DEVELOPMENT OF THE Subject: Anatomy Histo

Date: Nov. 14, 2011

EXCRETORY SYSTEM Lectur er: Dr. Gironilla

Transcriber: Trisha Uy

Functionally, the urogenital system can be divided into

two entirely different components: the urinary system
and the genital system.
Embryologically and anatomically, they are intimately
interwoven.
Both develop from a common me sodermal ridge
(intermediate mesoderm) along the posterior wall of
the abdominal cavity
initially, the excretory ducts of both systems enter a
common cavity, the cloaca.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM
-arises from the MESODERM
-3 germ layers
1. ectoderm -> becomes skin, CNS
2. Mesoderm
Divided into:
a. Para-axial mesoderm
b. Intermediate mesoderm
c. Lateral mesoderm
-the intermediate mesoderm will give rise to the
urogenital ridge
-the urogenital ridge will give rise to your:
a. genital cord, which will give rise to the gonads
b. nephrogenic cord will give rise to:
Three slightly overlapping kidney systems, formed in a
cranial-to-caudal sequence
a. Pronephros - rudimentary and nonfunctional
b. Mesonephros - may function for a short time
during the early fetal period
c. Metanephros- forms the permanent kidney
A. Pronephros - beginning of the fourth week
- represented by 7 to 10 solid cell groups
- in the cervical region
- These groups form vestigial excretory units,
nephrotomes
o regress before more caudal ones are
formed.
- By the end of the fourth week , all indications of the
pronephric system have disappeared
pronephros will degenerate, hardly functioning,
except for the ducts will continue to the next set of
kidney called the mesonephros
B. Mesonephros
- The mesonephros and mesonephric ducts -
derived from intermediate mes oderm
- from upper thoracic to upper lumbar (L3)
segments
- Early in the fourt h week of development, during
regression of the pronephric system, the first
excretory tubules of the mesonephros appear
- They lengthen rapidly
o form an S-shaped loop
o acquire a tuft of capillaries that will form a
glomerulus at their medial extremity.
Around the glomerulus, the
tubules form Bowman's capsule
together these structures
constitute a renal corpuscle.
- Laterally, the tubule enters the longitudinal
collecting duct known as the mesonephric or
wolffian duct
- In the middle of the second month, the
mesonephros forms a large ovoid organ on each
side of the midline
- developing gonad is on its medial side
- the ridge formed by bot h organs is known as the
urogenital ridge
- caudal tubules are still differentiating
- cranial tubules and glomeruli show degenerative
changes
- by the end of the second month, the majority have
disappeared.
o Male - a few of the caudal tubules and the
mesonephric duct persist
participat e in formation of the
genital system,
o female disappear

Anatomy Histo / Development of the Excretory System Page 1

 DEVELOPMENT OF THE Subject: Anatomy Histo
Date: Nov. 14, 2011

EXCRETORY SYSTEM Lectur er: Dr. Gironilla

Transcriber: Trisha Uy

NOTE: in practical exam, ANLAGE =

INTERMEDIATE MESODERM, except
mesonephros will function for a while and eventually
GLOMERULUS = LATERAL MESODERM
will also degenerate, except for the distal portion of
the MESONEPHRIC DUCT, which will give rise to the
Collecting System
URETERIC DIVERTICULUM or URETERIC BUD or
- Collecting ducts of the permanent kidney develop
METANEPHRIC BUD [URETERIC/METANEPHRIC BUD] from the ureteric bud
- proximal part will become vas deferens o outgrowt h of the mesonephric duct close
-Fate of URETERIC BUD, becomes: to its entrance to the cloaca
o ureter o The ureteric bud gives rise to the ureter,
o urinary pelvis the renal pelvis, the major and minor
calyces, and approximately 1 to 3 million
o minor/major calyxes
collecting tubules.
o collecting tubules - The bud penetrates the metanephric tissue
o straight collecting tubules o molded over its distal end as a cap
o arched collecting tubules o the bud dilates, forming the primitive
-The ureteric bud will induce (hihikayatin) the mesoderm renal pelvis
(mesenchyme) surrounding it to develop into o splits into cranial and caudal portions, the
future major calyces
METANEPHRIC MESODERM
- Each calyx forms two new buds while penetrating
the metanephric tissue. These buds continue to
C. Metanephros: The Definitive Kidney fifth week subdivide until 12 or more generations of tubules
-excretory units develop from metanephric mesoderm in have formed
the same manner as in the mesonephric system. - at the periphery, more tubule s form until the end
develops into: of the fifth month.
o Bowmans Capsule - The tubules of the second order enlarge and
o Proximal Collecting Tubule absorb those of the third and fourth generations,
forming the minor calyces of the renal pelvis.
o Loop of Henle
- collecting tubules of the fift h and successive
o Distal Collecting Tubule generations elongat e considerably and converge
except the GLOMERULUS on the minor calyx, forming the renal pyramid
sequence:
mesoderm -> lateral mesoderm -> splanchnic
mesoderm -> endocardial heart tube -> dorsal aorta->
descending aorta -> renal artery -> interlobar artery ->
interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole ->
GLOMERULUS

Anatomy Histo / Development of the Excretory System Page 2

 DEVELOPMENT OF THE Subject: Anatomy Histo
Date: Nov. 14, 2011

EXCRETORY SYSTEM Lectur er: Dr. Gironilla

Transcriber: Trisha Uy

Excretory System
- Each newly formed collecting tubule is covered at
its distal end by a metanephric tissue cap.
- form small vesicles, the renal vesicles, which in
turn give rise to small S-shaped tubules
- Capillaries grow into the pocket at one end of the
S and differentiate into glomeruli.
- The proximal end of eac h nephron forms
Bowman's capsule
- The distal end forms an open connection with one
of the collecting tubules, establishing a
passageway from Bowman's capsule to the
- Three portions of the urogenital sinus can be
collecting unit. distinguished:
- Continuous lengt hening of the excretory tubule
a. urinary bladder - upper and largest part
results in formation of the proximal convoluted i. Initially, the bladder is continuous
tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted with the allantois, but when the
tubule
lumen of the allantois is
obliterated, a thick fibrous cord,
the urachus, remains and
connects the apex of the bladder
with the umbilicus
ii. In the adult, it forms the median
umbilical ligament.
b. pelvic part of the urogenital sinus
i. is a rather narrow canal
ii. in the male gives rise to the
prostatic and membranous
parts of the urethra.
c. phallic part of the urogenital sinus
i. flattened from side to side
ii. and as the genital tubercle grows,
this part of the sinus will be pulled
ventrally
- Since both the mesonephric ducts and ureters
originate in the mesoderm, the muc osa of the
Henc e, the kidney develops from two sources: bladder formed by incorporation of the ducts (the
o (a) metanephric mesoderm, which provides trigone of the bladder) is also mesodermal.
excretory units - With time, the mesodermal lining of the trigone is
o (b) ureteric bud, which gives rise to the replaced by endodermal epithelium, so that finally,
collecting system. the inside of the bladder is complet ely lined wit h
endodermal epithelium.
Bladder and Urethra
- During the fourth to sevent h week s of
development, the cloaca divides:
o urogenital sinus - anteriorly
o anal canal - posteriorly
- The urorectal septum is a layer of mesoderm
between the primitive anal canal and the
urogenital sinus.
o The tip of the septum will form the
perineal body

Anatomy Histo / Development of the Excretory System Page 3

 DEVELOPMENT OF THE
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Foregut, midgut, hindgut = endoderm
- terminal portion of the HINDGUT is dilated and it is
called CLOACA
- Cloaca will be divided by URORECTAL SEPTUM (RED)
3. POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY is a condition usually
into two:
o Anterior bigger, UROGENITAL SINUS
o Posterior RECTOANAL CANAL
- The urogenital sinus is communicating with the
UMBILICUS through the ALLANTOIS
- The allantois will solidify to form URACHUS and
becomes a ligament which is known as the MEDIAN
UMBILICAL LIGAMENT
- The urogenital sinus will be divided into 3 parts:
1. Cranial part -> will become the urinary bladder
2. Middle part -> prostatic urethra (male) and the
whole urethra (female)
4. WILMS TUMOR kidney grows that is non-
3. Caudal/Distal part -> urethra, but surrounded by
mesoderm will form the penis (male, developed)
and clitoris (female, not developed)
- Allantois persists to be open, with continuity, is called
URACHAL FISTULA. When it persists, it is called
URACHAL CYST
Urethra
- epithelium in bot h sexes originates in the
endoderm
- the surrounding connective and smoot h muscle
tissue is derived from vi sceral mesoderm.
- At the end of the third month, epithelium of the
prostatic uret hra begins to proliferate and forms a
number of outgrowths that penet rate the
surrounding mesenchyme.
o In the male, these buds form the prostate
gland
o In the female, the cranial part of the
urethra gives rise to the urethral and
paraurethral glands
outermost portion of the urethra arises from the
urethral/glandular plate, which is ectodermal in
origin
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
1. RENAL AGENESIS does not grow
a. Unilateral compatible with life
b. Bilateral - incompatible with life
2. RENAL HYPOPLASIA one or both kidneys are
small
Anatomy Histo / Development of the Excretory System
Subject: Anatomy Histo
Date: Nov. 14, 2011
Lectur er: Dr. Gironilla
Transcriber: Trisha Uy
a. Unilateral compatible with life
b. Bilateral less than 30% - incompatible with
life
- more than 50% - usually could
sustain life
induced by tubular obstruction, because of this,
the the metanephric mesoderm, instead of
forming nephrons, forms cyst, which becomes
non-functional
a. Type I almost all metanephric mesoderm
are cystic, and therefore usually form and die
within the next few days (stillborn)
b. Type II & III could persist in about 20-25
c. Type V shows clinical manifestation at the
age of 50. Could die at the age of 50.
functional
Ex. 5 y/o na bata malaki ang tiyan
- the metanephric mesoderm persists as
mesenchymal cell and continue to divide
unhampered (tumor, cancer)
-hindi nagdi-differentiate into nephrons, hindi din
nagiging cyst
- tinutulak yung katabing organ
- metanephric mesoderm does not mature, they
continue to divide so they impede (?) on the
other functional kidney
-lasts up to 5 years old
Transcribers notes:
- Sources are from Langmans Medical Embryology,
embryo manual and Doc. Gs lecture.
- Red texts are from Doc. Gs lecture. Kung tinatamad
kayong basahin lahat ok na siguro kahit basahin na
lang yung intro + red texts + congenital anomalies
- Pics are from Langmans embryology. Usually the
pictures below illustrate the texts above. Baka
makatulong sa understanding kung hahanapin ninyo
sa pics yung mga terms.
- Also summarized doc. Gs lecture through a diagram
at the next page. Sana makatulong.
- Happy aral! Bawi time na to!
Page 4
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE Subject: Anatomy Histo
Date: Nov. 14, 2011

EXCRETORY SYSTEM Lectur er: Dr. Gironilla

Transcriber: Trisha Uy

EXCRETORY SYSTEM MESODERM

Lateral mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm

glomerulus Urogenital ridge

Nephrogenic cord Genital cord

gonads

pronephros degenerate

mesonephros degenerate

Distal portion of
Mesonephric duct

Ureteric bud ureter

Metanephric mesoderm
urinary pelvis
minor/major calyxes
collecting tubules
straight collecting
tubules
arched collecting tubules

Bowmans Capsule
Proximal Collecting
Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Collecting Tubule

Anatomy Histo / Development of the Excretory System Page 5

 DEVELOPMENT OF THE Subject: Anatomy Histo
Date: Nov. 14, 2011

EXCRETORY SYSTEM Lectur er: Dr. Gironilla

Transcriber: Trisha Uy

ENDODERM Cloaca

umbilicus ALLANTOIS UROGENITAL SINUS RECTOANAL CANAL

(communication) Anterior, bigger posterior

Cranial part -> bladder

urachus
Middle part -> urethra
Caudal/Distal part -> penis/clitoris

Median umbilical
ligament

ECTODERM Urethral/ glandular Outermost portion of

plate urethra

Anatomy Histo / Development of the Excretory System Page 6