Phenetic Analysis of Several Species from Famili

Aracceae in Biology Faculty Jenderal Soedirman University

*Monica Widianti, *Dyah Annisa Retno , *Rizki Aulia, *Indah Putri
Biology Faculty, JenderalSoedirman University, dr. Soeparno Street No.63 Purwokerto 53122

Abstrack
Identification of plants means explain or establishing the identity of a plant in this case including the
determination of the correct name and the right place in the classification system. The Araceae family includes taro
family that include terrestrial (terrestrial) herbs, floats in waters (aquatic), trees (epiphytes). These family usually
grow throughout the year, but others experience a resting phase (dormancy) during the dry season and grow back at
the beginning of the rainy season. This dormancy mechanism occurs as a form of adaptation to adverse
environments. Araceae have male and female inflorescence arranged in spadix (Mayo et al, 1997). The Araceae
family consists of 110 genera, which includes 3,200 species, including Aglaonema (Genus Aglaonema), Alocasia
(Genus Bira), Amorphophallus (Genus Bangkai), Anthurium (Genus Kuping Gajah), Caladium (Genus Keladi),
Colocasia, Cryptocoryne, Epipremnum, Homalomena (Genus Turiang), Lasia 29 (Genus Sampi), Monstera (Genus
Monstera), Philodendron (Genus Dendrum), Pothos (Genus Klabangan), Rhaphidophora (Genus Tapanama Tairis),
Schismatoglottis (Genus Selempat), Scindapsus (Genus Silver vine), Spathiphyllum (Genus Tanduk), Typhonium
(Genus Keladi Tikus). Xanthosoma (Genus Kimpul) (Suhono, 2010).
Key word : Araceae, Aglaonema, Alocasia, Anthurium, Philodendron, Caladium.

INTRODUCTION

The Araceae family includes taro family that
include terrestrial herbs, such
Homalomene and Schismatoglottis, floating
in waters (aquatic), such as Pistia stratiotes
L, propagating in trees (epiphytes) such as
Epipremnum, Rhaphidophora, Photos And
Scindapsus (Mayo et al in Kurniawan,
2012). These family usually
throughout the year, but others experience a
resting phase (dormancy) during the dry
season and grow back at the beginning of
the rainy season. This dormancy mechanism
as occurs as a form of adaptation to adverse
environments. Examples of clans that may
have dormancy periods are Alocasia,
Arisaema, Amorphophallus, Caladium, and
other bulbous species of Araceae or
rhizomes. Araceae has male and female
grow inflorescence arranged in spadik (cob).
Araceae is a cosmopolitan family, and most
of its kind is in Southeast Asia, Africa, and
America. Some species are found in

Plant Systematic 2017 | 1

temperate and cold climates. The Araceae
family consists of 110 genera, which
includes 3,200 species (Suhono, 2010).
According to Suhono et al (2010),
classification of Areceae family :
1. Aglaonema (Genus Aglaonema), this
Aglaonema is an ornamental plant and
some of its kind used as medicinal plant.
Leaf morphology is green with faint leaf
bones. Leaf-shaped lanceolate with light
green scabs scattered in the leaves,
unlimited compound inflorescence.
These plant habitats are protected areas
such as under forest cover with low light
intensity ranging from 10 - 30%, 50 -
70% humidity, 28 - 30C temperature.
2. Alocasia (Genus Bira), this plant is an
ornamental plant and some species are
used as food crops. This plant habitat
prefers wet environments and can be
found on the banks of rivers, lakes, and
slightly moist mountain slopes. In
general, large-leaved morphology, up to
1.2 x 2 m-shaped oblong, leaf veins are
very clear. The leaves are dark green,
while the underside is dull green, has a
long leaf stalk reaches 0.4 to 1 m.
3. Anthurium (Genus Kuping Gajah), this
plant is used as an ornamental plant with
a large leaf morphology with a length of
up to 60 cm with a width of 30 cm with
a heart-shaped or rounded form of green.
This plant can grow from coastal areas
to mountain areas 0 - 2,050 m above sea
level. Some of these plant species can be
found growing wild on the roadside,
riverside. Generally these types of plants
grow as epiphytic plants and grow on the
ground.
4. Caladium (Genus Keladi), one of them
Keladi dwiwarna or keladi ornamental
(Caladium bicolor) which is used as an
ornamental plant. The morphology of
this plant is the heart-shaped leaves, leaf
stalk measuring 20 - 50 cm. These plants
grow in moist areas such as by rivers,
lakes or ponds. This plant can grow well
at a temperature of 21 - 31 C, the sun's
intensity is about 50-70%.
5. Philodendron (Genus Dendrum) This
genus consists of 500 species, one of
which is Dendrum(Philodendron
selloum) with morphology, trunked
visible, can be reaching 4 m. The stem
has traces of deciduous leaves. The stalk
is not woody and brown. The leaves
have long stalks, sometimes covered
with scales. Leaf shape varies as
melonjong, berlantung, green with a
length of 1 m more, thick sheets of dau
with stalks dangling above it, young
Plant Systematic 2017 | 4
 leaves wrapped by leaf sheath. This
plant grows on a slightly moist earth.
Araceae is a cosmopolite family and
most of its kind is in Southeast Asia,
Africa, and America. Some species are
found in temperate and cold climates.
Theory of Classification,
classification is a process for grouping
plants into categories so that plant diversity
becomes simpler and easier to learn. The
development of plant classification can be
divided into several periods, starting from a
simple classification period, followed by the
period after the emergence of the theory of
evolution, and recently the period of rapid
development of molecular classification
(Mayr, 1982). There are several kinds of
classification systems, including natural
classification systems, artificial
classification systems and phylogenic
classification systems. Natural classification
system is a way of grouping living things
based on the many equations of
morphological features possessed.
Observations were made using the naked
eye by observing the outward form of the
body of a living being, including color, body
size, height / short, leaf shape, beak shape,
foot shape and rod shape. Adherents of this
system are Aristotle (384-322 BC). In
addition to him, Theophrastus (370-285 BC)
called Botani with his work entitled "History
of Plants". Artificial (artificial) classification
system is a grouping of living things based
on the existence of some equations of
morphological features, reproduction
apparatus, growing environment, and
spreading areas without regard to the
similarity of structures that may show a
kinship relationship. Carolus Linnaeus, a
Swedish botanist, embrace artificial
classification system in a new era of
taxonomy with his major works Systema
Nature and Species Plantarum. Linnaeus
states that living things that have the most
equations are classified on the same level,
recognize the level of grouping of living
things called taxon. For example, butterflies
and bats are a group because they can fly.
Adherents of this classification system is
John Ray (1627-1705), a British naturalist
who poured his opinion in "Historia
Plantarum". The phylogenic classification
system is a grouping based on the proximity
of kinship relationships between taxon
(group). Charles Robert Darwin (1859) in
his book "On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection" links between
classification and evolution. Darwin's
reasoning is that every living thing changes
so that its characteristics are different from
Plant Systematic 2017 | 3
the characteristics of its ancestors (Siregar, Theory of Phenetic and Phylogenetic
2010). Relationship, the study of kinship is one of
the aspects studied in animal taxonomy.
Some alternative classification
Kinships includes two terms of phylogenetic
systems use two world systems, three world
kinship and phenetic kinship. The
systems, four world systems, and five world
phylogenetic relation is a kinship based on
systems. The two world systems are
the phylogeny relationship between one
categorized into two worlds: kingdom
taxon and the other, and the phenetic kinship
animalia and kingdom plantae. The world's
is a kinship based on the similarities and
three systems are structured on the basis of
differences in the characteristics seen in the
the way in which living things derive the
taxon (Clifford and Stephenson, 1975).
food proposed by Ernst Haeckel (1866,
Phylogenetic is a study that discusses
German). This system consists of kingdom
the relationship of kinship between various
protists (microorganisms), kingdom plantae
kinds of organisms through molecular
and kingdom animalia. The classification
analysis and morphology. Biologists
system based on sequence data from
traditionally describe the genealogy of
ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) divides living
organisms in phylogenetic trees, a diagram
organisms into three domains: Bacteria,
that tracks the evolutionary relationships
Archaea and Eukarya. The five-world
they can best determine (Campbell, 2003).
system proposed by Robert H. Whittaker
The phenetic system is easier to apply.
(1969), includes the kingdom monera
Phenetic is a character or feature that can be
(prokaryotic, non-membrane nucleus cores =
directly observed morphology (Saanin,
blue green algae and bacteria), kingdom
1984).
protists, kingdom fungi (fungi), kingdom
Kinship is a picture of the
plantae and kingdom animalia.
relationship of one organism to another,
Classification is structured on the basis of
both present and living in the past during the
the internal organizational structure of the
development of its phylogenetic history. In
cell, the organizational structure of the cell,
systematics, the proximity of taxonomic
and the type of cell nutrition. This system is
relationships can be seen from two angles,
most often used to classify living things
phenetic and phylogenetic. Phenetic kinship
(Siregar, 2010).
is determined by the number of apparent

Plant Systematic 2017 | 4

properties, whereas the phylogenetic relation detected at any stage in any part of the plant,
is determined by the origin of the ancestor through direct genome analysis. Therefore,
according to the development or markers provide an efficient method for
evolutionary process (Davis and Heywood, genetic resources characterization, through
1973). which genetic diversity and organization at
The closeness of the kinship relations different levels can be assessed . RFLP has
of some species of the sample is calculated been broadly and successfully used to
by using the association coefficient, which is characterize genetic resources including
a number denoting the value of similarity some tropical perennial. However, this
between one organism and another (Sokal technique requires a relatively large quantity
and Sneath, 1963). of good quality DNA and the best results are
S*=m obtained using radioisotopes, which makes
M+u RFLP technically and ecologically sensitive.
Description: It is also labor and cost intensive for the
S = coefficient of association characterization of a large number of
M = number of traits or characteristics accessions. The new PCR-based technique
U = number of properties or different for DNA fingerprinting, Amplified
characteristics Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP),
* The higher the coefficient value of the has proven to be a reliable genetic molecular
association, the closer the kinship marker. AFLPs reveal significant levels of
relationship. DNA polymorphism by rapidly screening
Theory of genetic, obstacles to the many independent genetic loci in a single
use of DNA sequences in studies of palm assay. Its simple handling allows detailed
evolutionary biology have been attributed to genetic studies in a large number of
low rates of substitution in palm chloroplast genotypes with relatively low effort
genomes and incomplete concerted compared to other techniques. The
evolution resulting in intragenomic efficiency of RFLP for genetic diversity
heterogeneity in nrDNA internal transcribed studies is well known, and the use of AFLP
spacer sequence data (Bacon etal.,2007). is more recent. Few studies compared both
Molecular marker are supposedly free of techniques to estimate genetic diversity and
environmental influence and readily genetic structure within relevant sample size

Plant Systematic 2017 | 3

(Barcelos et al., 2002).Since some of the
DNA microsatellite markers used could
detect those alleles that distinguish the
cultivars, microsatellites will be effective in
cultivar characterization. Additional studies
on these markers are required of their
discriminatory ability to identify cultivars
with specific features of interest (Yusuf et
al.,2015).
The objectives and benefits
classification performed by Biologists to
classify living things based on
characteristics, to know the relationship
between living things, and to know the
evolution of living things on the basis of
their kinship (Siregar, 2010).
METHOD
Materials used are Philodendron
bipinnatifidum, Caladium bicolor,
Anthurium plowmanii, Alocasia longiloba,
and Aglaonema brevispathum.
Tools used are roll meter, ruler, vernier
caliper, camera, stationary, computer, and
internet networks.
Mini project is conducted
explorative method in faculty of biology,
Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Caladium
bicolor, Anthurium plowmanii, Alocasia
longiloba located at the center of biology
park while Aglonema brevispathum located
at the front of biology park.
The prosedur of observation
1) Characterization
Prepare form contains a list of
characters for each plant observed.
Choose your characteristics of plants
observed. If the character and nature of
writing not available in plants, the
of
number can be skipped. If the character
and nature of written less, can be
their
coupled with its own record.
2) Description
By using the data has been obtained ate
first execise, expected to draw up its
description. If there is special note
about the characteristic of the plant, the
record shall be wrien at the end of the
description.
3) Plant Nomenclature
Use a computer and open internet. Go
to the website (plantlist.org). search the
species with enter the name of genus or
species. Choose the speces with the
accepted name and three stars sign, then
by click for the record number of the
species and there will be the complete
data of the species include the accepted
name.
Plant Systematic 2017 | 4
4) Classification creating a new page. Then it will appear
Begin by gathering your plants (or the choice of DNA or protein as a
pictures of plants) to be identified. For datatype to be analyzed phylogenic
example: a corn plant, hosta, oak tree diversity because that will be analyzed
and dandelion. Decide how to split your is DNA then select DNA. Then enter
group in two parts. Carefully observe the data to be analyzed by way of Edit /
your specimens to pick a characteristic Insert sequence from file / select file
which can be used to decide which plant from computer. Suppose Aspergillus
goes into which group. Record the carbonarius, Aspergillus niger,
chosen characteristic and the groups Penicillium amagasakiense, penicillium,
formed. For example, our group of corn, Talaromyces flavus. Press the open /
hosta, oak tree and dandelion could be button will appear nitrogen base from
divided by leaf color: After the each / every species. Then saved in
collection has been divided into two MEGA format by way & lik data /
groups, divide the first group (group A) Export / MEGA format.
into two more groups based on one
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
characteristic. Record your
Philodendron selloum synonym
characteristic and groups. When you
name is Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott
form a group with only one plant, name
ex Endi. The source is from WCSP (World
it. Continue to identify characteristics
Checklist Selected Plant), and The record
and divide groups until all of the plants
number is 151939. The synonym name is
are named. Be sure to record each
categorized into two, Homotypic synonym
division made.
and Heterotypic synonym. The
5) Plant Numeric Analysis (MEGA)
Philodendron selloumonly have Heterotypic
MEGA 5 can be used to search for
synonym i.eArum pinnatifidumVeli.,
species kinship by looking at its DNA
Fl.Flumin.9. 387.t. 110 ( 1831 publ 1881),
and determined by its phylogenic
nom. Illeg, Sphincterostigmabipinnatifidum
analysis. Choose "aligh" menu
Schott in H.W.. Schott & S.L. Endlicher,
followed by "edit, build alingment".
Melet. Bot : 20 (1832), nom. Inval,
The "select an options" dialog box will
Philodendron selloanum K. Koch, Index
then select "create a new" to start

Plant Systematic 2017 | 3

Plant Systematic 2017 | 4
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Philodendron sellowii Andre, Pl. Feuill.
Philodendron selloum synonym Ornem.. 197 (1866), and Philodendron.
name is Philodendron bipinnatifidum Pygmaeum Chodat&Vischer, Bull.
Schott ex Endi. The source is from WCSP Soc. Bot. Geneve, ser. 2, 11 : 299 ( 1919
(World Checklist Selected Plant), and The publ. 1920). The distribution place is from
record number is 151939. The synonym Brazil to Argentina. Philodendron selloum
name is categorized into two, Homotypic or Philodendron is herbaceous habit. Stem
synonym and Heterotypic synonym. The errect ; stem shape cylindrical ; stem
Philodendron selloum only have diamater 2-10 cm ; stem color green,
Heterotypic synonym i.e Arum brown ; stem surface glabrous. Leaf type
pinnatifidum Veli., Fl.Flumin.9. 387.t. 110 single ; circum scriptio sagittatus ;
( 1831 publ 1881), nom. Illeg, phylotaxy whorled ; leaf length 30 cm
Sphincterostigmabipinnatifidum Schott in long ; leaf width diifya ; petiole length
H.W.. Schott & S.L. Endlicher, Melet. Bot 10 cm ; petiole shape cylindrical ; leaf base
: 20 (1832), nom. Inval, Philodendron ermaginatus ; leaf margin pinnate partitus ;
selloanum K. Koch, Index Seminum ( B, leaf apex acuminatus ; leaf surface nitidus
Berolinensis) 1853(App): 14 (1853), ; leaf upper surface color green ; leaf lower
surface color pale green ; nervatiomixta.

Philodendron selloum

Aglaonema brevispathum synonym source is from WCSP (World Checklist

name is Aglaonema brevispathum (Engl.) Selected Plant), The record number is
Engl.,Pflanzenr., IV, 23Dc: 32 (1915). The 4606. Homotypic synonym of Aglaonema

Plant Systematic 2017 | 3

brevispathum i.e. Homalomena shape cylindrical; stem diameter small
brevispatha Engl., Bot. Tidsskr. 24: 274 <4cm; stem color pink to yellowish; stem
(1902)., Aglaonema costatum var. surface glabrous. Leaf type single; circum
brevispathum (Engl.) Jervis, Aglaonema: scriptio ovatus; phylotaxy whorled; leaf
25 (1980), and the Heterotypic synonym of length less than 25 cm long; leaf width less
Aglaonema brevispathum i.e. than 25 cm width; petiole length at least 10
Schismatoglottis siamensis W.Bull, mm long; petiole shape cylindrical; leaf
Nursery Cat. (William Bull) 1885: 15 base rotundatus; leaf margin integer; leaf
(1885).,Aglaonema costatum f. obtusatum apex obtusus; leaf surface nitidus; leaf
(Engl.) Jervis, Aglaonema: 25 (1980).The upper surface color green, yellow, pink
distribution place is Indo-China. stripe; leaf lower surface color pale green;
nervatiopinnatus.
Aglaonema brevispathum or
Aglonema is herba habit. Stem erect; stem

Aglaonema brevispathum

Alocasia lowii synonym name is Lugduno-Batavi1 : 124(1863); Alocasia

Alocasia longilobaMiq., FI. Ned. Ind.3 : lowii Hook. F., Bot. Mag. 89: t.
207 (1856).The source is from WCSP 5376(1863); Caladium lowiiLem; Ill. Hort.
(World Checklist Selected Plant), and the 1863: t. 360 9
record number is 6771. Heterotypic (1863);Alocasia veitchii var. supurba Veitc
synonym of Alocasia lowii i.e. Alocasia h, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. London 4: 21
korthalsii Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. (1864). And Alocasia grandis Clemenc.,
Plant Systematic 2017 | 4
Rev. Hort. (Paris) 40: 380 (1868).The
distribution place is from China-Malesia.
Alocasia lowiior Alocasia is herba habit.
Stem erect; stem shape cylindrical; stem
diameter small <4cm; stem color green;
stem surface glabrous. Leaf type single;
circumscriptiopeltatus; phylotaxy whorled;
leaf length less than 25 cm long; leaf width
less than 25 width; petiole length
at least 10 mm long; petiole shape
cylindrical; leaf base peltatus; leaf margin
integer; leaf apex acuminate; leaf surface
villousus; leaf upper surface color green,
white pattern; leaf lower surface color pale
green;nervatiomixta.
CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION
Based on the result and
disscusion, it can be concluded that in
plant obseraton here are several steps,
there are characterization, escription, plant
nomencaure, classification, and
numeric analysis which in this observation
using family of Araceae.
The suggestion for this observation
is students shoul be understand each part
of step for plant observation and make sure
to save the data for each steps.
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