Fundamental Preface

principles of Turbine- Thermodynamics can be defined

Engineering as the science of energy
Thermodynamics Therme dynamis (Greek words)
Dr. Zhouhang Li
Kunming University of
heat power
Science and Technology
Thermal Energy
2

Multi-displinary subject Arnold Sommerfeld

Engineering Thermodynamics is a funny
Heat Transfer subject. The first time you go through it,
Engineering Hydrodynamics you dont understand it at all. The second
Thermophysics Combustion time you go through it, you think you
Thermophysical understand it, except for one or two points.
Property The third time you go through it, you know
you dont understand it, but that time you
are so used to the subject, it doesnt bother
you anymore.
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 Paths of energy conversion Heat engines
wind
Hydro
nuclear Geo- Solar Primary
power thermalenergy energy Energy efficiency
sources
Power generation 40-50%

Thermal Energy
Vehicle internal combustion engine
Mechanical 25-35%
Heat Secondary
Energy
engine energy Steamship engine 25-35%
Propulsion engine 20-30%
Electricity
5 6

Common features of heat engines A power plant

1 heat reservoir
superheater
Steam

2 medium,
turbine 1heat
reservoir
working substance Boiler
Generator 2working
3 work output medium
3work output
4 cycle 4cycle
Condenser

7 Feed water pump 8

2
 Schematic of a power cycle

Heat source
Thermal efficiency
Q1
Basic Concepts
Heat W
engine

Q2

Heat sink
9

1-1 1-1
Thermodynamic system Thermodynamic system
2Surroundings and Boundaries
1Definition of a System

A Thermodynamic system is chosen by surroundings
people in a specific situation.
()
It is A quantity of matter or a boundary
region in space chosen for study All the mass and heat transfer
is through the boundaries!
11 12

3
 Characteristic of a system Characteristics of
depends on how it is chosen the Boundary
Steam
superheater turbine Only work was
fixed vs movable real vs imaginary
exchanged
Boiler
Generator Both work
And heat

Condenser Only heat

Feed water pump
Was exchanged
13 14

Types of System Which types are these

systems?
Open system Mass transfer
1 Open system
Closed system NO mass transfer m 1+2 closed system
1 2
Adiabatic system 1+2+3 Adiabatic&
Q
Isolated system W closed
1+2+3+4 Isolated
4 3

15 16

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 Integral characteristic of
1-2
State and state parameters/properties state properties
The variation of a state property is
State parameter: Any physical quantity that can
show the state and characteristic of the working medium determined only by its start and end
is called state parameter. For instance: temperature T, states, and has no relationship with the
pressure p, specific volume , internal energy u, enthalpy specific process. a
h and entropy s are all state parameters. They are often 2 2 2 1
used, as well as exergy. State parameter is different from
the parameters which are usually said, such as flow dz dz dz z2 z1 b
2
and volume. It refers to the physical quantity which 1 1, a 1,b
shows the state and characteristics of the working Mathmatically:
medium. Therefore, the concept of the state parameter
shall be noted and shall not be confused with the
common parameters. 17
dz = 0 point function
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Two categories of State properties:

Intensive properties Extensive properties Intensive properties Extensive properties

IPno relationship with the quantity Velocity Kinetic Energy
e.g.: pT

EPDedpends on the quantity of the matter Height Potential Energy
e.g.: m V U HS
Ratio V U H S Temperature Internal Energy
v u h s
m m m m
properties
Stress Mol
Unit/kg /kmol (intensive properties)
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 1-3 Measurment of p
Basic state properties
p T v Absolute pressure barometric pressure
relative pressure
1 p ( pressure )
AttentionState property is: absolute p
: Pa (Pascal), N/m2
Units
1 kPa = 103 Pa 1bar = 105 Pa
1 MPa = 106 Pa
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 1.013105 Pa
1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa
1 at = 1 kgf/cm2 = 9.80665104 Pa U-tube manometer
Bourdon Tube
21
22

Other Pressure
absolute pressure relative pressure Measurement Devices
p > pb pe p pe pb
Gauge pressure
p < pb pv p pb pv Pressure transducers
Vacuum pressure
Piezoelectric effect
pe

p pv
pb
p
piston manometer
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 1-3 Definitions of T
Basic state properties
Conventional / Macroscopic
p T v the degree of hot or cold; being sensible
2 T ( Temperature ) Microscopicaverage kinetic energy
of the molecular motion
T 0.5 m w 2

1) 0.5mw 2 always 0, T 0
2) T=0 0.5mw 2=0 All the molecules
stagnant
25 26

Definitions of T Definitions of T
If two bodies are in
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics thermal
R.W. Fowler in 1931 equilibrium with
If two bodies are in the same third body,
thermal they are also in
equilibrium with thermal
the same third body, equilibrium with
they are also in each other.
thermal This common macroscopic feature in
equilibrium with THREE systems is termed as Temperature.
each other. 27 28

7
 Definitions of T Temperature scale
If two bodies are in
thermal
Kelvin scale
equilibrium with
the same third body,
Britisher, L. Kelvin, 1824-1907
they are also in Celsius scale (Swedish, A.
thermal Celsius, 1701-1744
equilibrium with Fahrenheit scale (German,
each other.
G. Fahrenheit, 1686-1736)
The basis of temperature measurement Rankine scale (W. Rankine,
e.g.: B is a thermometer 1820-1872)
29 30

Conversion among Temperature Measurement

different scales Devices
T [ K ] t[O C ] 273.15 mercury thermometer
Thermocouple
5 Resistance temperature detector
t[O C ] (t[ F ] 32) Radiation thermometer
9 Platinum
CARS
t[ F ] t[ R ] 459.67
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 1-3
Basic state properties
p T v 1
3 v ( specific volume )
V 1
v [m3/kg] v
m A system in equilibrium experiences
density [kg/m3]
Many types of Equilibrium
1Thermal equilibrium :
if the temperature is the same
throughout the entire system
Temperature differential
Unbalanced potentials
1-4 Equilibrium state
no changes when it is isolated from its
surroundings.
33 34
Many types of Equilibrium
2Mechanical equilibrium :
if there is no change in pressure at
any point of the system with time
The variation of pressure as a result of
gravity in most thermodynamic system is
relatively small and usually disregarded
Pressure differential
Unbalanced potentials
35 36
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 Many types of Equilibrium 1-4 Equilibrium state
3Phase equilibrium :
when the mass of each phase
reaches an equilibrium level and stays
there
4Chemical equilibrium : In an equilibrium state there are no
if its chemical composition does unbalanced potentials
not change with time. That is, no
chemical reactions occur.
37 38

Why we introduced the 1-5diagram

Equilibrium state? Help us better understand the energy
A Equilibrium system can be conversion and work output in a Cycle.
described by a number of state p
properties (p, T, etc.) 1
1ONE SOLID point:
Energy State change a Equilibrium state
exchange 2DASH line:
2
Nonequilibrium state
How to Unbalanced v
describe? equilibirum p-v diagram
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p Work indicator diagram (One
1 . major function of p-V) Mechanical definition of work
mkg
W
W =pdV
. The product of a force and the
2 2
W pdV distance through which this force
1
V acts
1kg
w =pdv
p p However:
2
w pdv
1 2 1 41 42

Thermodynamic definition of Formulas of output work

work
Mechanical:

w Fdx w Fdx
Work is an energy interaction
Thermodynamic (the most common
between a system and its surroundings,
one):
if the energy crossing the boundary of a
closed system is not heat, it must be w pdv w pdv
work.
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1-8 Heat and Entropy How to describe HEAT?
Can we describe heat in a form
like that of work?
w pdv
Heat is defined as the form of energy
that is transferred between two
Entropy

systems (or its surroundings) by

virtue of a temperature difference.
45 46

WORK vs HEAT Definition of Entropy

reversible
Qrev
dS Extensive properties
Nature: both are determined by the process T [kJ/K]
Driving force: p T qrev
Variables: dV , dv dS , ds
ds Intensive properties
T [kJ/kg.K]
Formulas: w pdv q Tds
w pdv q Tds Functionidentify the direction of heat
transfer (absorption or release of heat)
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 Indications of work and heat 1-9
Thermodynamic Cycle
p T A Cycle ensures the continuous output of
Q work or heat
W
Definition:

A system is said to have undergone

V S
p-v T-s a cycle if it returns to its initial state
W pdV Q TdS at the end of the process
49 50

Positive Power cycle Reverse

Refrigeration cycle
The cycle is clockwise Anticlockwise
p T p T
1 2 1 2

2 1 2 1

V S V S
Work output Absorption of heat Absorbing work Release of heat
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 Assessment criteria of a Cycle
Take the positive cycle as an example:

Thermal efficiency
T1

Q1

The First Law of Thermodynamics
W

Q2

T2 53

The first law reveals the nature Expression of the 1st law
within the Conservation of energy:
-
During the interaction between =
two systems , energy can change Total Total Change in
from one form to another but the energy energy the total
total amount of energy remains entering - leaving the = energy of
constant the system system the system
Energy cannot be created or destroyed Energy balance for closed system:
One of the most fundamental laws of nature Q = dU + W; Q = U + W
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 2-4 Energy balance for open system
Energy balance for open system min
1st law: min 1 2 uin
cin
u 2 gzin
Total energy entering in
the system Wnet
1 2
- c in Wnet Unreal result!
2 uout mout
Total energy leavinggz The lack of
in mout flow work
gzout 1 c 2
the system Q 2
out
uout
= 1 2
Total energy change Q cout Q + min(u + c2/2 + gz)in
2 gz
within the system out - mout(u + c2/2 + gz)out - Wnet = dEcv
57 58

Flow work Energy balance for open system

Flow (pushing) work A uin pvin
p min
p gzin
W = p A l = pV V 1 2 Wnet
cin
w= pv l 2
mout uout
Q pvout 1 2
gzout 2 cout
Q + min(u + c2/2 + gz)in
59
- mout(u + c2/2 + gz)out - Wnet = dEcv
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 Energy balance for open system Introduction of Enthalpy
Q + min(u + pv+c2/2 + gz)in - Wnet
Definition: h = u + pv (state property)
- mout(u + pv+c2/2 + gz)out = dEcv

Flow rates are adopted in practice: Q dEcv / W net

Q
m
W
Q lim
0



m lim
0

W lim
0


uh pv c 2 / 2 gz m out
out

Q dEcv / u pv c 2 / 2 gz
out
mout uh pv c / 2 gz min
2
in

u pv c 2 / 2 gz min W net Energy balance for open system
in
61 62

Energy balance for Energy balance for

steady-flow open systems
steady-flow open systems

Conditions: mout min m Q Const

min
Steady conditions:
uin W net Const W s dEC ,V / 0
1 2
1 mout min m cin
2 Wnet

2 Q Const gzin 0 Ecv / W
Qd Wnet
s
mout
h c 2 / 2 gz

3 W net Const W s uout m
m out
out
Shaft work Q 1 2
cout
4 Time-steady: dEC ,V / 0 2 h c / 2 gz m
2
m in
gzout
63
in 64

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 Energy balance for
steady-flow open systems

Energy balance for steady-flow systems
c2 c2
Q m h gz h gz W s
2 out 2 in 1
q h c 2 g z ws
2

Q mq W s m ws
For 1kg Applicable Any working fluids
2
c c2 range
q h gz h gz ws
2 out 2 in Any steady-flow systems
1
q h c 2 g z ws
2 65 66

Utilization of energy-balance
Technical
Wtwork
law in Turbine
1
Q mh mc 2 mg z Ws q h wt
2
1 1) Small volume
q h c 2 g z ws 2high mass flow rate
2
Kinetic Potential Shaft 3efficient thermal
wt energy energy work insulation
q0
Utilizable Mechanical energy Enthalpy drop results in the wt = -h
output of work and subsequent
Q H Wt q h wt electricity generation. = h1 - h2>0
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Utilization of energy-balance law
in heat exchangers (e.g., boiler)
q h wt
h1 h2
No work output
Hot fluid
ws 0
Cold fluid h1 h 2
q h h2 h1

Released heat q h h2 h1 0
Absorbed heatq ' h h2' h1' 0
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