7 m above the top of the module(s) and 1,2 m to the east
or west, as shown in figure 4;
e) an ambient temperature sensor with a time constant approaching that of the

modules, installed in a shaded enclosure with good ventilation near the wind sensors;
f) cell temperature sensors, attached by solder or thermally conductive adhesive to

the backs of two solar cells near the middle of each module, or other equipment
necessary for IEC-approved measurement of cell temperature;
g) a data acquisition system to record the following parameters within an interval of

no more than 60 s:
Parameter:
irradiance
ambient temperature
cell temperature
wind speed
wind direction
reference plate temperature
Accuracy: the total accuracy of the NOCT shall be 1 K.
10.5.4.5 P r o c e d u r e
a) Set up the apparatus with the test module(s) and reference plates as shown in
figure 4. Ensure that the test module(s) are open-circuited.
b) On a suitable, clear, sunny day w i t h l i t t l e W i n d , record, as a function of time,

the cell temperature(s) of the test module(s), the reference-plate temperature,
irradiance, ambient temperature, wind speed and wind direction.
c) Reject all data taken during, or for 15 min after, the following conditions: -
irradiance below 750 W-m -2 or above 850 W-m -2;
- wind speeds above 2 m-s -1 that continue for more than 30 s;

- wind speeds below 0,5 m-s -1;
- wind direction , within 20 of east or west;
- differences between temperatures of the reference plates greater than 1 C.
d) For each data point in the selected period, take the mean temperature T p of all the
reference plates.
e) For each data point in the selected period and for each test module,
1) take the mean cell temperature T j and calculate
If T jp varies by more than 4 C, the reference plate method is not

applicable and the primary method described in 10.5.3 shall be used;
2) average all values of T Jp to give T J p m ;
where.
f is the irradiance correction factor and is 800 divided by the average

irradiance over the selected period;
B is the ambient temperature correction factor and is obtained from the

average ambient temperature T am b over the selected period using the
following table (linear interpolation for B values is acceptable);
R is the wind correction factor and is obtained from the average wind speed
over the selected period, using the graph I n F i g u r e 5.
4) calculate the NOCT of the test module as follows:
where TPR is the mean steady-state temperature of the reference plates in

the SRE.
f) Repeat the entire procedure on a different day and average the two values of
NOCT for each test module if they are within 0,5 C. If the difference is more than
0,5 C, repeat the procedure on a third day and average the three values of NOCT.
REFER TO FIGURE 2 OF PAGE 59 AND FIGURE 4 OF PAGE 60

REFER TO FIGURE 5 OF PAGE 61
10.6 Performance at NOCT
10.6.1 Purpose
To determine how the electrical performance of the module varies with load at NOCT and
an irradiance of 800 W.m -2 , with the IEC 904-3 reference solar spectral irradiance
distribution.
10.6.2 Procedure
Heat the module uniformly to NOCT and trace its current-voltage characteristic at an
irradiance of 800 W-m -2 (as measured by a suitable reference device), in accordance with
IEC 904-1, using natural sunlight or a class A simulator conforming to the requirements
of IEC 904-9. Alternatively, transpose the IN characteristic measured at room
temperature and Boo W.m -2 to NOCT in accordance with IEC 891.
10.7 Performance at low irradiance
10.7.1 Purpose
To determine how the electrical performance of the module varies with load-at 25 C and an
irradiance of 200 W-m -2 (as measured by a suitable reference device), in accordance with
IEC 904-1 using natural sunlight or a class A simulator conforming to IEC 904-9.
10.7.2 Procedure
Determine the current-voltage characteristic of the module at 25 C t 2 C and an irradiance

of 200 W-m-2 (as measured by a suitable reference device), in accordance with IEC 904-1
using natural sunlight or a class A simulator conforming to IEC 904-9. The irradiance shall
be reduced to the specified level by using neutral filters (such as a blackened -screen or
mesh cloth) or some other technique which does not affect the spectral irradiance
distribution.
Make temperature and irradiance corrections when necessary.
10.8 Outdoor exposure test
10.8.1 Purpose
To make a preliminary assessment of the ability of the module to withstand exposure to

outdoor conditions and to reveal any synergistic degradation effects which may not be
detected by laboratory tests.
NOTE Caution should be taken in making absolute judgments about module life on
the basis of passing this test because of the shortness of the test and the
environmental variability of the test conditions. This test should only be used as a
guide or indicator of possible problems.
10.8.2 Apparatus
a) A solar irradiation monitor, accurate to 10 %.
b) Means to mount the module, as recommended by the manufacturer, co-planar with the
irradiation monitor.
10.8.3 Procedure
a) Open-circuit the module and mount it outdoors, as recommended by the
manufacturer, co-planar with the irradiation monitor. Any hot-spot protective devices
recommended by the manufacturer shall be installed before the module is tested.
b) Subject the module to an irradiation totaling 60 kWh-m -2, as measured by the

monitor, under conditions conforming to moderate open-air climates, as defined in IEC
721-2-1.
10.8.5 Requirements
- No evidence of major visual defects, as defined in clause 7

- The maximum output power at STC shall exceed the manufacturer's minimum power
rating.
- Insulation resistance shall meet the same requirements as for the initial measurements.
10.9 Hot-spot endurance test
10.9.1 Purpose
To determine the ability of the module to withstand hot-spot heating effects, for example
deterioration of the encapsulation. This defect could be provoked by mismatched or
cracked cells, interconnect failures, partial shadowing or soiling.
10.9.2 Hot-spot effect
Hot-spot heating occurs in a module when its operating current exceeds the reduced short-
circuit current (Isc) of a shadowed or faulty cell or group of cells within it. When such a
condition occurs, the affected cell or group of cells is forced into reverse bias and
dissipates power, which can cause overheating.
Figure 6 illustrates the hot-spot effect in a module consisting of a series string of cells, one
of which, cell Y, is partially shadowed. The amount of power dissipated in Y is equal to the
product of the module current and the reverse voltage developed across Y. For any
irradiance level, maximum power is dissipated in the short-circuit condition, when the
reverse voltage across Y is equal to the voltage generated by the remaining (s - 1) cells in
the module. This is shown in figure 6 by the hatched rectangle constructed at the
intersection of the reverse IN characteristic of Y with the image of the forward IN
characteristic of the (s - 1) cells.
Because the reverse characteristic can vary considerably from cell to cell, it is necessary to
classify cells as voltage-limited (type A) or current-limited (type B), according to how the
reverse characteristic intersects the test limit zone shown in figure 7.
Figure 6 also illustrates the condition of maximum dissipation in a faulty or shadowed type
A cell. This occurs when the reverse characteristic intersects the image of the (s - 1)
characteristic at its maximum power point (I mp).
In contrast, figure 8 shows that the maximum dissipation in a type B cell occurs when it is fully
shadowed. But it should be noted that, in this case, the dissipated power may be only a fraction
of the total power available from the module.
REFER TO Figure 6, 7 and 8 of Page 64

10.9.3 Classification of cell interconnection
Solar cells in a PV module are connected in one of the following ways:
- case S: series connection of s cells in a single string (figure 6);
- case SP: series-parallel connection, i.e. a parallel connection of p strings, each

with s cells in series (figure 9);
- case SPS: series-parallel-series connection, i.e. a series connection of b blocks,

where each block consists of a parallel connection of p strings, each with
s cells in series (figure 10).
By-pass diodes, if present, limit the reverse voltage of the enclosed cells and therefore
define the part of the circuit to be tested. Each configuration requires a particular hot-spot
test procedure. The maximum internal power dissipation occurs with the module short-
circuited.

Solar PV Standard 1

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SOLAR LABORATORY

University of the Philippines

Chairman Rowaldo R. del Mundo

Vice-Chairman: Reynaldo A. Reynaldo

Members Ericson C. Aquino Cirila T.

Photovoltaic technology is increasingly being recognized as a viable alternative power

The advantage of PV Technology is heralded in its reliability particularly where the PV

2.0 Standards Submitted for Bureau of Product Standards (BPS) Adoption

3.0 PV Standards Under Development

4.0 PV Standards for Future Development

Shown in Table 5 is the existing BPS Standards on lamp and ballast.

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS TESTS

Remarks: Defects for ASTM includes delaminations or voids, discoloration,, corrosion,

The Proposed Philippine Standard adopts the procedure as described in IEC

B. Performance at Standard Test Condition

Purpose: To determine whether or not the module is sufficiently well insulated.

D. Measurement of Temperature Coefficients

E. Measurement of Nominal Operating Cell Temperature

tilt angle : at normal incidence to the direct

M Humidity Freeze Test

N. Damp Heat Test

Purpose: To examine the mechanical endurance when a module is mounted to an imperfect

Purpose: To investigate the resistance of modules against dynamic mechanical loads

R. Hail Resistance Test

S. Salt Mist Corrosion Test

Purpose: To determine the ability of module to endure the rainfall outdoors.

PROPOSED PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARDS

Design Qualification and Type Approval

PROPOSED PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD

Crystalline Silicon Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Modules

U. P. SOLAR LABORATORY December 1996

Draft schedule Test Procedures :

10.8 Outdoor Exposure Test

The purpose of this test is to make a

PROPOSED PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARDS

Design Qualification and Type Approval

Thin-Film Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Modules

U. P. SOLAR LABORATORY December 1996

The IEC 1646 "Thin film Terrestrial

Battery Charge Controllers for Photovoltaic Applications

U. P. SOLAR LABORATORY December 1996

SECTION ONE - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3

SECTION TWO - SAFETY REQURRMENTS 5

9. Moisture resistance and insulation 5

10. Polarity reversal 6

11. Short circuit 6

13. Connection sequence 6

SECTION THREE - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 7

14. Electrical characteristics 7

15. Environmental characteristics 7

2.8. PV array: A mechanically integrated assembly of PV modules or panels with

4.2. Markings shall be durable and legible.

Compliance is checked by inspection as specified in Section 2 of the Battery Charge

SECTION TWO - SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

7.2. Adequately robust means of fixing shall also be provided.

8. Battery charge controller enclosure

9. Moisture resistance and insulation

Immediately after the moisture treatment, the insulation resistance is measured

The insulation resistance shall be not less than 2 Mohm.

11. Short circuit

13. Connection Sequence

SECTION THREE - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

14. Electrical Characteristics