Revenue Protection

Through Good Installation

Practices and Maintenance

G.K. Panchal
Datagen Power Systems (P) Ltd
 Un-noticed Revenue loss
Abnormal Neutral Current
Due to Harmonics
Due to Mismanagement of Neutral wire

Non optimal loading on Distribution

Transformers
Unread customers
Ignoring outage information from meters
Revenue loss due to CT operated meters
Loss
Letdue to how
us see 3-phase 3 wirethese
to overcome meters
issues
 Deformed Sine Wave

Fundamental Sine Wave

Third Harmonic Sine Wave

Deformed Sine Wave

Fundamental & Third Harmonics
of R,Y,B
Fundamental & Third Harmonics
Many of us might have experienced
of R,Y,B
Neutral burning

Many of us are still using and

ordering
3 Harmonic
Resultant Third core Resultant
cable Fundamental
Current flowing through Current flowing through
Neutral is Three times Neutral is zero
Please calculate the
Maximum Neutral current can be
Revenue
1.78 times the PhaseLost
current
Abnormal Neutral Current
In field have
at Distribution we
Transformer
experienced
Understanding/ the
measured
causes
the neutral& current?
Treatments
Let us view reality
 R-100 Amp Neutral Cable is
burning

Y-120 Amp

B-125 Amp

N-120 Amp

Neutral cable is of 50
Due to heat
sq mm
gland has also melted
Neutral cable current is equal to phase current

This may be because of third harmonic or

parallel operation of DT and neutral getting open
near to the other DT
 Network layout of two DTs
Total load will TR-2 will be
LastTR-1
be fed through pole TR-2Last pole
disconnected
TR-1

What happens when

TR2 is put back to service

And due care is not observed

Different load is connected
between
When TR-2R-N
is /out
Y-Nof/ order
B-N
When the neutral gets opened
elsewhere
Neutral is opened up

Neutral wire is carrying return

current of both the DTs
Phase
Neutralwire
wirejumpers
of other DT will not be
are opened
having up in its neutral wire
any current
For simplicity in understanding let us consider
load on R phase only
 It is advisable to have the
neutral wire of the same size
This will save many maintenance
problems

Please calculate the

Revenue Lost
 Loss Vs kVA Loading
Need to monitor load on DT 100 kVA 200 kVA

8000

Between 100 and 200 KVA

7000

Breakeven load on 100

6000
Breakeven load on 200
When the KVAcurve
Loss
load is 70 of
KVA
increases (70%)
100
toKVA KVA is
Loss 70 KVA
curve (35%)
of 200 KVA
When the load reduces to
Transformer Transformer
Tatal loss (watts)

5000
this level
level change
change the
the
this
transformer and operate
operate on
on
transformer
4000
and
Blue curve 100 kVA 200 kVA
Red curve 3000

2000

1000

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

kVA Loading
 Meter Location -- Criteria

To have 100 % Revenue

Safety aspects
Meters should be at eye level
Collection
Deterrent in tampering
what are
In public location
the criteria's for
Meter
Possibilitylocation at customers
of Electronic reading
place
All time approachable
Easy disconnection and Reconnection
 Meter should be
mounted at a height
on the pole
Cables are run from top of
the pole direct to
customer switch

No chance of damage
Tampering is extremely difficult
Meters are not at eye level
Difficulty in reading
Need AMR
Load survey can be down loaded
Reading will be faster and Accurate
Customer can not read the counter
Display unit can be
provided at
consumer place

Meter on pole communicates to the

Display unit via communication cable
Disconnection in case of non-payment will be difficult
 Suspension wire
B-Phase
Neutral

Y-Phase R-Phase In these type of installations

A special cable can solve
Communication
many problems
wire
 Observe that two line-line faults have
taken place in a span of 2 hours

22nd
nd Y
Y phase
phase fault
fault
Retrieving and Managing outage
11stst Y
information
Y phase
phase fault
fault
22nd
nd B
B phase
phase fault
fault
11stst B
B phase
phase fault
fault
 Example of a
phase-ground fault
in Y phase
The power surge in faults can be
captured by DT meter
 CT operated Meter
Customer MCCB
Meter Box with Meter

Meter with built

Can we have a better solution in
? CT
Associated wiring

Normally we find CT Box

It requires skilled person to wire up the CT Cable
with leads
Meter are
Incoming leads can be threaded
People
molded in resin forfiddle
betterwith such wiring
security
Utility revenue gets leaked
 Revenue Loss
Due to under registration
with
3-Phase 3-Wire Meter
 Normal Distribution Network
33/11 KV 11/ 0.4 KV
Power Transformer Distribution
Delta/Star Transformer Delta/Star
Load
R-phase CT
B-phase

3
3

Star point of M
11 KV is
earthed at 3 phase 3 wire Meter
sending end
How the current gets reflected in
Delta /Star transformer
11/ 0.4 KV
Distribution
Return of Y-phase Transformer Delta/Star
current at 11 KV
Load

3
3

M
Y-phase current at
Y-phase current at
11 KV 0.4 KV
 How the current gets reflected in
Star/Star transformer
Part of Y phase current 11/ 0.4 KV
flowing through earth will Distribution
not get measured in the Transformer Star/Star
Meter Load

3
3
M If the star point is
Under registration is observed in the 3-phase 3 wire meter
earthed
Part of Y-Phase
Imagine if this is a set up at 11 KV customer???
current will flow
 High Voltage Distribution System
HVDS 11KV Bus at S/S

M 3 3 11KV Feeder
3 phase
3 wire Meter

Each
11KVphase
Single
has
wire
different
earth
value
return
of current
HVDS

The Current of Y phase is not getting measured in

3phase 3wire meter
Questions Please..

Thank You