Analysis of existing radiator of a jeep to increase heat transfer rate using computational

fluid dynamics

Thesis by

Group 1
Balandra, Harold G.
Reginio, Patrick Lawrence T.
Gumiran, Guillermo A. Jr.
BS Mechanical Engineering

Submitted to College of Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Adamson University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science
In Mechanical Engineering

College of Engineering
Adamson University
Manila

July 2017
This thesis, entitled ANALYSIS OF EXISTING RADIATOR OF A JEEP TO INCREASE
HEAT TRANSFER RATE USING FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS prepared and
submitted by (BALANDRA, HAROLD,; GUMIRAN, GUILLERMO JR. ,; REGINIO,
PATRICK LAWRENCE), in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
(BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) is hereby accepted.

ENGR. BASIL ALOYSIUS P. BAUTISTA

THESIS ADVISER

Accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ENGR. ANTONIO P. DOROLIAT

CHAIRPERSON

ENGR. ALFRED OLASIMAN

PANEL

ENGR. BIENVENIDO MANUNTAG JR.

PANEL
 Acknowledgement

First, we would like to thank God for giving us the faith, hope, wisdom, and skills needed

to make this study meaningful.

To our family and friends, who are the reason why we worked hard and stayed late at night.

Without them teaching us the values, morals and support they have shown to us this study will be

meaningless. This study is dedicated to our beloved family.

We would like to express deepest gratitude to our adviser Engr. Basil Aloysius P. Bautista,

Engr. Bienvenido Manuntag Jr., and Engr. Lester Alfred Olasiman for their full support, expert

guidance, understanding and encouragement throughout our study and research. Without their

incredible patience and timely wisdom and counsel, our thesis work would have been a frustrating

and overwhelming pursuit.

In addition, we would like to thank God for this word that we hold on to throughout this

pursuit Commit your ways to the Lord, Trust in Him and He will act this word keeps us standing

and inspired throughout disappointments and failures we experienced in this study.

 Abstract
As we all know Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) is one of the most convenient transportation

that we use to travel. Like Buses, tricycles, and especially Jeepney. Jeepney is the largest and

cheapest PUV in the country. But it also has the largest number of overheating radiator in our

country. The researchers create or redesign a radiator that will fit in the Jeepney. And we will see

if theres another way to increases the efficiency of radiators. Radiators have different kinds. In

this case study, the researchers focused on how to increase the heat transfer rate for radiator.

In this study, the researchers point of interest was mainly about how to increase the heat

transfer for radiator using what kind of radiator that will fit on the Jeepney vehicles. The finite

elements analysis of said radiator parts was done using the software SolidWorks. This study

includes the design three models of the radiator for lesser the coil more fins, the lesser the fins

more coils and the common number of fins and coils that we design. The study also determined

the maximum temperature for the three models of said radiator parts. The analysis and comparison

of the result of the simulations for the mentioned parts was based on the maximum temperature,

velocity and volume of the fluids.

Table of Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................... 8
1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................... 9
1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................. 9
1.4 Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 10
1.5 Scope and Limitations ............................................................................. 10
2. Review of Related Literature ...................................................................... 11
2.1 Engine Heat Transfer .............................................................................. 11
2.1.1 Effect of Heat Transfer..11
2.2 Radiator Analysis.........................................................................12
2.2.1 Schematic Diagram of Radiator Cooling System12
2.2.2 Radiator Standard Parameter15
2.3 Change in Coil.18
3. Methodology...21
3.1 Selection of Radiator..23
3.2 Radiator Parameters...26
3.2.1 Radiator Surface Area..27
3.2.2 Computation of Heat Transfer Rate.....28
3.3 SolidWorks Application..........28
3.3.1 Thermal Analysis....28
4. Data and Results.......30
5. Summary and Conclusion..44
5.1 Recommendation.44
6. Bibliography...45
7. Appendix....48
 Chapter 1
1. Introduction
Transportation as of this generation and to the generation to come plays an important role

in the development of a countrys everyday source of living. Everyone uses transportation to go to

work and goods and services will not be able to reach consumers unless they use different kinds

of transportation, whether by land, water or air. It contributes to employment generation and it has

a vital role in sustaining tourism, since it links people travelling to different destinations.

According to the research about the transportation used by every person in the Philippines from

2013 by means of Cars, SUV and Buses are shown from the figure chart below, Nevertheless, one

of the main concerns of transportation is the traffic and problems of the utility vehicles people used

in daily living.

TYPES NUMBER OF VEHICLES

CARS 868,148
SUV 346,396
UV 1,794,572
TRUCK 358,445
BUSES 31,665
TRICYCLE 4,250,667
TRAILER 40,415
TOTAL 7,690,038
Table 1: Land Transportation Office (DOTC-LTO)

There are many concerns about land transportation one of which is the increasing number

of cars every year which causes traffic, which occurs everywhere and it causes delay to people

going to work and going on a vacation. However, aside from the traffic one of the main reasons

why people experience delays is because of a car overheating. At a given certain temperature the
engine operates adequately. That temperature, most of the time is too hot to touch by hand, it will

not significantly be cooled without cooling system used. Engines are designed at a relatively

normal operating temperature ranging from 90C to 105C for a good fuel economy and

performance. However, Overheating happens when the temperature of the engine goes up to 135C

a point where the damage mechanically can occur. When overheating occurs, it happens in the

radiator system of a vehicle where heat transfers in a car usually occur.

The radiator is an example of a heat exchanger. The transfer of heat of a fluid from hot to

cold is the main concern of heat exchangers. Heating happens when a car engine starts and the

pistons start pumping and the circulation of heat happens in the engine, piston cylinder gets heated

up the thermostat opens up and release heat going through the radiator where a water is present as

the water under heat coming from the engine circulates through the radiator it passes through the

radiator coil where it absorbs the heat that comes from the engine. Radiator coil is the passage of

heat that circulates through the entire engine and this research is to provide information on how in

this study can increase the thermal capacity of a radiator by changing some of its parameters like

length, width, thickness or number of coils. Optimization an existing radiator where it can absorb

higher heating capacity than the present thermal capacity of an existing radiator used by Jeeps in

the Philippines, in the figure below is an example of radiator flow:

 Figure 1: Coolant path and Components of an Automobile Engine Cooling System

1.1. Background of the study

With the increasing number of people using a vehicle as a means of transportation in their

daily living an improved radiator system of a jeep is needed. In the Philippines, there are many

jeep that are used every day and each brand experience problem in its car system and the most

common problem is overheating. With the problem of overheating continually occurs radiator

improvement is highly recognized and needed by car companies. In addition, those interests toward

thermal/structural investigations for radiators emerge basically due to crack-induced spillage,

Furthermore, other disappointments for substantial obligation of cooling system and the challenge

of pinpointing the root of the failure. (Mao, Cheng, Li, & Michaelides, 2010)

This thesis reports the findings of a thorough study to establish the factors that have led to

the analysis of existing radiator for vehicles used in daily living and how such improvement can

affect the cars and jeep in the Philippines. Emphasis is placed on the optimization of the design of

the existing radiator and how the change in its different parameters can affect the variation of heat

transfer in the radiator system using Solidworks simulation for further study of how to increase
the heat transfer rate of the radiator. Also, central to the research study is the improvement of

higher thermal heat capacity of the jeepney radiator in the Philippines.

1.2. Statement of the problem

There is now ample research on radiator heat transfer rate increase mainly in developed

countries. In America, a lot of research has been devoted toward the need for improvement of

radiator heat transfer rate used in hybrid cars. However, no research here in the Philippines has

been reported on how to improve and identify factors on improving the existing radiator design in

order to produce reliable and lasting radiator for cars and mostly jeepney that are used here in the

Philippines. Developed countries have registered tremendous success in improving the capacity of

its radiator to resist heat capacity compared to less developed countries; failure in developing

countries has been attributed to poor funding without looking at other factors like proper

maintenance of jeepney.

This study begins to address issues that are surrounding the heat transfer in an existing

radiator design of a jeepney in the Philippines. This includes the heating capacity far better

information is the increasing number of cars and jeepney experiencing overheating at the cause of

long drives or travels which also cause accidents. More particularly, the study directly addresses

the improvement of the existing radiator heat transfer rate and its capacity to overcome higher

thermal heating in higher temperature.

1.3. Objectives
The study aims to evaluate the analysis of existing radiator of a jeepney.

The study further intends to achieve the following specification objectives:

 A). Analysis of the existing radiator of a jeepney and how different coil design

affects heat transfer rate.

b). Simulation of the existing radiator using computational fluid dynamics.

c). Identify the factors that leads to the analysis of radiator with increased heat

transfer rate.

1.4. Significance of the study

The significance of this study is to provide information through series of observation and

simulation that will lead to the analysis of the existing radiator for heat transfer increase for a daily

used vehicle here in the Philippines like jeepney. This is also to provide future reference for

researchers for the improvement of more reliable radiator with an idea of increased thermal

capacity. This research is conducted with the idea of improving the existing radiator to lessen the

problem of most utility vehicles like jeepney experiencing overheating due to long hour drives.

1.5. Scope and Limitations

The researchers designed a radiator model for improvement of the existing radiator for

jeepney with thermal capacity of higher than the original. The parts of the radiator which has great

effect to its thermal capacity: Number of fins and Number of coils. The researchers did not use

any other coolant to increase the thermal capacity of the radiator. Increasing the number of fins or

increasing the surface area is used to improve the radiator. The size of the radiator that is used for

this study is 25x18x1 for the simulation. Sizes and proportions of the parts of the mechanisms

are based on the researchers assumptions and computations. Size of the radiator for the model of

the mechanism is made equal for different simulation. The number of fins used is 78 and for the

number of coils 38 which is made of copper. The researchers will only perform motion and flow

analysis of the model design radiator using Computational Fluid Dynamics.

 Chapter 2

2. Review of Related Literature

2.1. Engine heat transfer

There are different subsystem when it comes to understanding engine heat transfer, to be

able to fully understand how heat transfer circulation works in the engine system, it is first needed

to understand the steps of heat flow starting from the intake and exhaust ports to an important part

of heat circulation, which is a combustion chamber from there going to the coolant then to the

lubricating oil and the sixth, and last, framework is comprised of the solid parts that make up the

engine. It also serves to differentiate the other five frameworks.

The consistent storing and discharging of energy in both levels of recurrence makes a

possible substance passing and claiming accessible energy, because the energy is consumed in

secondary temperatures. It is also discharged after in the low temperature, we have left paramount

subsystems like those turbocharger, the inter cooler, those after treatment devices, and so on.

(Borman & Nishiwaki, 1987)

2.1.1. Effects of Heat Transfer

During combustion and expansion the largest amount of heat transfer takes place in an

engine. Critical engine components in operating temperature affect its durability considering

mechanical stresses and lubricant behavior. The effect of Heat is that it decreases the volumetric

efficiency of an engine. An essential diagnostic device used to help in comprehension of the

ignition is the heat release model.

 In these models the rate of smouldering is ascertained by utilization of measured pressure

data. In some basic models the substance vitality, energy release rate and the warmth exchange

rate are lumped together as a solitary net 'heat release rate'. However, most cutting edge models

endeavor to deal with the heat exchange so that a clear route of smouldering is figured.

2.2. Radiator Analysis

Radiator is distinguished into two kinds: the solder tank radiator and bolt on radiator. The

difference between the two kinds of radiator is that the soldered tank radiator is limited to small

unit while the bolt on is used for large scale. There are also different things to consider when it

comes to analysis of radiator which is used as a heat exchanger, for a radiator to be considered

essential to a vehicle it must withstand vibrations from rough roads, vibrations from the car and so

on. Nevertheless, here are things to consider when studying about radiators; radiator frames, which

supports the whole radiator knowing that when a metal is heated it expands, so the heat the frame

of the radiator must be adequate to withstand thermal expansion. Fan which also helps in cooling

off heat the radiator, that are just some of the things needed to be considered in radiator analysis.

Aside from these applications, heat exchangers with winding profile can emerge as an

appropriate other option to existing class of radiators, generally utilized as a part of refrigeration,

aerating and cooling and autos. This can be ascribed to the way that the winding profile makes

more powerful usage of wind current range of the fan, as the roundabout profile of the winding all

the more nearly matches the round wind stream area of the fan. (Ramesh, Prasanth, Kirthivasan,

& Suresh, 2015)

 2.2.1. Schematic of Radiator Cooling System

Radiator system has many parts and in each of this part works on how the system manage

heat circulation in the engine. Radiator as a cooling system is one of the most important part of a

vehicle because it is the reason why it can run efficiently. Radiator assembly consists of three main

parts core, inlet tank and outlet tank. Core has two sets of passage, a set of tubes and a set of fins.

Coolant flows through tubes and air flows between fins. The hot coolant sends heat through tubes

to fins. Outside air passing between fins pickups and carries away heat. (Amrutkar & Patir, 2003).

Engine as its start working it changes from one temperature to another as it gets hotter and hotter

as it reaches its maximum power. Engine condition usually produce maximum power in an uphill

travel wherein the engine experience its highest temperature increase which temperature rejection

is needed this is where the efficiency of the radiator is mostly important. Air flow also affects the

heat transfer in a radiator which also helps lessen the heat that travels in the radiator.

Figure 2: Schematic layout of Engine Cooling System

 Figure 3: Effect of Air Flow on cooling capacity

In the radiator there are many things to consider when it comes to its heat transfer like:

Effect of inlet temperature to its cooling capacity, outlet temperature and many more. However in

this study, (The various techniques are used to enhance the performance of automotive engine

cooling system. It may be either conventional or modern approach. Conventional approach relies

on fin, tube and fan design optimization. Modern techniques are based on new technologies like

nano-technology, heat load averaging capacity or actuator based engine cooling system. In this

paper conventional approach is going to be used wherein in this study we are going to use changes

in fins and tubes to increase the heat transfer performance. Here in the graph below shows how the

inlet temperature affects the cooling system of the engine.

 Figure 4: Effect of Air inlet temperature on cooling capacity

2.2.2. Radiator standard parameter

It is important in this research to know exactly the parameters of the existing radiator that

is being used by vehicle as of today because it is where we will be basing our design. In this

study, the researchers must first need to understand the parameters and standards of the radiator

we are going to compare our design. Through some research of standard of the radiator being

used today here in the figure below are the standards of where we are going to compare our

proposed design.
Figure 5: Radiator Dimension

Figure 6: Radiator Dimension

Figure 7: Radiator Dimension

Figure 8: Radiator Dimension

 2.3. Change in coils
In this study, there are many things to consider when you study about heat transfer in an

object. Just like how heat transfer is affected by its passage way, the thickness of its object and

how long it has to travel and many more things that affects heat transfer rate of an object. In relation

to our study knowing how radiators are designed with its coil looped at the sides it will add

information on this research on how existing radiator coils will be optimized. Loops in this research

will play a big role on how heat transfer on a radiator varies as it goes through number of loops.

A heat transfer that made the Natural Circulation Loops is the most straightforward

arrangement, put in the bottom part of the circle, at the top the heat sink is situated and the two

vertical associating funnels. Normal circulation builds up on the loop as an outcome of contrasts

in the liquid thickness created by the rate of heat flow that being supplied by the source. Lightness

creates the stream and along the loop it is outweigh at a steady state.(Devia & Misale, 2012)

The vertical funnels of NCL can generate heat exchange to the environment. Seeing that

they are very much protected hoses, the normal exchange of heat is so little to the point that could

be considered as adiabatic and the normal exchange of heat from the liquid to the pipe is immaterial

also. Because of the transient way of the uncontrolled behavior of the liquid, the upright pipes

temperature is either higher or lower than the temperature at the interior surface of the pipe and,

consequently, the momentary heat transfer is relevant even in the upright hose.(Devia & Misale,

2012)

2.4. CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute)

Cubic Feet per Minute or simply CFM it measures the flow of air to describe the capability
of heating, ventilating system and air conditioning system. It gives the rate of volume of air in a

certain period. In this study of motor fan, it describes the movement of air per minute.

In this case, we our data is based on the CFM for airflow of radiator. The measurement of the fan

is depending on the highest speed and uses both the volume of air and the rate at which it moves.

The flow of air is depending also on the fan motor, blade pitch and the number of fan blades.

Automotive radiators cool the engine coolant preventing heat seizure due to thermal

expansion. Since both the coolant pump and radiator fan are parasitic devices (power must be

supplied by the engine), radiators with lower air-side and coolant pressure drop deploying coolants

with superior thermo-physical characteristics that consume lower engine power need to be

designed. Hence, augmented radiators with better overall heat transfer enhancement using

improved tube-side and air-side geometries that emit fewer emissions, save energy and can be

easily fabricated, tested and analyzed are necessary.Yagnavalkya Mukkamala 2016

2.5 Design of Radiators

There are different design of radiator, it depends what type of car, it will be a SUV, trucks,

AUV etc. there are types of radiator that has a two or dual motor fan that will gives a more efficient

to cool the radiator faster than the single fan motor. Theres a type also of radiator that small and

big surface area. As we all know, that the small radiator has a thinner fins and coils than the big

radiator. But the small radiator has an advantage on the spacing. Even if theres a small amount of

space, the small radiator will fit to it than the bigger one. But the big radiator has advantages also;

it will give the car s smooth ride and effectiveness of the water flow. But in our study, we simply

focus on one design, that car is made from the Philippines, the PUJ or Public Utility Jeep.
 2.5.1 Existing Design of Radiators

In a common automobile, as we all know, air and fuel produces a power to the engine to

create combustion. Theres a little potion of a total power that will generate the actual power of

the automobile. The rest will be wasted in form of exhaust and heat. If the excess heat of the engine

will not remove the chance to overheat the radiator becomes too high. It had a chance also to

weakening the parts of radiator and the stress between the engine and other parts will be at risk.

A cooling system or Nano fluids is used to remove the excess heat. It will give the radiator

a high efficiency that will last longer and it will decrease the risk to overheat the radiator. Most in

common radiator has radiator, water pump, cooling fan, radiator pressure cap and the most

important is thermostat. When the coolant travels going to the cylinder block of the engine, it

decreases the heat. The coolant will increase the temperature of a certain threshold value; the

thermostat of the engine will be trigger, which forces the coolant flow through radiator. It will flow

to the tubes of radiator the heat will transfer to the fins and wall tube.
 Chapter 3
3. Methodology

This chapter discusses the methods that have been used in the collection and analysis

of data to answer the questions of the study. It explains the research sampling techniques and

data collection methods used; and describe how data collected from the research has been

analyzed. However, the overall research will be using the application of Computational Fluid

Dynamics Analysis. Because, this research will focus on analyzation of the existing radiator to

find factors that will lead to optimization that can increase the heat transfer rate of the radiator

of the jeepney. The evaluation has been carried out using Solidworks simulation for data

collection, thermal analysis and flow analysis. The thermal analysis is used to collect both

qualitative and quantitative data of the research using Solidworks simulation.

 Selection Radiator Dimension/Set parameters
of Radiator

Rectangular Noodle Circular

Shape Shape Shape

NO NO

Simulation of
the Radiator
Not applicable
design

Analysis of
the
Parameter
s

Change of
NO
Parameters

Y
E
s

Compare
Results

Figure 9: Design and Simulation Process

 3.1. Selection of Radiator

The first step of this study is to gather information about the existing radiator design. After

gathering information about the existing radiator design, in this study we are to choose what

radiator we are going to compare the design of the existing radiator. Once we were able to choose

the design, the use of general testing method as a basis of the comparison of our design and the

existing design. In this study we chose the jeepney radiator to study and compare with the radiator

design we are going to do. In the picture below is an example of an existing radiator design and

the design that were made.

Figure 10: Radiator heat flow

The three shape of coil below is designed by the researcher:

Figure 10: Radiator Coil Design. Circular Shape

This design that the researchers made was not able to be tested through the solidworks

application for the reason that it doesnt fit with the surface area that the researchers used in this

research. That it is the problem that was faced in making this design there will be a major changed

in the surface area of the radiator that is used in this research if this design will be put to test.
 Figure 11: Radiator Coil Design. Noodle Shape

This design that the researchers made was the same with the 2nd design that was made it was

not able to be tested through the solidworks application for the reason that it doesnt fit with the

surface area that the researchers used in this research. That it is the problem that was faced in

making this design there will be a major changed in the surface area of the radiator that is used in

this research if this design will be put to test.

 Figure 12: Radiator Coil Design
This design that was made worked when it was simulated and was possible to be used.

However, it doesnt have much difference with the thermal capacity from the original design of

the radiator. The researcher decided to use the original design of coil of the radiator. As you can

see in the figure below the results after the thermal analysis of this design was tested using

solidworks application

3.2. Radiator parameters

The parameters considered for increasing the thermal capacity of the existing radiator is

the heat transfer and the surface area of the radiator. For convenience in the calculation, the size

of the radiator design we are going to use is 25x18.72x1 below, as for the surface area of the

radiator the wider the rows it provides more surface area to dissipate heat wherein the simulation

of the design of the others was based in this study we are going to lessen the surface are but

maintain or increase the heat transfer performance of the radiator. Same size of radiator is going

to be used for the entire simulation of the design. Only the three parameters are used to analyse
the heat transfer rate in the radiator for the entire simulation of the mechanism will vary: Number

of fins, number of coils and the surface area of the radiator.

3.2.1. Radiator Surface Area

There are different parameters that can be changed for the thermal capacity of a radiator to

increase; however, surface area of the radiator is one of the main parameters used in this study

how the change in its surface area affects its heat transfer performance. The range size of a radiator

is 19x11.5x0.7 to 27x17x0.9, in this study we are to reduce the size of the radiator while

maintaining the heat transfer performance. The surface area is computed by using eq. 1 in this

study for eq.1.1 to be able to compute the effect of surface area to the heat transfer rate of the

radiator:

Core length x Core width x Core depth = Surface Area of Radiator (equation 1)

1 1 1
Universal Heat Transfer Equation =
=
+ (equation 1.1)
1 1

Where:

U= overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

A= contact area for each fluid side (m2)

k= thermal conductivity of material (W/mK)

Therefore, in (eq.1)

25 x 18.72 x 1 = 468 in3

 3.2.2. Computation of Heat Transfer Rate

Radiator is a type of cooling system which helps the engine to regulate heat that circulates

around its system. Heat transfer performance of a radiator reflects the effectiveness of a vehicle

engine, a vehicle with a serviceable quality cooling system has a high heat transfer rate which is

the main objective of this research. Heat transfer varies depends upon the change in the parameters

like a).Number of fins b).Number of coils c).Change in core length, core depth, core width these

are just some of the parameters used in this study that will support the heat transfer increase of a

radiator design.

3.3. SOLIDWORKS application

3.3.1. Thermal Analysis
For Solidworks simulations to collect the quantitative and qualitative data collection for

thermal heat capacity of a radiator coil thermal analysis needs to be used. Thermal analysis sets a

boundary where temperature ranges in assembly performs properly. It is used to calculate the

temperature and heat transfer within and between the components in the 3D design of radiator

where in it will be tested under thermal analysis to observe how much heat a material can resist

under certain conditions. It is important to consider the heat that flows to accurately collect the

data for improvement of radiator design that will be compared to the existing radiator in this study.

In this research, we will be using structural analysis and fluid flow analysis. In the figure below it

shown how thermal analysis is calculated.

 3.3.2. CFD APPLICATION

In this research, we used CFD application to get analysis of values from the radiator design

we used for the research. CFD is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and data

structures to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Understanding how fluid flows

from higher to lower temperature is important for the researcher to understand how heat is

transferred in the system. In each case, the equations are integrated and boundary conditions are

applied to it. In post-processing step, this program is used to make evaluation of the data generated

by CFD analysis. When the model has been solved, the results can be analyzed both numerically

and graphically.
 CHAPTER 4

4.0. Data and Analysis

Documentation:

TRIAL 1:

Figure 13: Radiator Original Design

Results:

In the figure above, it is the first design that the researchers were able to design. This design

was patterned to the one present to the market Solidworks application was made to design the

radiator design and test its thermal capacity. Other parameters such as coils and fins were changed

to observe if the thermal capacity of the radiator will increase from the original thermal capacity

of the radiator being used in the present. Further results can be seen with the figures

given below after doing thermal analysis using SolidWorks Application.

Temperature:

Figure 14: Temperature Analysis of Radiator System

In this figure, temperature of the radiator was tested the researchers used thermal analysis

using Solidworks application to see where will be the coldest and hottest point of the radiator

where as you look at the figure above you can see that the red part in the radiator design is where

the hottest point is located and the dark blue part is where it is at its coldest.

Airflow:

Figure 15: Airflow Analysis of Radiator System

In this figure airflow on the radiator is shown. Airflow is important for the radiator because
it is also one of the factors that lower down the temperature of the radiator system. In the figure

above airflow is facing front of the coils.

Comparison:

Trial 2:

Figure 16: Increase in Fins

Result:
In this figure, the radiator fins was increased by the researchers observing how the thermal

capacity will change. In this research change in the parameters is an important observation because

every time the parameters are change there could be a change that may occur in the radiator system.
Temperature:

Figure 17: Temperature Analysis of Radiator with Increased fins

In this figure, the fins were increased as the temperature of the radiator was tested the

researchers using thermal analysis using Solidworks application to see where will be the coldest

and hottest point of the radiator where as you look at the figure above you can see that the orange

part is already the hottest part in the radiator design and the sky blue part is where it is at its coldest.
Airflow:

Figure 18: Airflow Analysis of Radiator System

In this figure airflow on the radiator is shown. Airflow is important for the radiator because

it is also one of the factors that lower down the temperature of the radiator system. In the figure

above airflow is at the side of the coils.

TRIAL 3:

Figure 19: Increased in Coil

Result:
In this figure, the radiator coils was increased by the researchers observing how the thermal

capacity will change. In this research change in the parameters is an important observation because

every time the parameters are change there could be a change that may occur in the radiator system.

Temperature:

Figure 20: Temperature Analysis of radiator with Increased Coils

In this figure, the coils were increased as the temperature of the radiator was tested the

researchers using thermal analysis using Solidworks application to see where will be the coldest

and hottest point of the radiator where as you look at the figure above you can see that there is a

large part of red colored part that is the hottest part in the radiator design and the yellow part is

where it is at its coldest.

Airflow:

Figure 21: Airflow Analysis of Radiator with Increase Coils

In this figure airflow on the radiator is shown. Airflow is important for the radiator because

it is also one of the factors that lower down the temperature of the radiator system. In the figure

above airflow is at the side of the coils.

Trial 4:

Figure 22: Increase in Surface Area

Result:
In this figure, the radiator surface area was increased by the researchers observing how the

thermal capacity will change. In this research change in the parameters is an important observation

because every time the parameters are change there could be a change that may occur in the

radiator system.

Temperature:

Figure 23: Temperature Analysis of Radiator System with Increased Surface Area

In this figure, the surface area was increased as the temperature of the radiator was tested

the researchers using thermal analysis using Solidworks application to see where will be the

coldest and hottest point of the radiator where as you look at the figure above you can see that

there is a large part of red colored part that is the hottest part in the radiator design and the yellow

part is where it is at its coldest.

Airflow:

Figure 24: Airflow Analysis of Radiator System with Increased Surface Area

In this figure airflow on the radiator is shown. Airflow is important for the radiator because

it is also one of the factors that lower down the temperature of the radiator system. In the figure

above airflow is at the side of the coils.

SUMMARY:
As the researcher observed the trials that were made in those figures above, trial 2 and 3

were rejected for the thermal capacity of the trials one where more efficient compared to the next

two trials that were made by the researchers.

 CHART RESULTS PRESENTATION

Figure 25: Rectangular Coil Radiator Design

TEMPERATURE

RECTANGULAR COIL RADIATOR CHART

353.85

353.84

353.83

353.82

353.81

353.8

353.79

353.78

353.77

353.76
850 1050 1250 1450 1650 1850

SPEED
PRESSURE

RECTANGULAR COIL RADIATOR CHART

7

0
850 1050 1250 1450 1650 1850

SPEED

DENSITY

RECTANGULAR COIL RADIATOR CHART

8

0
850 1050 1250 1450 1650 1850

SPEED
 COMPARISON BETWEEN ORIGINAL COIL AND RECTANGULAR
COIL

Figure 26: Original Coil Radiator Design Figure 27: Rectangular Coil Radiator Design

SPEED

RECTANGULAR DESIGN CHART

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

TEMPERATURE
SPEED

ORIGINAL DESIGN CHART

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

TEMPERATURE

SPEED
RECTANGULAR DESIGN CHART
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

PRESSURE
SPEED
ORIGINAL DESIGN CHART
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

PRESSURE

SPEED

RECTANGULAR DESIGN CHART

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

DENSITY
SPEED
RECTANGULAR DESIGN CHART
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

DENSITY

ANALYSIS:
In this research, after several trials and the design were made by the researchers, we come

to a point to use the original design as the heat transfer rate of the new design doesnt differ too

much with the original design. For the first two designs that were made did not work because of

the surface area of the radiator cannot contain the design of the coils. The last design worked but

it does not differ too much with the original design that we made by the group. After testing several

testing under different CFM, to observe how the pressure, temperature differ as the change in CFM

affects how the temperature and pressure of the radiator.

 CHAPTER 5
5.0. Summary and Conclusion

At first we try run the original design then we try to increase the number of coils of the radiator

then we try to increase the number of fins. The results is that the when you increase the coil and

fins, the radiator become much more efficient than the original design. But it got rejected due to

the fact that our analysis already has a study about it so the next thing we do is design a radiator

that is never than before. So we make three design. Then we try to make the coil in our design to

have an equal surface area as the coil in the original design. The two designs has been rejected

because it cant have the same surface area as the original coil. Then we compare the original

design and our own design to see if whats more efficient in the two. So we ran a flow simulation

using the software solidworks. But when we see the results, we see that the original design is much

more efficient than the design. So the final design that we us is with the original design that has a

25 18 1. What we do next is add an air flow of 1500-1800 cfm then we simulate the design. We

use the jeep Cherokees radiator as a basis for the airflow of the radiator.

5.1. Recommendation for future work

The researchers recommend a material analysis of the radiator design to increase the heat

transfer performance for further analysis of the behavior of the heat circulating the engine. The

researchers also recommend an optimization study on the dimensional proportions of the radiator

design which will allow the radiator to reach a higher limiting heat transfer rate performance.
Bibliography:
Borman, G., & Nishiwaki, K. (1987). Internal-combustion engine heat transfer. Progress in Energy and

Combustion Science, 13(1), 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(87)90005-0

Devia, F., & Misale, M. (2012). Analysis of the effects of heat sink temperature on single-phase natural

circulation loops behaviour. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 59, 195202.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2012.03.006

Mao, S., Cheng, C., Li, X., & Michaelides, E. E. (2010). Thermal/structural analysis of radiators for

heavy-duty trucks. Applied Thermal Engineering, 30(1112), 14381446.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.03.003

Ramesh, A., Prasanth, M. J. A., Kirthivasan, A., & Suresh, M. (2015). Heat Transfer Studies on Air

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Mechanical Design Parameters

Air Radiators TECHNICAL INFORMATION BULLETIN No. 01 31st May, 2001 Thermal Design

Parameters Radiator & Oil Coolers

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Maplesoft, a division of Waterloo Maple Inc., (2008) Designing a More Effective Car Radiator.

www.maplesoft.com/appsbriefs
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Brayton Cycle Based Partial Energy Conversion, NASA Technical Memorandum TM-2003-212721.

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www.iosrjournals.org

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condensable gas on an integral planar heat pipe radiators for space applications

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 APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
Core length x Core width x Core depth = Surface Area of Radiator (equation 1)

1 1 1
Universal Heat Transfer Equation = = + (equation 1.1)
1 1

U= overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

A= contact area for each fluid side (m2)

k= thermal conductivity of material (W/mK)

Wherein, in (eq.1)

25 x 18.72 x 1 = 468 in3

APPENDIX B

Figure 28: Original Coil Radiator Design Figure 29: Original Coil Radiator Design
Figure 30: Original Coil Radiator Design Figure 31: Original Coil Radiator Design

Figure 32: Rectangular Coil Radiator Design Figure 33: Rectangular Coil Radiator Design

Figure 34: Rectangular Coil Radiator Design

Analysis of existing radiator of a jeep to increase heat transfer rate using computational
fluid dynamics

Thesis by

Group 1
Reginio, Patrick Lawrence T.
Gumiran, Guillermo A. Jr.
BS Mechanical Engineering

Submitted to College of Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Adamson University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science
In Mechanical Engineering

College of Engineering
Adamson University
Manila

July 2017