Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
I. a. Integumentary System
The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and
exocrine glands.
Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. It
also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste
products, and regulate body temperature.
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin
tone.
The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat
glands.
The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.
The skins color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin.
Melanocytes are located in the epidermis.
Hair - is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis, or skin. Hair is
one of the defining characteristics of mammals. The human body, apart from areas
of glabrous skin, is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair.
Nail - is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in humans, most
non-human primates, and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws in other
animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called keratin.
This protein is also found in the hooves and horns of different animals.
Teeth - The teeth are the hardest substances in the human body. Besides being essential for
chewing, the teeth play an important role in speech. Parts of the teeth include:
Enamel: The hardest, white outer part of the tooth. Enamel is mostly made
of calcium phosphate, a rock-hard mineral.
Dentin: A layer underlying the enamel. Dentin is made of living cells, which secrete a hard
mineral substance.
Pulp: The softer, living inner structure of teeth. Blood vessels and nerves run through the
pulp of the teeth.
Cementum: A layer of connective tissue that binds the roots of the teeth firmly to the gums
and jawbone.
Periodontal ligament: Tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw.
A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which (except for wisdom teeth) have erupted by about age
13:
Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws.
Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors.
Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars.
Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food.
Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are
often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth.
c. Tips in taking care the skin, hair nails and teeth.
Keep fingernails dry and clean. This prevents bacteria from growing under your fingernails.
Repeated or prolonged contact with water can contribute to split fingernails. Wear cotton-
lined rubber gloves when washing dishes, cleaning or using harsh chemicals.
Practice good nail hygiene. Use a sharp manicure scissors or clippers. Trim your nails
straight across, then round the tips in a gentle curve.
Use moisturizer. When you use hand lotion, rub the lotion into your fingernails and cuticles,
too.
Apply a protective layer. Applying a nail hardener might help strengthen nails.
Ask your doctor about biotin. Some research suggests that the nutritional supplement biotin
might help strengthen weak or brittle fingernails.
Fingernail care: Don'ts
To prevent nail damage, don't:
Bite your fingernails or pick at your cuticles. These habits can damage the nail bed. Even a
minor cut alongside your fingernail can allow bacteria or fungi to enter and cause an
infection. Pull off hangnails. You might rip live tissue along with the hangnail. Instead,
carefully clip off hangnails.
Ignore problems. If you have a nail problem that doesn't seem to go away on its own or is
associated with other signs and symptoms, consult your doctor or dermatologist for an
evaluation.
Use harsh nail care products. Limit your use of nail polish remover. When using nail polish
remover, opt for an acetone-free formula.
Skin: 1. Acne
Acne is a skin disorder that causes pimples when the passageway that connects the skins
pores to the oil glands becomes clogged.
2. Eczema
Eczema is a "grab-bag term," which Alexiades-Armenakas said comes from the Greek word for "boils
over."
3. Seborrheic Dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis, which causes oily, waxy patches to develop on the scalp, is distinct from
other forms of dermatitis.
4. Skin Cancer
Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States.
5. Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic and disfiguring genetic disease.
Hair:
Head Lice (Pediculosis Capitis) ...
Hair Loss (Alopecia Areata) ...
Dandruff. ...
Folliculitis. ...
Ringworm, Scalp (Tinea Capitis) ...
Hair Loss, Female Pattern Baldness (Female Pattern Alopecia) ...
Hair Loss, Male Pattern Baldness (Male Pattern Alopecia) ...
Mole, Atypical (Atypical Nevus)
Teeth: Sensitivity in your teeth can happen for several reasons, including:
tooth decay (cavities)
fractured teeth.
worn fillings.
gum disease.
worn tooth enamel.
exposed tooth root.