ARGUMENT: The process of comparing the beliefs of one point of view to

another point of view is an argument.

TYPES OF ARGUMENTS:

ARGUMENTS OF FACT: assert that a condition has existed, exists, or will exist; based on
facts or data that the audience will accept as objectively verifiable

ARGUMENTS OF VALUE: state that something is or is not desirable; express approval or

disapproval of standards of taste and morality; advertisements and reviews are arguments of
value; whenever people argue about what is good/bad, beautiful/ugly.

ARGUMENTS OF POLICY: state that something should or should not be done; this kind
of argument will naturally contain components often included as support of those of fact
and value

TYPES OF WARRANTS: Authoritative, Motivational, Substantive

Authoritative: These types of warrants rely on expert testimony to justify a claim.

The warrant generically states that qualified sources conclude that based on
this data the following conclusion is justified.

This type of warrant is obviously dependent on backing offered in terms of

expert testimony.

Motivational: Motivational warrants rely on appeals to the audiences convictions,

virtues, and values to support the claim.

Speakers using these types of warrants must rely on precise audience analysis
in order to understand what motivational appeals would be effective.

Substantive: Substantive warrants more closely resemble more traditional forms of

logical reasoning.

There are several types of reasoning processes that can constitute substantive
warrants. Some of these reasoning types include:

Cause-Effect, Effect-Cause
Why are Warrants Important?

Warrants are essential to an argument. They make a logical connection between the
accepted data and the claim.

Warrants answer the unspoken audience question of, How did you arrive at that claim
based upon the data presented?