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PHAST
Taking hazard and risk analysis one step further
Version: 7.11
Date: September 2014
Date: September /2014
This publication or parts thereof may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
including copying or recording, without the prior written consent of DNV GL AS
Table of contents
1 NEW FEATURES AVAILABLE TO ALL PHAST USERS ........................................................... 2
1.1 A new option for using the Multi-Energy explosion modelling ................................................... 2
1.2 Inputs for the Multi-Energy: User defined and Baker-Strehlow-Tang
explosion methods can be set at the Equipment item level .................................................. 4
1.3 An image can be displayed in the background of a distance-vs-distance plot ............................ 4
1.4 One-click method available for setting the same scale for both axes
in a distance-vs-distance plot ................................................................................................. 6
1.5 The bund and the release direction can be displayed in the Dispersion Side View chart ........... 6
1.6 The flame shape can be displayed in a Radiation Contour plot .................................................. 7
1.7 The default location for workspace files is now under Documents ............................................ 7
2.1 Effect zones can now be calculated for standalone fire and BLEVE Blast Scenarios ................... 8
3.1 Some of the fields for fire and explosion have moved to different tabs
in the Equipment and Scenario dialogs .................................................................................. 9
3.2 There is no longer a default value defined in the Parameters for the pipe length
for Short pipe Scenarios.......................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Bug Fixes .................................................................................................................................... 10
The Multi-Energy: User-defined option is the new name for the Multi-Energy option from previous
versions of the program. When this option is selected, a Multi-Energy tab section will be present
in the dialog. You use the Multi-Energy tab section to define the confined sources that you want
to model, and to set options for modelling an explosion of the unconfined portions of the cloud.
The inputs for the Uniform confined option are set in the Multi-Energy tab of the Explosion Parameters
With the Multi-Energy:
Uniform confined option,
the explosion will be
modelled with a strength of
confinement given by the
Uniform confined
explosion strength, and
with an explosion efficiency
given by the Uniform
confined method
explosion efficiency.
The values set in the Parameters will be used for all Scenarios that have the Multi-Energy: Uniform
confined option selected. If you want to use different values for different Scenarios while using the Multi-
Energy: Uniform confined option, you must create separate Parameter Sets with different values, and
place the Equipment items and Scenarios under Studies that use the appropriate Parameter Set. Another
method of using different values for different Scenarios is to use the Multi-Energy: User-defined option
instead of the Uniform confined option, as the User-defined option allows you to set specific values
directly in the Scenario dialog.
In Phast you can still use the TNT option, as is it still available for selection in the Explosion method
field. If you open a file that was created in a version in which the TNT option was the default, then the
Explosion method will be set to TNT for all storage Scenarios.
However, in Phast Lite the Explosion method field is disabled and you cannot change the selection, and
this means that the explosion calculations will now always use the new Multi-Energy: Uniform confined
option and you will no longer be able to run the calculations with the TNT method.
Changes may be made to the definitions of Scenarios when you upgrade a file from a previous version
In Phast Lite, when you upgrade a file from a previous version, all Scenarios will be changed to use the
Multi-Energy: Uniform confined option.
In Phast, when you upgrade a file that contains Scenarios that have Multi-Energy selected as the
Explosion method, the Explosion method will be set to Multi-Energy: User-defined. If the option to
Model unconfined volume as explosion source was set to Do not use unconfined for the Scenario,
then the Unconfined explosion strength will be set to zero.
Note: some of the changes that are made during the upgrade process are reported in the Output View,
but these changes associated with the explosion modelling are not reported.
The Multi-Energy method is considered more appropriate than the TNT method for modelling vapour
cloud explosions
The TNT method is considered out of date as a method for modelling vapour cloud explosions.
The default values for the Uniform confined explosion strength and Uniform confined method
explosion efficiency have been chosen to give results that are broadly similar to the results for the
TNT method, and also to align with advice given for risk calculations in the Yellow Book1. The efficiency
value of 12.5% was chosen because when it is used with an explosion strength of 10, it gives similar
zones for light and heavy damage to the Wiekema model used in Safeti. The Yellow Book assumes an
explosion efficiency of 10% for the Wiekema model, but an adjusted value of 12.5% has been used as
the default because it gives closer agreement for the damage zones when used with a Multi-Energy
strength of 10.
With these default values, the results are generally more conservative than the TNT method in the far
field.
1
CPR 14E Yellow Book, Methods for the calculation of physical effects, Chapter 5, Vapour Cloud Explosion, W.P.M.
Mercx, A.C. van den Berg, Section 5.12.
In previous versions of the program, if you selected the Multi-Energy or Baker-Strehlow-Tang options for
the Explosion method in a storage Equipment item dialog, the Multi-Energy and Baker-Strehlow-Tang
tabs would not appear in the dialog, so you could not set values at the Equipment item level to be used
as defaults for all of the Scenarios under the Equipment item.
This has been changed, so the Multi-Energy tab will appear in the dialog if you select the Multi-Energy:
User defined option, and the Baker-Strehlow-Tang tab will appear if you select the Baker-Strehlow-Tang
option.
When the dialog first opens, the X co-ordinate field will be set to zero, and the Y co-ordinate field will be
set to the maximum value currently shown on the Y axis. The Length fields will initially be unset.
Each Equipment item has its own values for the Background Image settings for each chart
Each Equipment Item has its own values for the Background Image settings for a given type of chart
(e.g. for the Side View Dispersion chart). These settings will be used for that type of chart when you are
viewing the Graphs for any Scenario or combination of Scenarios under that Equipment Item. The first
time you view the Graphs for a particular Equipment Item, the Background Image settings will be
undefined for all types of chart, and you will have to set values that are appropriate to that Equipment
Item, for each type of chart.
The Background Image option will be disabled if the current Graph View covers Scenarios from different
Equipment items
When you use the Graphs option for a Weather node, you can select Scenarios from any combination
of Equipment items. If the current Graph View is displaying results for Scenarios from different
Equipment items, the Background Image option will be disabled in the Ribbon Bar because the
background image settings for the different Equipment items cannot be combined.
If the box is checked, the chart will use the same scale for both axes, showing the shape of the effect
zone without distortion. If the box is not checked, the scale for each axis will be set by default to match
the range of values to be plotted, i.e. so that effect zone fills most of the available space on that axis.
1.5 The bund and the release direction can be displayed in the
Dispersion Side View chart
If the current chart is the Side
View Dispersion chart, the Show
Bund option will be enabled in the
Graph Tools in the Ribbon Bar.
You can use the Preferences option under the File menu to change the setting for the default location.
2.1 Effect zones can now be calculated for standalone fire and
BLEVE Blast Scenarios
In the previous version of the program, the Effects calculations could be run only for storage Scenarios,
i.e. only for the Scenarios that are available for Pressure Vessel, Atmospheric Storage Tank and Long
Pipeline Equipment items.
The Effects calculations can now also be run for Standalone Jet fire , Standalone Pool fire ,
Standalone Fireball and Standalone BLEVE Blast Scenarios.
Note: the Effects calculations can not be run for the Standalone TNT explosion, Standalone Multi-energy
explosion, Standalone Baker-Strehlow-Tang explosion or Standalone Pool vaporisation Scenarios. When
you run calculations for these Scenarios in Effects mode, the program will run the Consequence
calculations but will not proceed to the Effects calculations.
3.1 Some of the fields for fire and explosion have moved to
different tabs in the Equipment and Scenario dialogs
Fields moved from the Flammable tab
In the previous version, the dialogs for storage Equipment and Scenarios contained a Flammable tab
section that contained a range of input fields for fire and explosion calculations. In order to make the
organisation of the data clearer, these fields have been moved to other tab sections, as listed below, and
the Flammable tab section no longer appears in these dialogs.
Fields moved from the Explosion Parameters tab to a new TNT tab
In the previous version, the Explosion parameters tab section contained two fields that are specific to the
TNT explosion method: Air or ground burst, and Default TNT explosion efficiency. These fields
have been moved to a new tab called the TNT tab, which only appears in the dialog if the Explosion
method field in the Explosion parameters tab is set to TNT.
This field is no longer present in the Parameters. You must set a value for the Pipe length field for any
Short pipe Scenario, either directly in the Scenario dialog, or by setting a value in the Equipment item
dialog to be used as a default value for the Short pipe Scenarios. The field is optional in the Equipment
item dialog, but mandatory in the Scenario dialog.
If you upgrade a file from a previous version that contains a Short pipe Scenario that was using the
default value set in the Parameters, the program will set the Pipe length field for the Scenario to the
value for that Scenario as it was taken from the Parameters, so the Scenarios are not incomplete after
the upgrade and will give the same discharge results.
For a complete list of bugs fixed since the previous version, you can access the Customer Portal using
the link in the Help tab of the Ribbon Bar. To log into the portal you must enter a valid user name and
password, which you can obtain from your local DNV GL Software office.
The D number given for each item is a unique reference number. If you require more information on a
particular item, please quote the D number when you contact the Support Desk.
D-02144 Equipment item shown as incomplete because time-varying inputs seen as out of
range, although all time-varying Scenarios had been deleted
If you delete all of the time-varying Scenarios from under the Equipment item,
then the additional data and checks will no longer be relevant. In the previous
version the program did not automatically recalculate the data-requirements in
that situation and the Equipment item might still be shown as incomplete or out of
range. This has now been fixed.
D-02366 Fields incorrectly shown as not defaulted in the dialog for a Component
Description Some of the properties defined in the Component dialog have more than one input
field (e.g. for heat capacity or for vapour pressure). In the previous version, if you
changed the value for one of the fields for one of these properties and then OKed
the dialog, you would find when you reopened the dialog that none of the fields for
that property were shown as defaulted (i.e. none were shown with a green
border). The problem was with the display in the dialog, as the unchanged fields
were still taking their values from the default system. This problem has been fixed,
and the dialog now shows the unchanged fields as defaulted.
D-02710 A change in the selection of Scenarios and Weathers for running not detected as a
change to be saved
Description When you save a workspace file, the Save option will become disabled in the
Ribbon Bar and in the Quick Access Toolbar at the left of the title bar. It will
become enabled again if you make a change to the input data or results (e.g. if
you add a new Scenario, or run calculations).
In the previous version, the Save option did not become enabled if you used the
Exclude from calculations or Include in calculations option in the right-click menu
for a Scenario or Weather to change the selection of Scenarios or Weathers for
running. This problem has been fixed, and the option will now be enabled in this
situation.
Description Most types of Storage Scenario are available for both Pressure Vessel and
Atmospheric Storage Tank Equipment items, i.e. they are common Storage
Scenarios. If the node that is selected in the tree has more than one storage
Equipment item underneath it and you insert one of these common Storage
Scenario using the Grid View, the Scenario is supposed to be inserted under the
first storage Equipment item node that is below the node selected in the tree.
In the previous version, the Storage Scenario would always be inserted under the
first Pressure Vessel Equipment node below the selected node, i.e. if the first
storage Equipment item node was an Atmospheric Storage Tank, this node would
be ignored, and the Scenario would be inserted under the first Pressure Vessel
instead. This has been fixed, and the Scenario will be inserted under the first
Storage Equipment node, whether it is a Pressure Vessel or an Atmospheric
Storage Tank.
D-03189 Time-varying releases tab section present in dialog for storage Equipment items in
Phast Lite
Description In the previous version, the dialogs for Storage Equipment nodes included the
Time-varying releases tab section, even though the Time-varying Scenarios are
not available in Phast Lite, and the fields in the tab section are not relevant to
Phast Lite.
This has been fixed, and the tab section does not appear in the dialogs.
D-03192 Release direction field enabled in dialog for a Catastrophic Rupture Scenario
Description The release direction is not relevant to a Catastrophic Rupture Scenario, but the
Release direction field was present in the Scenario tab section. This field was
usually disabled, but it became enabled if a Short pipe Scenario was also present
under the Equipment item.
This has been fixed, and now the Release direction field does not appear in the
dialog for a Catastrophic Rupture Scenario.
Description In some situations, the installation of another program on the computer would set
values for Windows environment variables that meant that the program could not
locate and load certain dll files when it was starting up. This might prevent the
program from starting up at all, or cause problems with some parts of the
program, e.g. give blank reports.
The approach to searching for dll files has been changed and the program will now
be able to locate and load all dlls correctly, no matter what settings have been
made by other programs that are installed on the computer.
D-05787 The reports for standalone Fire Scenarios always stated that the inclination and
orientation for the observer were fixed
Description The dialogs for the standalone Fire Scenarios give the option to specify a fixed
inclination or orientation for the observer. If you do not select this option, the
program will use a variable inclination, and will calculate the angle that gives the
maximum radiation level at the point.
In the previous version the reports for the Fire Scenarios always stated that the
option to specify a fixed value was selected, even when it was not. This has been
fixed, and the reports will correctly state whether the selected method was Fixed
or Variable.
Description The Summary Report gave values for surface roughness in two locations: in the
section near the beginning of the report which gives the values set for the selected
Terrain type; and in the section at the end of the report which gives the definition
of each Weather condition modelled. The surface roughness is not part of the
Weather data in v7 of the program, and the values given with the Weather data in
the Summary Report were always the default values and not the values used in
the calculations. The surface roughness values have now been removed from the
Weather data section of the Summary Report.
Description For some instantaneous releases, for some Weather conditions, the Maximum
Concentration graph did not correctly identify the maximum downwind effect
distance to the concentration of interest, and the shape of the graph would appear
squashed or truncated near the downwind end. This has been fixed, and the graph
will now show the full maximum downwind effect distance for all types of release,
for all Weather conditions.
Description The value given for Ambient wind speed in the Late Pool Fire Report was always
the value in m/s, and not the value in the units stated in the report. This has been
fixed, and the value given in the report will be the correct, converted value in the
Velocity units that are stated in the report.
D-05862 Some tab sections missing from Weather dialog in Phast Lite
Description The Weather dialog in Phast Lite contained only the Weather tab section, and did
not contain the Atmospheric parameters or Substrate data tab sections. These tab
sections contain fields for ambient air and surface temperatures, and having the
tab sections missing meant that the calculations in Phast Lite were always using
the default values of 9.85 C.
D-05874 Bund type selected for a Scenario not shown correctly in Scenario dialog
Description If you edited a Scenario and set the Bund and surface type for pools to be
different from the value selected for the Equipment item, you would find when you
opened the Scenario dialog again that the Bund and surface type field was
shown as taking the default value set in the Equipment item dialog, and not the
value that you had set. The bund type that you had selected would be used in the
calculations, but would not be shown correctly in the dialog.
This has been fixed, so the dialog correctly displays the selected bund type.
D-06020 Legend for Toxic Footprint Graphs for a mixture did not identify the effect levels
Description If the material for a Scenario was a mixture, the legend for the Toxic Footprint
Graphs identified each effect level only with an internal code in the form @1 or
@2, and did not give the value of lethality, dose or probit for that effect level.
This has been fixed, and all of the Toxic Footprint Graphs give details of the effect
levels plotted in the graph.
Description The dialog for a Spill Scenario included fields for the release direction. The release
direction is not relevant to a Spill Scenario, and these fields have been removed
from the dialog.
D-06147 Reports and graphs for toxic and late explosion results produced when finite
duration correction method was selected for modelling short-duration releases
Description The Flag for finite duration correction field in the Dispersion parameters allows
you to choose the method to use for modelling the dispersion of short-duration
releases. One of the options is Finite duration correction. This method gives the
most accurate results for centreline concentration but it does not calculate the
dimensions of the cloud, and this means that it cannot produce meaningful results
for toxic effects or for late explosions.
Reports and graphs for toxic results and for late explosions were being generated
when the Finite duration correction option was selected. The values presented in
these reports and graphs were not valid. This has been corrected, and the invalid
types of results are no longer generated. The results that are generated when the
Finite duration correction option is selected are for discharge, for immediate fire
and explosion effects, and for dispersion.
D-06156 Results in Toxic Reports for instantaneous releases very dependent on the setting
for Result Grid step in X direction in the Toxic parameters
Description For an instantaneous release, the values given in the Toxic Reports could be
significantly different, depending on the value set in the Toxic parameters for
Result Grid step in X direction. There was an error in the method used to
determine the maximum upwind and downwind distances for toxic effects, and this
meant that the step size for the grid was not being used as intended, and some
changes in the value could produce large changes in the results.
Description If you upgraded a v6.7 file that contained a Model with Long Pipeline selected as
the Scenario, and that had either the Multi-Energy or the Baker-Strehlow-Tang
method selected for explosion modelling, the input values for the selected
explosion method would not be included in the upgrade.
This has been fixed, and the values from in the v6.7 file will be set in the dialog for
the Long Pipeline Equipment item on upgrade.
D-06498 Error in calculations if a Scenario with the Material to track set to a mixture
component was copied to a storage Equipment item with a material selected that
did not include the selected component
Description If the material selected for a storage Equipment item is a mixture, you can select
any of the components of the mixture as the Material to track, and the
dispersion reports and graphs will give the results for the concentration of that
component, rather than for the mixture as a whole.
This has been fixed. Now, whenever you copy a Scenario from one Equipment item
to a second item, the program will check if the Material to track selected for the
Scenario is present in the material selected for the second item. If it is not
present, the Material to track field will be reset to the default value, i.e. to the
value set in the Equipment item dialog.
D-06680 Changes to values of cut-off rate fields in Pool vaporisation parameters not used
in calculations
Description If you inserted a storage Scenario, ran the calculations, and then edited the Pool
vaporisation parameters and changed the value for either Toxics cut-off rate for
pool evaporation or Flammable cut-off rate for pool evaporation, the
changed value would not be used when you re-ran the calculations for the
Scenario. The pool vaporisation calculations would therefore not stop at the point
you intended, which would affect both the detailed pool vaporisation results, and
the averaged results used in the dispersion calculations.
This has been fixed, and the values currently set in the parameters will always be
used in the calculations.
For the most up-to-date list of known bugs and other issues, you can access the Customer Portal using
the link in the Help tab of the Ribbon Bar. To log into the portal you must enter a valid user name and
password, which you can obtain from your local DNV GL Software office.
The D, SI or TK number given for each item is a unique reference number. If you require more
information on a particular item, please quote the reference number when you contact the Support Desk.
D-04338 The program crashes if you insert an External Connection of type KML while the
coordinate system is set to Rectified Skew Orthomorphic
Description The crash may occur as soon as you insert the External Connection, or it may only
occur when you try to insert a Feature Class under the External Connection.
If you choose a different coordinate system, you will be able to insert a KML
External Connection successfully.
Description The acid association modelling used for hydrogen fluoride is not compatible with
the time-varying discharge calculations for atmospheric storage conditions.
If you try to run a time-varying Scenario for an Atmospheric Storage Tank item
with hydrogen fluoride selected as the material, error messages will be written to
the Output View about flash calculations failing.
D-05048 The program can become very slow if you have just generated a Consequence
Data tabular Report
Description The process of generating the Consequence Data Report takes up a lot of memory,
and the program does not always release this memory automatically once the
report has been generated. This means that you might find that all aspects of the
program become very slow to respond immediately after you have generated a
Consequence Data Report. You can make the program free up the memory if you
change the width or order of columns in the report, or change the size of the
report pane, and this will bring the responsiveness back to normal.
Description The process of cancelling calculations can be slow, and the program does not give
any information about the status of this process (i.e. how much longer it will take).
If you decide to exit from the program while the calculations are still being
cancelled, the program will ask if you want to save changes, but if you select the
option to save changes, the program will crash. You should either exit without
saving changes, or wait until the cancellation process is complete before saving the
workspace.
D-05442 Confusing error message on opening a file that has a link to external GIS data that
is not present
Description If you open a file that has an External Connection defined to a source of GIS data
and the GIS data is not present at the location specified for the External
Connection, two error messages will be written to the Output View. The first
message gives the path and name of the missing file, and the second refers to
database and warehouse connections. These are terms used by the GIS system
for its data connections, and do not refer to a database of Scenario results or to a
warehouse defined as a Building.
D-05544 Error running User-defined source Scenario created from a Time-varying Scenario
that produced fireball results
Description If you have a Time-varying Scenario that produces fireball results and you use it to
generate a User-defined Scenario, you will not be able to run the consequence
calculations successfully for the User-defined Scenario. Error messages about
missing input arguments will be written to the Output View when you try to run
the Scenario.
However, you will be able to run the calculations for the User-defined Scenario if
you create a copy of the Equipment item that holds the User-defined Scenario,
delete all Time-varying Scenarios from under the second Equipment item, and run
the version of the User-defined Scenario under the second Equipment item.
D-05859 Pool vaporisation properties incomplete on upgrading a v6.7 System Materials file
Description If you use the Admin Materials program to upgrade a v6.7 System Materials *.xpu
file, the properties for pool vaporisation will be shown as unset and mandatory.
Description The Long pipe tab section of the Discharge parameters dialog includes a Model
heat transfer checkbox field. If this box is checked, then the Construction
material and Pipe wall thickness fields will be enabled and mandatory in the
Long pipe tab section for the Long Pipeline Equipment dialog. If the box field is not
checked, the two fields will be disabled.
By default the box is not checked and the two fields in the Long Pipeline
Equipment dialog are disabled. If you insert a Long Pipeline Equipment item and
complete the input data, and then edit the Discharge parameters and check the
box, you will find that the Long Pipeline Equipment node is still shown as complete
in the tree, but if you open the dialog you will see that the Long pipe tab is shown
as incomplete, with the two fields as mandatory. If you OK the dialog, the node
will be shown as incomplete in the tree.
SI 8519 Dialogs cannot display all the text with some display settings
Description This bug is not new and was also present in previous Phast releases.
For some vapour line rupture scenarios, the calculations terminate far too early,
resulting in a discharged mass that is far too small. No warning or error is issued
to inform the user about the problem.
Pure vapour line ruptures are modelled in two regimes: Regime 1 models the
propagation of the front from the rupture plane to the upstream end of the pipe,
typically of relatively short duration. Regime 2 then models the depressurisation of
the vessel. In some cases, there is an inconsistency in thermodynamics between
regime 1 and 2, and subsequently the model terminates prematurely at the start
of regime 2.
TK-10440 If you upgrade a *.psu file, lock the Grid View and save the file as a *.psux file,
the *.psux file will not have the grid locked
Description The locked state of the Grid View is not part of the workspace data saved when a
*.psu file is upgraded and saved as a *.psux file.
Description The upgrade function in the Admin Parameters program allows you to select a
Parameters file from a previous version, and it will then change the values in the
v7.1 Parameters file to match those from the previous Parameters file.
In this upgrade process the program will only change values for nodes that have
the same name in the two files, and it will not create nodes in the v7.1 file if it
finds nodes in the old file that do not exist in the v7.1 file.
This approach means that it is not possible to perform the upgrade with the
Spanish or Chinese versions of the Parameters files. These files have node-names
that do not match the node-names in previous versions of the program, because
the node-names in these versions were always in English. If you are using Spanish
or Chinese as the display language and you try to upgrade a Parameters file, no
changes will be made to the values.
This approach also means that values for a Construction Material will not be
upgraded if the name used for the Construction Material has changed between the
two versions, and that Construction Materials that you added in the previous
version will not be added to the v7.1 file during the upgrade.
SOFTWARE
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