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Abstract. On the basis of a methodology presented in previous works, but adapted as necessary, in this article we
present biomechanical aspects of uppercut fist coup. Uppercut a punch is used in some combat sports (boxing, kick-
boxing, thai-boxing) with an upward trajectory, targeting the opponent's chin or solar plexus. Alongside the
hookand swing, uppercut is one of the power punches (according to statistics). This is an observational study. The
subject of the research is the World Champion in full-contact kick-boxing this year on the 63 kg category. Data
acquisition was performed using the MOVEN equipment in the Sports Club Ciprian Soras dojo. The athlete
executed ten full-contact upper-cut strikes in a 40 kg suspended boxing bag. The obtained data using the MOVEN
equipment are processed in Excel. After calculating spatial position and interests segments velocity, wrists
acceleration and intersegmentar angles we have established the time limits of composing sequences of the
movement and we calculated the average velocity of the fist intersegmentar angles, maximum velocity of the fist and
and the minimum acceleration of the fist. We watched intersegmentar angles evolution in these movement sequences
and we have focused on kinetic coupling of the lower body with the upper body reflected by the correlation of the
hips and shoulders line (concepts presented in earlier works). We also try to define the impact by the cinematic
parameters looking at the fists trajectory projection in the horrizontal plane, keeping the trace of the fist at every
frame and correlating the changes of trajectory with the acceleration.
1. Introduction
This works is part of a series destined to the study of punch hits. After we have analysed the direct
punch hits, both jab and cross, applied in full-contact, semi contact or non contact (Biel, Deliu 2013),
we presented the work Comparative study of kinematic parameters of circular punch applied in semi-
contact and full-contact system. Now we will take care of the study and analysis of the uppercut hit.
Uppercut is a technique used in the close fight, although kick boxers ussualy prefer distance fight. In the
ring, fighters more often use cross or swing hits, because the speed of the punch is much higher
(Expertboxing, 2016). The use of uppercut can be, in a way, risky, because of the moment in which the
guard is neglected. In spite of all that, a well placed uppercut is a short strike that comes from such an
angle and with such a force that it can make the opponent KO, having in mind that this strike targets
vulnerable points such as the chin, the liver, the spleen or the solar plexus.
The pushing in the leg on the same side as the fist that strikes is of extraordinary importance. The power
comes from the grounds reaction when the leg pushes it, such that the pushing in the knee adds force to
the strike, but the rotation of the hips amplifies the power of the uppercut. The hips amplify the power
through rotation and through a lift on the sided of the attack (in the case of an ascendant strike). The
launch of the punch is perfectly synchronized with the bodys rotation. The impact is produced whilst
the hips are rotating. What happens if the body first gets down and after it rises together with the strike?
The weight center will rise and it will be easier for the opponent to unbalance the executants of the hit.
Another disadvantage is that that the uppercut will have less power because of the fact that the bodys
rotation rotate at semi-height instead of doing it with grounded power. Another reason for the body to
rotate is that that after the hit, the body is armed and ready for another hit when it rotates back. The
result of the bodys rotation is that that the torso and shoulders musculature is forced to stretch before
the contraction, generating elastic energy which will empower the contraction. And more, in the time of
the acceleration phase, the torso does not rotate only around the longitudinal axis, but also around the
antero-posterior and medial-lateral ones, creating a combination between lateral extension and flexion
on the side of the strike. It is possible that this movement will force the torsos musculature to stretch
more, in this way increasing its contribution to the force and speed of the hit. (Cabral, S., Joao, S.,
Amado, S., Veloso, A, 2010).
3. Results
12
Fist's velocity
10 Medium fist's velocity
Fist's velocity
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time [s]
400
200
Fist's acceleration [m/s]
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-200
-400
140
Intersegmentar angle []
120 med
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time [s]
Fig. 3. Intersegmentarangle variation in time
Pornind de la o flexie minim a cotului de 59,3, extensia maxim a cotului a fost de 132,8, n timp ce
Fig. 4. Intersegmentarangle variation in time
unghiul maxim al braului cu verticala a fost de 49,9. Am urmrit variaia poziiei pumnului pe
vertical. Se observ faptul c poziia de gard naintea nceperii loviturii a fost destul de joas (1,10
1,20 m), iar poziia de nlime minim este n jurul valorii de 80 cm. Trebuie reamintit faptul c
sportivul are o nlime de 1,63m.
1.35
z hip, fist, shoulder [m]
1.25
z fist
1.15 z right fist med
z right hip
z right hip med
1.05 z right shoulder
0.95
0.85
0.75
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time [s]
Fig. 4. Hips, fist's and shoulders height in uppercut punch
oldul i umrul coboar simultan, ceea ce arat c sportivul nu se apleac n execuia tehnicii, ci
execut o flexie a genunchiului piciorului drept (fig. 4). De la cota maxim pe vertical a oldului, de
0,931 m, se nregistreaz o coborre de nivel pn la 0,815 m (valoarea medie).
Urmrind variaia liniei umerilor i a liniei oldurilor n timp (fig. 5), observm faptul c trenul superior
lucreaz solidar cu trenul inferior care, practic, conduce micarea. n momentul impactului, valorile
liniei oldurilor i a liniei umerilor sunt aproximativ, egale (98,4 i 95,2)
120
hip's line
Hip's and shoulder's line []
40
20
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-20
Time [s]
Fig. 5. Hips and shoulders lines variation in time for uppercut punch
Lum ca exemplu o lovitur pentru a ilustra modul n care lucreaz segmentele pentru a delimita
secvenele micrii, aa cum am fcut i n cazul loviturilor directe i circulare. Astfel, dac privim
variaia vitezei pumnului n timp concomitent cu evoluia unghiurilor intersegmentare (fig. 6) observm
c micarea ncepe din old. La ncepul, linia oldurilor scade, aceasta fiind faza de armare. La fel se
comport i umerii. n aceast faz, unghiul format de bra cu verticala scade, iar unghiul , de
extensie a cotuluiscade puin i apoi ncepe s creasc. Aceast cretere a unghiului de extensie a cotului
va continua pn la atingerea valorii optime care asigur fora muscular maxim a muchilor braului.
Creterea semnificativ a vitezei pumnului apare n momentul n care linia umerilor crete semnificativ
(panta curbei crete). Cu alte cuvinte, implicarea umrului d vitez loviturii, iar implicarea oldului i
d for.
140 12
120 hip's line
shoulder's line 10
Intersegmentar angle []
400 1.35
Fist's acceleration [m/s]
200 1.25
0 1.15
37 37.5 38 38.5 39
-200 fist's acceleration 1.05
z right hip
-400 z right shoulder 0.95
z right fist
-600 0.85
-800 0.75
Time [s]
Fig. 7. Correlation between segments vertical movement and fists acceleration
nlimea maxim i minim a segmentelor ct i diferena dintre ele sunt prezentate n tabelul 1.
Table 1. Coordonate verticale ale segmentelor in uppercut punch
Este deja cunoscut faptul c sudiile referitoare la biomecanica tehnicilor de lovire reprezint un procent
foarte mic din totalul studiilor referitoare la marele domeniu al artelor mariale i al sporturilor de
combat. Cu att mai mult, datele referitoare la uppercut nu sunt nici pe departe la fel de bogate ca cele
referitoare la loviturile directe (cross, jab) sau circulare (swing, hook). De aceea, considerm c studiul
nostru este binevenit n ideea de a prezenta informaii obiective referitoare la aceast tehnic, executat
de campionul mondial de kick-box al cartegoriei 63 kg.
Folosind echipamentul MOVEN am reuit delimitarea precis a secvenelor micrii. Astfel, am
identificat o etap lent, de armare, sau pregtire a segmentelor corpului pentru lovitur (ce dureaz ntre
0,16 0,2 s) i una exploziv (0,1 0,12 s), n care are loc micarea accelerat a pumnului i impactul
cu inta. Viteza maxim a pumnului a atins valori cuprinse ntre 9,95 11,6 m/s, iar distana parcurs de
pumn n execuiile monitorizate a fost de 0,48 0,68 m. unghiul braului cu verticala n momentul
impactului a fost cuprins ntre 23 - 33 (s-a nregistrat o singur valoare de 45), ceea ce demonstreaz
faptul c fora i viteza loviturii uppercut vin din nlnuirea secvenelor de mpingere n sol n piciorul
de pe partea braului care lovete, rotaia oldului, i a trunchiului, implicarea umrului la momentul
potrivit i extensia moderat a cotului (valori mai mici de 120 n momentul impactului.
References
Biel, I., Cordun, M., Deliu, D., Angelescu, L. (2015). Comparative study of kinematic parameters of circular
punch applied in semi-contact and full-contact system, The 5th International Congress of Physical Education,
Sport and Kinetotherapy, Bucharest
Biel, I., Deliu, D. (2013). Kinematic aspects of direct punch cross and jab applied in semi-contact, The 9th
International Scientific Conference eLearning and software for Education, Quality and efficiency in e-Learning,
vol.3, p 97 103
Cabral, S., Joao, S., Amado, S., Veloso, A. (2010). Contribution of trunk and pelvis rotation to punching in boxing,
28 th Conference of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, Michigan, USA,
www.asbweb.org/conferences/2010/abstracts/288.pdf
Djurdjevic, D. (2016). The Way of Least Resistence Dan Djurdjevic on the martial arts and related disciplines,
dandjurdjevic.blogspot.ro/2008/11/karate-punches-vs-boxing-punches.html
ExpertBoxing Boxing Training, Theory and Technique (2016). www.expertboxing.com/boxing-techniques/punch-
techniques/how-to-throw-an-uppercut
www.xsens.com