Customer Training Material

L t
Lecture 5

Steady-State
y
Heat Transfer

ANSYS Mechanical
Heat Transfer

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

Chapter Contents Customer Training Material

Steady State Heat Transfer:

A. Steady State Theory
B. Model Setup
C. Steady State Example
D. Multiple Step Solutions
E Workshop 5,
E. 5 Solenoid

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

A. Steady State Theory Customer Training Material

When the flow of heat does not vary with time, heat transfer is
referred to as steady-state.
Since the flow of heat does not vary with time, the temperature of
the system and the thermal loads on the system also do not vary
with time.
From
o thet e First
st Law
a oof Thermodynamics,
e ody a cs, tthe e steady
steady-state
state heat
eat
balance can be expressed simply as:

Energy in - Energy out = 0

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. . . Steady State Theory Customer Training Material

For steady-state heat transfer, the differential equation expressing thermal

equilibrium is:

T T T ...
k xx + k yy + k zz + q = 0
x x y y z z

The corresponding finite element equation expressing equilibrium is:

[K ]{T} = {Q}

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

B. Model Setup Customer Training Material

General Notes on Thermal Loads and Boundary Conditions:

In Mechanical, model boundaries that have no applied loads are
treated as adiabatic (perfectly insulated).
Symmetry boundary conditions are imposed by letting the
boundaries be adiabatic (exception is symmetry models using
radiation conditions
conditions, see chapter 4).
4)
Reaction heat flow rates are available at fixed temperature DOFs,
convective boundaries and radiation regions.

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. . . Model Setup Customer Training Material

Analysis Settings:
Step Controls: control multiple steps
as wells as auto time stepping.
Nonlinear Controls: specify
convergence criteria and control line
search solver option.
Output Control: controls content and
frequency with which results are
saved.
Analysis Data Management: general
options controlling file management
and solver units.

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

C. Steady State Example Customer Training Material

This example presents a walk through

for a steady state analysis.
The model represents and electrical coil
composed of an iron core surrounded by
a copper coil separated by a plastic
insulator. The assembly rests on a steel
mounting
i plate.
l
We assume the coil is in operation for
sufficient time to reach a steady state.
Boundary Conditions:
The iron core generates heat at 0.001
W/mm^3.
The copper coil is experiencing forced
convective heat loss at a rate of 0.1
W/mm^2 in a 30 C ambient environment.
The mounting plate is attached on one side
and assumed to be at a fixed 25 C.
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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Steady State Example Customer Training Material

After specifying a Steady State Thermal analysis type, selecting the

desired geometry and adding or creating the necessary materials in
Workbench, we begin the model setup in Mechanical.
The materials are assigned in the details of each part as shown here:

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Steady State Example Customer Training Material

After evaluating the default mesh, several mesh controls are added to
modify element size and shape:
Note, the DesignModeler geometry was assembled as a multi-body part,
thus the mesh is continuous across parts which means no contact is
necessary.

Multi-body Part Mesh

Detail Showing Shared
Nodes

RMB and Generate Mesh to

Evaluate Any Changes
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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Steady State Example Customer Training Material

The boundary conditions detailed earlier are applied to the

appropriate regions of the model:
Highlighting the Steady-State Thermal (A5) branch allows all BCs to be
displayed on a common plot.

Since the model is steady state and linear we will leave the Analysis
S i
Settings iin their
h i default
d f l configuration
fi i and
d solve
l theh model.
d l

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Steady State Example Customer Training Material

When the solution is finished its good practice to

check the validity of the solution before proceeding:
By inspecting the core details we can see that the
cores volume is 44698 mm^3.
Since the heat generation load is 0.001 W/mm^3, we
can calculate the heat generation as 44.698 W.
The
Th steady
t d state
t t assumption
ti means that
th t the
th
temperature and convection boundary conditions must
equal the heat input.
Reaction probes can be quickly configured by dragging
and dropping both boundary conditions onto the
Solution branch.
An RMB to Evaluate All Results will update the
reaction probes.

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Steady State Example Customer Training Material

By summing the probe results we find good

agreement:

Hgen - Rtemp - Rconv = 0

44.698 10.532 34.165 = 0.001

Having verified an energy balance we can

proceed to postprocess other results.

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Steady State Example Customer Training Material

Results Can Be
Scoped to Individual
Parts to Refine the
Solution Display for
Each
Directional Results, Heat
Temperature Plot for Flux Here, Can Be Displayed
All Bodies Gives a as Vectors to Enhance the
Good Overview of the Interpretation of Heat Flow
Distribution
Throughout the
Assembly

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Steady State Example Customer Training Material

In addition to the default results, user defined results can be

requested. These results may be combined in expressions as well.

Worksheet View for

Solution Branch
Shows User Results
Available

User Defined Result Definitions:

TEMP = temperature. ENERGY (kinetic) = N/A .
TF = thermal flux. TERR = thermal error energy.
ENERGY (Potential) = thermal heat dissipation HEAT = heat flow.
energy.
NDIR = nodal angles (see ANSYS
VOLUME = displays the volume of all elements N command).
attached to scoped region.
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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

D. Multiple Step Solutions Customer Training Material

Multiple steady state solutions can be setup and solved sequentially

from the Analysis Settings:
The graph and table display solution points.
By changing the Current Step Number each step is configured
independently.
Note this is not a transient analysis.

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Multiple Step Solutions Customer Training Material

Loads can be varied for each solution by

choosing the Current Step Number.
Example, temperature load:
A
Again
i th
the graph
h and
d table
t bl display
di l the
th input
i t
variation.
Loads will ramp from the previous step:
Note:
ote foro linear
ea aanalyses
a yses (s
(single
g e so
solution)
ut o ) tthere
e e is
s no
o
difference between ramped or step applied loads.

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ANSYS Mechanical Heat Transfer

. . . Multiple Step Solutions Customer Training Material

The Analysis Settings

can be set up for multiple
steps rather than one at a
time.

The Analysis Settings

Worksheet view allows
review of all settings in a
single
g page.
p g

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 Customer Training Material

W k h 5
Workshop

Solenoid

ANSYS Mechanical
Heat Transfer

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