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TENSION MEMBERS

TENSION MEMBERS

Areqd = _T_ where: Areqd = effective cross sectional area

T= tensile load
Ft Ft = allowable tensile stress

Allowable tensile stress and loads:

a) Tension members without holes or threads
T = FtAg
Ag = gross cross sectional area
Ft = Fy / FS ; Fy = allow. yield stress; FS = factor of safety
b) Tension members having holes or threads
T = FtAn
An = net cross sectional area

NSCP SPECS:
Allowable stress on gross area , FS = 1.67
Ft = 0.6Fy
Allowable stress on net area
Ft = 0.5Fu
Fu = ultimate or max. tensile stress

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AASHTO SPECS (For Bridges)

Ft = 0.55 Fy } whichever is
= 0.5 Fu } smaller
Ft = 0.46 Fu on high yield strength quenched tempered alloy steel
For staggered Holes:

add: s2
4g

where: s = longitudinal center to center spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes, mm
g = transverse center to center spacing (gage) between fasteners gage line, mm

To calculate for the Net Area, An:

An = Widthnet x Thickness
= [Widthgross - dia holes + s2/4g] x Thickness

CODE PROVISION:
Diameter of Hole = Diameter of Fastener + 1.6 mm
For Design Purposes, Anet 85% Ag

Sample Problem 1:

Determine the critical net area of the 12

mm thick plate shown.
The holes are punched for a 20 mm
bolt. Calculate the critical net area.

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Required:
Anet critical (least An)

Solution:
Check the different possible paths of failure:
a. Path ABCD, An = net width x thickness
= [127 2(20 + 1.6)] x 12
An = 1005.6 mm2
b. Path ABGH, An = net width x thk
= [gross width - Dia. Holes + s2/4g] x thk
= [127- 2(20+1.6) + (75)2/4*63] x 12
= 1273.44 mm2

CODE PROVISION: Anet 85% Ag

Check against above Code Provision:
An 85% Ag 85% Ag = 85%(127*12) = 1295.4 mm2
Anet critical = 1005.6mm2 < 1295.4 mm2 ans.

Sample Problem 2:

Determine the critical net area of the

15 mm thick plate shown. The holes
are punched for a 16 mm rivet.

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Required:
Anet critical (least An)
Solution:
Check the different possible paths of failure:
a. Path ABCD, An = net width x thickness
= [gross width - Dia. Holes + s2/4g] x thk
= [500 4(16 + 1.6) + (175)2 + (75)2 + (175)2 ] * 15
4(75) 4(80) 4(100)
= 9387.36 mm2
b. Path AD, An = net width x thickness
= [500 2(16 + 1.6) + (75)2 ] * 15
4(255)
= 7054.72 mm2
c. Path ABC, An = net width x thickness
= [500 3(16 + 1.6) + (175)2 + (75)2 ] * 15
4(75) 4(80)
= 8502.92 mm2

d. Path ABD,
An = net width x thickness
= [500 3(16 + 1.6) +
(175)2 + (100)2 ] * 15
4(75) 4(180)
= 8447.58 mm2

e. Path AB, An = net width x thickness

= [500 2(16 + 1.6) + (175)2 ] * 15
4(75)
= 8503.25 mm2
f. Path BC, An = net width x thickness
= [500 2(16 + 1.6) + (75)2 ] * 15
4(80)
= 7235.67 mm2

Anet critical = 7054.72 mm2 ans.

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Sample Problem 3:

Determine the net area along path ABCDEF for the

C380x50 shown. Holes are for 18 mm bolts.
For the Channel section,
Ag= 6430 mm2, d= 381 mm, tw= 10.2 mm,
tf= 16.5 mm, bf= 86.4 mm.

The technique is to convert the Channel section to its equivalent Plate section

An = net width x thickness

= [Wg - Dia. Holes + s2/4g] x thk
= (Wg)*thk (Dia. Holes)*thk + (s2/4g) *thk

= 6430 2(18+1.6)(16.5) - 2(18+1.6)(10.2) + (75)2 *(10.2) + __(75)2 *(16.5+10.2)*(2)

4(231) 4(111.65) 2
An = 5781.75 mm2 ans.

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Effective Net Area Coefficient, U

a. U = 1.0 - all segments connected to transmit the tension

b. U = 0.9 - W, M or S section with bf > 2
d 3

c. U = 0.9 - Tee Section with bf > 4

d 3

d. U = 0.85 W, M or S not on (b), Tees not on (c) and all other shapes
including built-up sections.

Ae = U*An

where: Ae = effective net area

An = critical net area

Analysis of Axially Loaded, Bolted or Riveted Connection

1. Tension Failure on Gross Area

2. Tension Failure on Effective Net Area

3. Shear Failure in Bolts/Rivets

Actual Shear Stress, fv = P

A
Av = Abolt*n (for single shear)

Av = 2*Abo;t*n (for double shear)

where n = number of fastener/s

Note: fv = shear stress of fastener NOT of the steel plate.

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4. Bearing Failure on projected area between the plate and the fastener.

Actual bearing stress; fp= P

Ap
Ap = (Dia. of fastener*plate thk)
Allowable bearing stress; Fp= 1.2Fu of steel plate

5. Combined Shearing and Tearing (Shear Rupture or Block Shear)

T= Fv Av + FT AT Allowable Shearing stress, Fv = 0.3 Fu

Allowable Tearing stress, FT = 0.5 Fu

Sample Problem 4:
Given: Rivets: A502 Grade 2 Hot Driven
>> From table 510-7 of NSCP,
Fv rivet = 152 MPa
Steel Plate: A36

Reqd: Psafe

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Solution:

1.Tension Failure on Gross Area

T = FtAg = 0.6Fy*Ag

P=T= 0.6(248)(200 x 10)

P = 297.6 KN

2. Tension Failure on Effective Net Area

T = FtAe = FtUAn ; Ft=0.5Fu ; U=1.0
* Path w/o staggered, An = [200 2(17.6)](10) = 1648 mm2

P=T = 0.5(400)(1.0)(1648)

P = 329.6 KN

3. Shear Failure on Rivets

P = FvAv = 152 (pi/4*(16)2 * 4)

P = 122.245 KN

4. Bearing Stress Failure on steel plate

P = FpAp = 1.2FuAp

= 1.2(400)[16(10)(4)]

P = 307.2 KN

5. Block Shear Failure

T = FvAv + FTAT
Fv = 0.3Fu Av = (135 1.5(17.6))(10)(2) = 2172 mm2
FT = 0.5Fu AT = (100 17.6)(10) = 824 mm2

P=T = 0.3(400)(2172) + 0.5(400)(824)

P = 425.44 KN
Note: You may check for other possible Block Shear Failure.

Therefore:
Pmax= 122.245 KN ans

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Sample Problem 5:
A riveted lap joint shown has 516 mm rivets w/ Fv=152 MPa.
The steel plate is ASTM A53 steel, 200 mm wide and 10 mm
thick. Determine the value of T in all possible modes of failure
and the max safe value of T that the connection can resists.

Solution:
For A53 steel Fy = 241 MPa
Fu = 414 MPa

1. Tension Failure on Gross Area

P = Ft*Ag ; P=T ;
Ag=200*10 ; 85%Ag=1700mm2
T = 0.6(241)*(2000)
T = 289.2 KN
2. Tension Failure on Effective Net Area
a. section a a
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu*UAn
FH = 0] ; P= T
An=(200 17.6)(10) =1824
T = 0.5(414)(1)* 1824
T = 377.57 KN
b. section b b
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu*UAn
FH = 0 ]
T- T/5 - P = 0 ; P= 4/5*T
An=[200 3(17.6)](10) =1472
4T/5 = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1472
T = 380.88 KN

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c. section c c
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu*UAn
FH = 0] T- 4(T/5)-P=0 ; P= 1/5*T
An= (200 17.6)(10)= 1824
T/5 = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1824
T = 1887.84 KN

d. section b - c b
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu*UAn
FH = 0] T- 2(T/5) - P = 0 ; P= 3/5*T
An= [200 3(17.6)+(50)2/4(50)*2] *(10)=1722
3T/5 = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1722
T = 594.09 KN

e. section b - a b
P = FtAe = 0.5Fu*UAn
FH = 0] T - P = 0 ; P= T
An=[200 3(17.6) +(50)2/4(50)*2] *(10)= 1722
T = 0.5(414)(1.0)* 1722
T = 356.45 KN

Therefore for net area, the critical load T is

T = 356.45 KN

3. Shear Failure on Rivets

P = Fv*Av ; P=T ;
T = 152*(pi/4*(16)2 *5)
T = 152.81 KN

4. Bearing Stress on Steel Plate

P = Fp*Ap ; P=T ;
T = 1.2Fu* [dia rivet x thk plate]*n
T = 1.2(414)* [16*10]*5
T = 397.44 KN

5. Block Shear on Steel Plate

P = FvAv + FT AT ; FH = 0] T- P -T/5=0 ; P= 4T/5
Fv = 0.3Fu ; FT = 0.5Fu
Av = [100 17.6/2)](10)(2) = 1824 mm2
AT = [100 2(17.6)](10) = 648 mm2
4T/5 = 0.3(414)*1824 + 0.5(414)*648
T = 450.85 KN
Note: You may check for other possible Block Shear Failure.

Therefore the maximum safe T = 152.81 KN ans.

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SEATWORK

Given: 4 holes for 12mm bolts

A53 steel plate thickness=8 mm
Reqd:
a. Calculate Critical Net Area
b. Calculate Pmax considering tension failure only.

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