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ShadedPoleInductionMotorsWorkingandConstruction

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Shadedpolemotorisasplitphasetypesinglephaseinductionmotor.Theshadedpolemotorisverypopularforratingsbelow0.05HP(~40
W)becauseofitsextremelysimpleconstruction.

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It has salient poles on the stator excited by singlephase supply and a squirrel cage
rotor. A portion of each pole is surrounded by a shortcircuited turn of copper strip
calledshadingcoil.

Ashadedpolemotoranditsschematicdiagramareshowninthefiguresabove.

ConstructionofShadedPoleInduction
Motor
Ashadedpolemotormaybe2poleor4pole.Hereweareconsideringa2poleshadedpolemotor.Thepicturesinthisarticlealsoshowsa2
polemotor.

Stator
Thestatorhassalientpoles.Usually2to4polesareused.Eachofthepoleshasitsownexciting
coil.Apartofeachpoleiswrappedbyacoppercoil.Thecoppercoilformsaclosedloopacross
eachpole.Thisloopisknownastheshadingcoil.

Thepolesarelaminated.Aslotiscutacrossthelaminationofthepole.Theslotisapproximately
one third distance from the edge of the pole. The short circuited copper coil described above is
placed in this slot. So we can call this part as the shaded part and other part of the pole as
unshadedpart.

Selectinga2poledstatorgivesasynchronousspeedof3000rpmwhilea4poledstatorspeedwillbe1500rpmfor50Hzsupply.

Rotor
TherotorofshadedpoleinductionmotorsisSquirrelCagetyperotor.Therotorbarsareprovidedwitha60degreeskew.Thisistoobtainan
optimumstartingtorqueandforlimitingthetorquedipduringrunup.

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PartsofaShadedPoleInductionMotor

Airgaplengthbetweenstatorandrotorisoftheorder0.25to0.5mm.Tooshortairgapmayresultinstartingtorquevariationsduetorotor
slotting.

Shadedpoleinductionmotorhasnocommutator,brushes,collectorrings,contactors,capacitorsormovingswitchparts,soitisrelatively
cheaper,simplerandextremelyruggedinconstructionandreliable.Absenceofcentrifugalswitcheliminatesthepossibilityofmotorfailure
duetofaultycentrifugalswitchmechanisms.
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WorkingofShadedPoleInductionMotor
Theoperationofthemotorcanbeunderstoodbyreferringtofigurewhichshowsonepoleofthemotorwithashadingcoil.Consideringa
cycleofalternatingcurrent(fig1)appliedtothestatorwindingwewillexplaintheworkingofshadedpolemotor.

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DuringtheportionOA

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DuringtheportionOAofthealternatingcurrentcycle[Fig1],thefluxbeginstoincreaseandane.m.f.isinducedintheshadingcoil.The
resultingcurrentintheshadingcoilwillbeinsuchadirection(Lenzslaw)soastoopposethechangeinflux.Thusthefluxintheshaded
portionofthepoleisweakenedwhilethatintheunshadedportionisstrengthenedasshowninfigure2.
DuringtheportionAB
DuringtheportionABofthealternatingcurrentcycle,thefluxhasreachedalmostmaximumvalueandisnotchanging.Consequently,the
fluxdistributionacrossthepoleisuniform[SeeFig3]sincenocurrentisflowingintheshadingcoil.
DuringtheportionBC
As the flux decreases (portion BC of the alternating current cycle), current is induced in the shading coil so as to oppose the decrease in
current.ThusthefluxintheshadedportionofthepoleisstrengthenedwhilethatintheunshadedportionisweakenedasshowninFig4.

Theeffectoftheshadingcoilistocausethefieldfluxtoshiftacrossthepolefacefromtheunshadedtotheshadedportion.Thisshiftingflux
islikearotatingweakfieldmovinginthedirectionfromunshadedportiontotheshadedportionofthepole.

Therotorisofthesquirrelcagetypeandisundertheinfluenceofthismovingfield.Consequently,asmallstartingtorqueisdeveloped.As
soonasthistorquestartstorevolvetherotor,additionaltorqueisproducedbysinglephaseinductionmotoraction.Themotoraccelerates
toaspeedslightlybelowthesynchronousspeedandrunsasasinglephaseinductionmotor.

ImportantCharacteristicsofShadedPoleMotors
Someoftheimportantcharacteristicsofshadedpoleinductionmotorsaregivenbelow.Thedetailsofcharacteristicsofshadedpolemotor
willbediscussedlater.
1. Thesalientfeaturesofthismotorareextremelysimpleconstructionandabsenceofcentrifugalswitch.
2. Since starting torque, efficiency and power factor are very low, these motors are only suitable for low power applications e.g., to
drive:(a)smallfans(b)toys(c)hairdriers(d)deskfansetc.

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