Aspect 1: Defining

the Problem and Aspect 2: Aspect 3: Developing

HOPersonal
selecting variables Controlling a method for data Total Mark
Engagement (2)
(2) Variables (2) collection (2)

Name: Malcolm Andersen H. Co Chem-B / Chem-D Class No. 11

Date: January 10, 2017 Teacher: Mr. Bernardo
CHEMISTRY
Grade 11 Standard
Investigative Assessment Design (D)

The Chemical Reaction Between Lemon and Baking Soda

Objective:
The main objective of this experiment is to determine if the temperature of Citric
Acid when reacted with Sodium Bicarbonate would affect the CO2 produced by the reaction.

Background:
When an acid is placed with a base, both substances react to neutralize the acid and base
properties, producing salt. However, in some cases the reaction between an acid and base also
produces CO2. 5% of a lemons weight is Citric Acid and the chemical formula for Citric Acid
is C6H8O7. On the other hand, baking soda, other wise known as sodium bicarbonate, is often
known for its base property and it being easily decomposed by acids. The chemical equation for
the sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3.

Research Question:
Will the temperature of the citric acid that is reacting with sodium bicarbonate affect the
CO2 produced by the reaction? And how does it compare with the reactions theoretical yield?
Hypothesis:
 As the temperature of the Citric Acid increases, the amount of CO2 produced will
decrease. Since as the temperature increases, the molecules in the Citric Acid will contain
more energy and thus more likely to not react with the Sodium Bicarbonate and vice versa.

Predicted Outcomes:
It is predicted that the Citric Acid with the higher temperature will produce lesser CO2
and thus a smaller percentage yield will be obtained. On the other hand, the cooler Citric Acid
will produce more CO2, therefore having a higher percentage yield. In conclusion, if the
percentage yield is higher, it means that more CO2 was produced and vice versa

Variable Quantity Brief Description

Temperature of The Cool Temperature: 5-15C For the cool temperature, place
Citric Acid the lemon in the freezer. On the
Warm Temperature: 75-85C other hand for the warmer
lemon, place it in boiling water.
Room temperature: 20-30C
Amount, in volume, of N/A The amount will be compared to
CO2 produced the lemon that has room
temperature
Amount of Citric Acid Citric Acid: 10g In order to restrict the
Amount of Sodium experiment all other substances
Bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: 10g must be at a constant amount and
Room Temperature temperature.
Room Temperature 20-30C

Significance:
By being able to determine if temperature affects the amount of CO2 produced in the
chemical reaction of Lemon and Baking Soda, In a large scale, we are able to control the amount
of CO2 that goes to the atmosphere. In addition, we will be able to restrict the amount of CO2
being produced in other chemical reactions and thus improving the atmosphere.

Methodology:
i. Materials
a. Measuring Equipment
i. 250mL Beaker with large mouth 5%
ii. 250mL Beaker with narrow mouth 5%
iii. Digital balance
iv. Thermometer w/ probe
b. Chemical Substances
i. Lemon (5% Citric Acid) - 10g
 ii. Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate) 10g
c. Other Equipment
i. Basin
ii. Plastic Tube
iii. Funnel
iv. clamp
d. Safety Equipment
i. Gloves
ii. Googles
iii. Lab Coat
iv. Metal tongs

Experimental Setup:

Procedure:
I. Using the digital balance, measure 10g of pure lemon juice and 10g of baking soda.
Place each substance in separate containers with the baking soda being placed in
the narrow mouth beaker
II. Place a plastic tube on the narrow mouth beaker and apply tape on both ends to secure
the connection and preventing gas leakage
III. Slowly pour the lemon juice inside the other end of the plastic tube leading to
beaker with the baking soda.
IV. Once all the lemon juice has been transferred in the beaker, immediately place the open
end plastic tube underneath the inverted beaker filled with water that is in a trough.
V. Observe the chemical reaction and once all the fizzing has subsided, measure the CO2
that has transferred to the measuring cylinder.
VI. Record the gathered information into the table below and repeat steps I-V for the other
two different temperature lemon juice.
 *For each of the three different temperature lemon juice, repeat the experiment five times
as decrease errors.
*Use the thermometer with probe in order to measure the temperature of the lemon
juice. Measure its temperature before placing it with the baking soda.

Tables:

Raw Data:

TRIAL Amount of CO2 Produced from the reaction

#
In mL In mL In mL
5-15C 20-30C 75-85C

Trial 1
Trial 2

Trial 3
Trial 4

Trial 5

Processed Data:

Theoretical Yield:

C6H8O7 + NaHCO3
 Experiment Yield:

* For each temperature of Citric Acid, find the average amount of CO2 produced and place it
below

5C 15C

20C 30C

75C 85C

Percentage Yield:

5C 15C

20C 30C

75C 85C

Reference:

Acid-Base Reactions. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10, 2017, from

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Chemical/acidbase.html