2. KINEMATICS Objectives 2. Linear motion 2.2. Projectiles 2.3. Free falls and air resistance Outcomes @ derive and use equations of mation with constant acceleration @ sketch and use the graphs of displacement. time, velocity-time and acceleration-time for the motion of a body with constant acceleration @ solve problems on projectile motion without air resistance explain the effects of air resistance on the motion of bodies inait 2.1 LINEAR MOTION 2.1 Linear Motion Motion with constant acceleration ¢ Linear Motion Derivation ‘The object is moving along a straight © Letu= initial velocity, v= final velocity line after a time, ¢, then, from the definition, © Linear Motion with constant velocity ‘The uniform acceleration at constant velocity a= (change of velocity)i(time taken) © Linear Motion with constant a= (vow it AU) acceleration: veudtal (2) at aconstant change rate of velocity Motion with constant acceleration veudtal (2) Let s = displacement of the body in time ¢, then s = (average velocity) x (time) s=[(u+vi/2] xt s='6(utv)t..3) Q)PG): s=%fu+(u-avje s=ut+ Yat?...(4) Motion with constant acceleration veudat.(2) s= 4 (u+v)t..) From (2): v-u=at...(5) v+u=as/t ...(6) (6) x(5)) (vt Wl v-u)= s/ti(at) yv?- uP = 2as vst 2as...(7)Motion with constant acceleration Reminder: (v-w it Example 1 1. An object which is initially at rest at the centre of coordinate o (x= 0) starts to move along the x-axis with constant acceleration. It moves to point P and then to point Q at velocity 15 m stand 25 m s“ respectively, The distance PQ = 100 m. Determine (a) the acceleration of the object, (b) the distance OP. Vi S18yrs! Vy 5 ms" S510 Sam (a) Use v= 18 + sas for motion between P ond Q. safes s) (b) User’ = 12+ 30s for motion between O and P, Example 2 2. An abject moves along a straight line with constant acceleration. Its initial velocity is 20 ms“. After 5.0 s, the velocity becomes 40 m s*, Determine the distance travelled during the third second Answer 2 u=2ms_s, S_vs4oms! i, *, SS £795 5,208, +% (ait? Isev = 3 = 20K Fe _ Usev=u rat on ete) 40 = 204al5) Oty + % (4 YEP a =4mst Oty +24? (2) (2-1) SS; Oft,— ty) + 2it? — tf) Jses= ul at! Uses =ul+ vats = 20H Example 3 3. An object moves along a straight line with constant acceleration. At a particular moment, the velocity of the object is 30 m s*. After travelling through 50 m, the object has velocity 20 ms. How far does the object have to travel before it comes to a stop? Answer 3 30m! 50m Motion from P to Q: Motion from Q to R. Use v Use v 0=20°+ 4om 207 = 30° a=-5ms? 6 Example 4 4. Acar which is initially at rest starts to move along a straight line with constant acceleration. It reaches a velocity of 60 m s-1after travelling through a distance of 100 m, Determine (a) the acceleration, (b) the time taken to reach the velocity of 60msa, (c) the velocity at the third second 6Answer 4 (a) Use v 60? (b) Use v= u=at 60 =0 + 18t 2335 (c) Usev=u+at = (18) (3) 4m s Graphical representation eDisplacement-time graph (s-t) s/m 20: 10 o 2 4 6 Bs Displacement-time graph (s-t) Note that the instantaneous sim velocity, v = ds/dt = gradient of the graph at time ¢. ‘The instantaneous _ velocity at time 4s, v ( 40) e graph (s-t) At time os to 1s, the velocity is constant; a from time 1s to 35, a“ the velocity is increasing and 17; from time 3s to 5s, _ the velocity is decreasing, Displacement-time graph (s-t) Negative gradient at time 6s onward shows that the object is moving, in the opposite direction. Velocity-time graph (v-t) Note that the acceleration, a=dvidt = gradient of graph The acceleration at timeo.5 sis given by a= (20-0)/(2-0) = 10 ms" Velocity-time graph (v-t) ‘time Acceleration Ostols constant 3stoSs decreasing Ssto7s Om: (Constant) Jsto8s deceleration a Velocity-time graph (v-t) The displacement within a period can be found by finding the area under the graph. Displacement between and t=1 x1x20=10m “Displacement between t rand t= 4.4 =Jévde uExample 5 A body moves along the x-axis, Assume that a positive sign represents a direction to the right, The velocity v of the body is related to time (through the equation va2—30° where v and are measured in m stand s respectively. = 0 when x = 0, Determine (a) the displacement, (b) the acceleration, at the instant of time t= 15 Answer 5 (a) vdsjdt= 2-30 s=f.M2-3e)dt= [2t- @].t= 1.0m (b) a=dv/dt=-6t = -6{) =-—6 m Acceleration-time graph (a-t) ‘The change in velocity within a period can be found by finding the area under the graph, Change in velocity between t= 2andt=6, 6oms" ” 2.2. PROJECTILES 2.2 Projectile (Projection) #A projectile is a body (object) which is projected(or thrown) with some initial velocity, and then allowed to be acted upon by the forces of gravity and possible drag @F:.g. Baseball being thrown, water fountains, fireworks displays, soccer ball being kicked & ballistics testing, 2.2 Projectile (Projection) Definition: A projectile is an object that is projected at an angle to the horizontal and moves under the action of gravity The path of a projectile is called its trajectory. project trajecton) 1 2.2 Projectile (Projection) Height, his the maximum upward distance reached by the projectil @ Range, xis horizontal distance travelled (o1 | __ Sometimes distance) project ™ 2.2 Projectile (Projection) Ifa body is allowed to freefall under gravity and is acted upon by the drag of air resistance, it reaches a : ! maximum downward x 1 velocity known as the terminal velocity projectile 22.2 Projectile (Projection) The study of the pojectie motion of projectiles is called ballistics. 2.2 Projectile (Projection) © An object falling freely towards the ground is exerted by gravitational force, g=+9.8ms?, © For object falling freely without resistant, we have eveutgl e ssuts gt . 2 P+ 298 2.2 Projectile (Projection) @ Foran object moves upwards against the gravity, g =—9.8ms*, ¢ In this case, the displacement and velocity that pointing upwards have positive magnitude, and the magnitude is negative while pointing downwards. . 2.2 Projectile (Projection) @ In general, an object falling freely to ound experience inconsistence air resistance, Fy. ¢ The net force on the object, F = weight of object - air resistance F=mg-F, 2.2 Projectile (Projection) @ The magnitude of F, is not consistence but increases with the speed of the object. © When F,- mg, the net force, F =o and therefore the velocity of the object becomes constant. 2.2 Projectile (Projection) © Since the acceleration of the object is given by a=g-F,/m, the acceleration becomes zero when F, increases with time. 2.2 Projectile (Projection) © Projectile motion is a combination of uniform motion along x and uniformly accelerated motion (free fall) along = Sum of 2 independent motions @ Ignoring air resistance, horizontal motion, x has constant velocity, while vertical motion, y is accelerated by gravitational force » 2.2 Projectile (Projection) vy 42.2 Projectile (Projection) Vertical component, v Net velocity, v GC Horizontal component, ¥, Along x, the projectile travels with constant velocity, where y= Vyo And X= Yt 2.2 Projectile (Projection) Vertical component, v Net velocity, v CG Horizontal component, y, Along y, the projectile travels in free-fall fashion, where = ¥,,.=96, ot ~ (1/2) g@and 8m/st SURE SEDI EcEEMEEoT Summagyct projectile, motion v =ucosa Hine ! ty jucosa, using, C Acceleration |0 nS y sino Prime taken |t t Greatest height, h= (u sine)! 2g Distance oe < ly =utsina~ att=usina )ig “ x = ut cos o sy "9 moved gt?/2 Time of flight, T= (2 usin)! 9 Summary of projectile. motion v =ucos.o Trajectory, wav y=Xtana- gx'i(2u'cos' «) 2.3 FREE FALLS AND AIR | \ Or , RESISTANCE \ sin y= ax(ucos aig Range, R= (u sin 201) 9 Maximum horizontal range, Ryox = tg When a= 45° Falling objects What will haopen as these two objects fall? Air resistance + In air. ~A stone falls faster than a feather -Air resistance affects stone less + Ina vacuum ~A stone and a featr will fall at the same speedAir Resistance + Effects of air resistance ~A person in free fall reaches a terminal velocity of around 54 mis - With a parachute, terminal velocity is Galileo Galilei 1564 = 1642 plied scientific method rmulated the laws that govern the motion of objects in free fall + Also looked at + Inclined planes ld only 6.3 mis + Relative motion . Alows a safe + Thermometers ling + Pendulum ~ Free Fall Acceleration due to Gravity All objects moving under the influence of gravity only are said to be in free fall Free fall does not depend on the object's original motion #Alll objects falling near the earth's surface fall with a constant acceleration due to gravity * Acceleration due to gravity is independent of mass © Symbolized by g © = 9.80 mis* ‘When estimating, use g » 10 mis? gis always directed downward Toward the center of the earth Ignoring air resistance and assuming g doesn't vary with altitude over short vertical distances, free fall is constantly accelerated motion Free Fall Definition: motion when gravity is the only force acting on an object This is hard to achieve in the classroom, laboratory. and even outdoors because of Air Resistance For our working definition, assume little to no Air Resistance Free Fall —an object dropped @ lnitial velocity is zero Up is generally taken to be postve @ ln the kinematic v0 equations, generally use y instead of x ag Free Fall—an object thrown downward Free upon release With up being positive, initial velocity wil be negative vO Free Fall - object thrown upward @ Initial velocity is upward, so positive er) The instantaneous velocity at the maximum height is zero @a=9=-980 mis? everywhere in the motionThrown upward, cont. The motion may be symmetrical # Then typ = hewn eThen v =-v, The motion may not be symmetrical Break the motion into various parts Generally up and down Non-symmetrical Free Fall Need to divide the motion into segments Possibilities include Upward and downward portions The symmetrical portion back to the release point and then the non- symmetrical portion Combination Motions Exe Example 1: Free Fall Aball is dropped from rest from the top of a building. Find a) The instantaneous velocity of the ball after 6 sec b) How the ball fell ©) The average velocity up to that point, Answers’ 60m/s, 180m, -30m/s Example 2: Free Fall on the Moon ‘Ahammer is dropped on the moon. It reaches the ground 1s later Ifthe distance it fell was 0.83m 2) Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on. the surface of the moon b) Calculate the velocity with which the hammer reached the ground and compare to the velocity it would have, if it was dropped on the earth’s surface Answer -1,66miS?, -1.66mis, -9.8m/s