4455 2-2010

AS/NZS 4455.
2:2010
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
Australian/New Zealand Standard
Masonry units, pavers, flags and

segmental retaining wall units
Part 2: Pavers and flags

Accessed by MONASH UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 15 Sep 2017 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical
Committee BD-026, Masonry Units, Pavers, Flags and Segmental Retaining Wall
Units. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on
10 June 2010 and on behalf of the Council of Standards New Zealand on
13 August 2010.
This Standard was published on 2 September 2010.
The following are represented on Committee BD-026:
Association of Consulting Structural Engineers of NSW

Australian Institute of Building Surveyors
CSIRO, Manufacturing and Infrastructure Technology
Concrete Masonry Association of Australia
Engineering and Construction Laboratories Association
Institute of Public Works Engineering Australia
National Association of Testing Authorities Australia
New Zealand Concrete Masonry Association
Stone Institute of Australasia
Think Brick Australia
University of Newcastle
Keeping Standards up-to-date

Standards are living documents which reflect progress in science, technology and
systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and
new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.
Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves
they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments which
may have been published since the Standard was purchased.
Detailed information about joint Australian/New Zealand Standards can be found by
visiting the Standards Web Shop at www.saiglobal.com.au or Standards New
Zealand web site at www.standards.co.nz and looking up the relevant Standard in
the on-line catalogue.
For more frequent listings or notification of revisions, amendments and
withdrawals, Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand offer a number of
update options. For information about these services, users should contact their
respective national Standards organization.
We also welcome suggestions for improvement in our Standards, and especially
encourage readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or
ambiguities. Please address your comments to the Chief Executive of either
Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand at the address shown on the back
cover.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 05578.

AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
Masonry units, pavers, flags and

segmental retaining wall units

Originated in Australia as AS A211934.

Final Australian edition AS 16531985.
Originated in New Zealand as NZSS 3661943.
Second edition NZS 3116:1991.
Jointly revised, amalgamated and redesignated AS/NZS 4455:1997.
AS/NZS 4455:1997 revised and designated, in part, AS/NZS 4455.2:2010.
COPYRIGHT
Standards Australia Limited/Standards New Zealand
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968
(Australia) or the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand).
Jointly published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited,
GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001 and by Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439,
Wellington 6140
ISBN 978 0 7337 9665 4

AS/NZS 4455.2:2010 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee BD-026, Masonry Units, Pavers, Flags and Segmental Retaining Wall Units, to
supersede, in part, AS/NZS 4455:1997, Masonry units and segmental pavers.
The objective of this Standard is to specify the requirements for pavers and flags in order to
facilitate design and purchasing of segmental pavements and other applications.
This revision addresses
(a) the need for a basic Standard that specifies the essential properties common to all
units covered by the scope of the Standard;
(b) more stringent requirements that might need to be complied with (such as strength
and precision) which would best be specified by the prospective purchaser as needed;
and
(c) test methods consistent with Items (a) and (b).
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables are deemed to be requirements
of this Standard.
The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A normative appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an informative appendix is only for information and guidance.
3 AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 APPLICATION ........................................................................................................... 4
1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES .................................................................................... 4
1.4 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 5
1.5 NOTATION ................................................................................................................ 6
SECTION 2 PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS

2.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 DIMENSIONAL DEVIATIONS FROM WORK SIZE ............................................... 7
2.3 DEVIATION FROM FLATNESS ............................................................................... 8
2.4 BREAKING LOAD..................................................................................................... 9
2.5 ABRASION RESISTANCE ........................................................................................ 9
2.6 SLIP RESISTANCE .................................................................................................... 9
2.7 DURABILITY............................................................................................................. 9
2.8 REQUIREMENTS TO SATISFY SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS................................ 10
2.9 DESIGNATION ........................................................................................................ 12
APPENDICES
A DEMONSTRATION OF COMPLIANCE FOR STRENGTH ................................... 13
B MEANS FOR DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE WITH THIS STANDARD ..... 14
C DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUE ............................................ 16
D PURCHASING GUIDELINES.................................................................................. 18
E TESTING FOR ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES......................................................... 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................20
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010 4
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Masonry units, pavers, flags and segmental retaining wall units
SECT ION 1 SCOPE AND GENERA L
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard specifies minimum requirements for pavers and flags for use in pavements
carrying road traffic and pedestrians only.
The pavers and flags covered by this Standard include those made of concrete and fired clay
(with or without shale).
NOTES:
1 For New Zealand pavements, the design of segmental pavements is set out in NZS 3116.
2 Means for demonstrating compliance with the requirements for strength are given in
Appendix A.
3 Guidance on means for demonstrating compliance with this Standard is given in Appendix B.
4 Guidance on determination of characteristic value is given in Appendix C.
5 Purchasing guidelines are given in Appendix D.
6 Guidance on optional additional testing is given in Appendix E.
7 There are non-rectilinear shapes for paving that are not illustrated in this Standard.
Nevertheless, these are covered by this Standard with the provision that not all test methods
mentioned may be applicable to such shapes.
1.2 APPLICATION
This Standard shall be used in conjunction with the testing requirements specified in
AS/NZS 4456.3, AS/NZS 4456.5, AS/NZS 4456.9 and AS/NZS 4456.10.
1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES

The following are the normative documents referenced in this Standard:
NOTE: Documents referenced for informative purposes are listed in the Bibliography.
AS
3942 Quality controlVariables chartsGuide
AS/NZS
4456 Masonry units, segmental pavers and flagsMethods of test
4456.1 Method 1: Sampling for test
4456.2 Method 2: Assessment of mean and standard deviation
4456.3 Method 3: Determining dimensions
4456.5 Method 5: Determining the breaking load of segmental pavers and flags
4456.9 Method 9: Determining abrasion resistance
4456.10 Method 10: Determining resistance to salt attack
4456.19 Method 19: Determination of bow
COPYRIGHT
5 AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
AS/NZS
4586 Slip resistance classification of new pedestrian surface materials
NZS
3116 Concrete segmental and flagstone paving
1.4 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
1.4.1 Abrasion resistance
A measure of resistance to erosion of the surface of a paver or flag, expressed as an index,
when tested in accordance with AS/NZS 4456.9.
1.4.2 Annual average daily traffic (AADT)
The total volume of traffic passing a point in the pavement, in both directions, for one year
divided by the number of days in the year.
1.4.3 Breaking load
The failure load determined in accordance with AS/NZS 4456.5.
1.4.4 Characteristic value
The value that is exceeded by at least 95% of the units in the lot.
1.4.5 Commercial vehicle (CV)
A vehicle, having a gross weight of 3 t or more, that complies (in Australia) with State or
Commonwealth legislation for the axle loads, tyre pressures and dimensions of vehicles
permitted on public roads and streets.
1.4.6 Dimensional deviation
The deviation from work size of paving units when determined in accordance with
AS/NZS 4456.3.
1.4.7 Flag
Large format solid (non-cored) paver with a gross plan area greater than 0.08 m2 .
1.4.8 Light vehicle (LV)
A vehicle which, when fully loaded, has a gross weight less than 3 t.
NOTE: This category includes cars, utilities, delivery vans and some light two-axle trucks.
1.4.9 Lot
A group of units of a single type with specific characteristics and dimensions presented for
sampling at the same time.
1.4.10 Paver
Solid unit with a gross plan area less than or equal to 0.08 m2 which is used to form a
surfacing layer.
1.4.11 Public space pavement
1.4.11.1 Pedestrian pavement
A pavement subject only to foot traffic.
NOTE: Pedestrian pavements include footpaths not subject to vehicle overrun or parking,
pedestrian precincts that are completely closed to vehicle access, residential paths, patios and
hard landscaping.
COPYRIGHT
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010 6
1.4.11.1.1 Low-volume pavement

A pavement with less than 3000 pedestrian passes per day.
NOTE: Low-volume pavements include residential paths, paths in public gardens, pavements at
schools or campuses, hard landscape areas, common outdoor areas of residential buildings, and
pedestrian areas around institutional buildings, sporting or recreational areas.
1.4.11.1.2 Medium-volume pavement
A pavement with greater than 3000 and less than 30 000 pedestrian passes per day.
NOTE: Medium-volume pavements are typically suburban shopping area pavements.
1.4.11.1.3 High-volume pavement
A pavement with high-volume pedestrian traffic exceeding 30 000 pedestrian passes per
day.
NOTE: High-volume pavements are typically inner-city and major suburban pedestrian areas and
paths.
1.4.11.2 Pedestrian and light vehicle pavement
A pavement carrying pedestrians and light vehicles (LV) only.
1.4.11.3 Malls, pedestrian and commercial vehicles pavement
An area carrying both pedestrian and mixed vehicular traffic.
NOTE: This category of pavement includes commercial vehicle crossovers, driveways carrying
occasional truck traffic, footpaths subject to truck overrun or parking, pedestrian malls accepting
service vehicles and commercial vehicles, pedestrian crossings and lightly trafficked streets.
1.4.12 Trafficked segmental pavers
1.4.12.1 Minor and residential
Trafficked segmental pavers carrying an annual average daily traffic (AADT) less than
400 vehicles.
1.4.12.2 Local access
Trafficked segmental pavers carrying an annual average daily traffic (AADT) between
4001000 vehicles.
1.4.12.3 Collector
Trafficked segmental pavers carrying an annual average daily traffic (AADT) between
10002000 vehicles.
1.4.13 Salt attack resistance
Resistance to attack by the action of soluble salts, determined by the action of sodium
sulphate or sodium chloride, in accordance with AS/NZS 4456.10.
1.4.14 Slip resistance class
A classification of slip resistance as determined in accordance with AS/NZS 4586.
1.4.15 Work size
The size of a unit specified for its manufacture, from which deviations are measured.
1.5 NOTATION
The following symbols are used in this Standard:
n = number of specimens in the test sample
s = unbiased standard deviation determined in accordance with AS/NZS 4456.2
Pb = characteristic breaking load
COPYRIGHT
7 AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
SEC T I O N 2 P R O D U CT RE Q U IRE M E NT S
2.1 GENERAL
Pavers and flags shall comply with the requirements of this Section.
Compliance with the requirements for strength shall be determined in accordance with
Appendix A.
NOTE: Guidance on additional means of demonstrating compliance with this Standard is set out
in Appendix B.
The suppliers of pavers and flags shall make available the following information:
(a) Work size.
(b) Characteristic breaking load.
(c) Abrasion resistance.
(d) Slip resistance.
(e) Dimensional deviation category.
(f) Salt attack resistance grade.
2.2 DIMENSIONAL DEVIATIONS FROM WORK SIZE

2.2.1 Performance requirement

Pavers and flags shall be manufactured to tolerances that enable the units to be laid in
pavements to give a functional and aesthetically acceptable surface.
2.2.2 Methods
Pavers and flags shall be categorized for dimensional deviations determined in accordance
with AS/NZS 4456.3 and Table 2.2(A) or Table 2.2(B).
AS/NZS 4456.3 sets out the two following methods for measuring the dimensions of pavers
and flags:
(a) Determination of cumulative dimensions.
(b) Determination of dimension of individual units.
The manufacturer shall select the method appropriate to the manufacturing process and the
operating quality assurance program.
2.2.3 Deemed to satisfy dimensional deviations
Pavers and flags shall comply with either category DPA1 or DPB1, unless otherwise
declared by the supplier or agreed between the supplier and purchaser or as set out in
Clause 2.8 for the nominated application.
COPYRIGHT
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010 8
TABLE 2.2(A)
MAXIMUM DIMENSIONAL DEVIATIONS
DETERMINED OVER 20 PAVERS AND FLAGS
BY CUMULATIVE MEASUREMENT
Work size dimensions, mm
Category
Under 150 150 to 250 Over 250
DP0 No requirement
DPA1 50 60 75
DPA2 40 50 60
DPA3 Values declared by the supplier or by agreement between
supplier and purchaser
TABLE 2.2(B)
MAXIMUM DIMENSIONAL DEVIATIONS
DETERMINED FOR PAVERS AND FLAGS
BY INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENT
Work dimensions, mm
Plan Height
Category
Standard Standard
Mean Mean
deviation deviation
DP0 No requirement
DPB1 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.5
DPB2 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.0
DPB3 Values declared by the supplier or by agreement
between supplier and purchaser
DPB4 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
2.2.4 Dimensional consistency between deliveries

For dimensional categories DPA1 and DPA2, the overall dimensions of 20 units taken from
separate deliveries of units of the one type and the subject of a single order shall not differ
by more than 40 mm.
2.3 DEVIATION FROM FLATNESS

Flags shall be sufficiently flat to enable the units to be laid in pavements to give a
functional and aesthetically acceptable surface.
2.3.2 Method
Flatness of flags shall be determined by measuring bow in accordance with
AS/NZS 4456.19.
2.3.3 Deemed to satisfy flatness
Flags with bow not more than 2.5 mm convex deviation and 1.5 mm concave deviation are
deemed to be satisfactory.
COPYRIGHT
9 AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
2.4 BREAKING LOAD

Pavers and flags shall have a sufficient characteristic breaking load to resist failure when
laid on a correctly constructed base and subjected to the design load.
2.4.2 Method
The characteristic breaking load (Pb ) shall be determined in accordance with
AS/NZS 4456.5.
2.4.3 Deemed to satisfy
Pavers and flags with breaking loads as set out in Clause 2.8 are deemed to be satisfactory
in the nominated applications.
2.5 ABRASION RESISTANCE

Pavers and flags shall provide adequate resistance to abrasion to maintain a functional and
aesthetically acceptable surface.
2.5.2 Method
When required, abrasion resistance shall be determined in accordance with AS/NZS 4456.9.
Pavers and flags with abrasion resistance as set out in Clause 2.8 are deemed to be
satisfactory in the nominated applications.
2.6 SLIP RESISTANCE

Pavers and flags shall have sufficient slip resistance to minimize slip hazards.
2.6.2 Method
Slip resistance of pavers and flags shall be tested in accordance with AS/NZS 4586.
NOTE: For definition of slip resistance, see Clause 1.4.14.
Pavers and flags with a slip resistance class of W, as specified in AS/NZS 4586, are deemed
to be satisfactory.
2.7 DURABILITY
Pavers and flags shall have sufficient durability to perform their required function in the
finished pavement without deteriorating under the action of the environmental conditions of
intended use.
2.7.2 Method
Pavers and flags shall be categorized as one of the following, in accordance with Table 2.7:
(a) Exposure grade.
(b) General purpose grade.
COPYRIGHT
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010 10
Where the salt attack resistance of the pavers and flags is to be determined by test, it shall
be determined in accordance with AS/NZS 4456.10.
NOTE: In locations where resistance to freeze-thaw or to chemical attack is required, additional
specifications may be required.
Pavers and flags classified in accordance with Table 2.7 are deemed to satisfy the salt
attack resistance requirement.
TABLE 2.7
SALT ATTACK RESISTANCE GRADE
Salt attack
Requirements/Description
resistance grade
Exposure (a) Suppliers experience, according to which it is possible to demonstrate that
the product has a history of surviving under saline environmental conditions
similar to those existing at the site considered.
or
(b) <0.4 g mass loss in 40 cycles in AS/NZS 4456.10.
General purpose (a) Suppliers experience, according to which it is possible to demonstrate that
the product has a history of surviving under non-saline environmental
conditions similar to those existing at the site considered.

or
(b) <0.4 g mass loss in 15 cycles in AS/NZS 4456.10.
NOTE: Where pavers or flags may be subject to chemical/environmental exposure (e.g., marine areas,
swimming pools, thermal pools, etc.), it is recommended that they be, as a minimum, exposure
grade.
2.8 REQUIREMENTS TO SATISFY SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS

Pavers and flags satisfying the following are deemed to satisfy the requirements of
Clauses 2.2, 2.4 and 2.5 for the nominated applications:
(a) For applications in Australia ...................................................................... Table 2.8.
(b) For applications in New Zealand ............................................................... NZS 3116.
COPYRIGHT
TABLE 2.8
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR DIMENSIONS, BREAKING LOAD AND ABRASION RESISTANCE
Minimum
Work size minimum
characteristic Dimensional deviation
thickness Maximum abrasion resistance
Pavement applications breaking load* category
mm (mean abrasion index)
kN
Pavers Flags Pavers Flags Pavers Flags
Relevant Australian Standard AS/NZS 4456.5 NA AS/NZS 4456.3 AS/NZS 4456.9
Residential Pedestrians only (e.g., paths,
2 5 40 40 DP0 DPA1 or DPB1
patios and outdoor areas)
Pedestrian and light vehicles
only (e.g., driveways, parking 3 7 40 50 DPA1 or DPB1 DPA2 or DPB2
spaces, and the like)
Pedestrian and commercial
5 7 60 60 DPA1 or DPB1 DPA2 or DPB2
vehicles
Pedestrian traffic volume
COPYRIGHT
Low Medium High

Pedestrians only** 2 5 40 40 DPA1 or B1 DPA1 or B1 7 5.5 3.5
11
Public space
Pedestrian and light vehicles
3 7 50 50 DPA2 or B2 DPA2 or B2 7 5.5 3.5
only
Pedestrian and commercial
5 60 DPA2 or B2 DPA2 or B2 7 5.5 3.5
vehicles
Trafficked Minor and residential 6 NA 60 NA DPA2 or B2 NA NA
segmental pavers Local access 6 NA 60 NA DPA2 or B2 NA NA
Collector 6 NA 76 NA DPA2 or B2 NA NA
* At 28 days for concrete products only.
At 90 days for concrete products only.
Alternative means for demonstrating compliance with the performance requirements are given in Appendix B.
** Where cleaning of pavers and flags is undertaken by mechanical means or where prevention of vehicle entry cannot be guaranteed, the minimum recommended pavers and
flags are the Pedestrian and light vehicles only for such pavement applications.
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
No abrasion criteria are specified for residential pavers. Abrasion resistance requirements for aesthetic or other purposes shall be specified to the supplier/
manufacturer.
Flags should be specifically designed for each application.
LEGEND:
NA = Not applicable
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010 12
2.9 DESIGNATION
Manufacturers shall declare the pavement application in product literature, product
specifications, and/or order and delivery documentation.
NOTE: Manufacturers making a statement of compliance with this Australian/New Zealand
Standard on a product, packaging, or promotional material related to that product are advised to
ensure that such compliance is capable of being verified.
COPYRIGHT
13 AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
APPENDIX A
DEMONSTRATION OF COMPLIANCE FOR STRENGTH
(Normative)
A1 GENERAL
This Appendix provides acceptable methods for demonstrating compliance with the strength
requirements of this Standard as given in Paragraphs A2 and A3.
NOTES:
1 Appendix B provides means for demonstrating compliance with this Standard.
2 Appendix C sets out a method for evaluating the characteristic value.
Where a sample taken from a lot fails to conform to the specified requirements, that lot may
be sorted, resampled at random and retested.
Where a lot does not meet a required performance level, that lot may be reclassified by
subdividing the lot into smaller lots, resampling at random in accordance with
AS/NZS 4456.1, retesting and reclassifying each of the smaller lots.
A2 MEANS FOR DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE FOR A SINGLE LOT

Where compliance with a specified characteristic value is required for a single lot, the lot is
deemed to be in compliance if the mean value of a sample, drawn at random from the lot
and calculated in accordance with AS 4456.2, is greater than the specified characteristic
value +1.2s.
The unbiased standard deviation(s) shall be
(a) based on a history of test results from more than 30 specimens; or
(b) taken as 0.3 times the sample mean.
A3 MEANS FOR DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE FOR LOTS TAKEN

DURING CONTINUOUS MANUFACTURE
Where compliance with a specified characteristic value is required for lots taken during
manufacture, and provided the manufacturing process has been controlled by continuous
sampling and testing during manufacture in accordance with the appropriate requirements
of AS 3942, an individual lot is deemed to be in compliance, provided the mean of the
sample drawn from that lot does not fall below the control level. The control level shall be
set at a value greater than the following:
2s
Specified characteristic value + 1.65s
n
where
s = unbiased standard deviation
n = number of test specimens in the sample
The unbiased standard deviation (s) shall be determined from the 30 most recent specimens
tested. Each sample shall consist of specimens drawn at regular intervals during production
or randomly sampled from the lot. The number of specimens in each sample (n) shall be
sufficient to reliably represent the lot from which they are drawn. Samples shall consist of
at least five specimens.
COPYRIGHT
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010 14
APPENDIX B
MEANS FOR DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE WITH THIS STANDARD
(Informative)
B1 SCOPE
This Appendix sets out the following different means by which compliance with this
Standard can be demonstrated by the manufacturer or supplier:
(a) Evaluation by means of statistical sampling.
(b) The use of a product certification scheme.
(c) Assurance using the acceptability of the suppliers quality system.
(d) Other such means proposed by the manufacturer or supplier and acceptable to the
customer.
B2 STATISTICAL SAMPLING
Statistical sampling is a procedure which enables decisions to be made about the quality of
batches of items after inspecting or testing only a portion of those items. This procedure
will only be valid if the sampling plan has been determined on a statistical basis and the
following requirements are met:

(a) The sample needs to be drawn randomly from a population of product of known
history. The history needs to enable verification that the product was made from
known materials at essentially the same time, by essentially the same processes and
under essentially the same system of control.
(b) For each different situation, a suitable sampling plan needs to be defined. A sampling
plan for one manufacturer of given capability and product throughput may not be
relevant to another manufacturer producing the same items.
In order for statistical sampling to be meaningful to the customer, the manufacturer or
supplier needs to demonstrate how the above conditions have been satisfied. Sampling and
the establishment of a sampling plan should be carried out in accordance with AS 1199.1,
guidance to which is given in AS 1199.0.
B3 PRODUCT CERTIFICATION
The purpose of product certification is to provide independent assurance of the claim by the
manufacturer that products comply with the stated Standard.
The certification scheme should meet the criteria described in HB 18.28 in that, as well as
full type testing from independently sampled production and subsequent verification of
conformance, it requires the manufacturer to maintain effective quality planning to control
production.
The certification scheme serves to indicate that the products consistently conform to the
requirements of the Standard.
COPYRIGHT
15 AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
B4 SUPPLIERS QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Where the manufacturer or supplier can demonstrate an audited quality management system
complying with the requirements of the appropriate or stipulated Australian or international
Standard for a suppliers quality management system or systems, this may provide the
necessary confidence that the specified requirements will be met. The quality assurance
requirements need to be agreed between the customer and supplier and should include a
quality or inspection and test plan to ensure product conformity.
Information on establishing a quality management system is set out in AS/NZS ISO 9001
and AS/NZS ISO 9004.
B5 OTHER MEANS OF ASSESSMENT

If the above methods are considered inappropriate, determination of compliance with the
requirements of this Standard may be assessed from the results of testing coupled with the
manufacturers guarantee of product conformance.
Irrespective of acceptable quality levels (AQLs) or test frequencies, the responsibility
remains with the manufacturer or supplier to supply products that conform to the full
requirements of the Standard.
COPYRIGHT
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010 16
APPENDIX C
DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUE
(Informative)
C1 SCOPE
This Appendix sets out the method for evaluating the characteristic value (when required)
of a group of test results.
C2 EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUE

The characteristic value for the property being evaluated is as follows:
(a) If n < 10; = kk spl . . . C2(1)
(b) If n 10; = k k ksp . . . C2(2)
where
n = number of test results in the set used to evaluate
= characteristic value for the type of unit represented by the set of
specimens
kk = a characteristic value factor derived from Table C1, in which the

coefficient of variation (V) is determined in accordance with
Paragraph C3
fspl = the least of the individual results in the set
f ksp = the (lower) 5 percentile value for the set of test results, measured or
assessed from a relative cumulative frequency distribution of that test
data
The lower 5 percentile (fksp) value for a given set of test results is found as follows:
Rank the test results fsp(1)f sp(i)fsp(n)
n + 10
then f ksp = f sp . . . C2(3)
20
For example, if n = 25, then fksp = f sp(1.75), which is obtained by interpolating between
fsp(1) and fsp(2).
C3 COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
For the purpose of calculating k k the value of the coefficient of variation (V) is assessed as
follows:
(a) Where n < 30:
V = a value estimated for that particular type of unit or obtained from a sufficiently
large supplementary body of data (containing not less than 30 relevant test
results) that is representative of that type of unit.
Unless otherwise substantiated by analysis of actual test data, the value
estimated for V should not be less than 0.3 for breaking load
(b) Where n 30:
V = coefficient of variation of the set of test results being evaluated
COPYRIGHT
17 AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
TABLE C1
CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH FACTOR
Characteristic value factor (kk )
Number of
test results Coefficient of variation (V)
(n)
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
1 1.00 0.72 0.52 0.37 0.27 0.19
2 1.00 0.77 0.59 0.46 0.35 0.27
5 1.00 0.84 0.71 0.60 0.51 0.43
10 1.00 0.91 0.82 0.74 0.67 0.61
20 1.00 0.94 0.87 0.81 0.75 0.69
50 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.80
100 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.86
200 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90
500 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94
1000 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
NOTES:
1 Linear interpolation may be used.
2 k k estimates the lower 5 percentile value of the population with a confidence of 0.75.
COPYRIGHT
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010 18
APPENDIX D
PURCHASING GUIDELINES
(Informative)
D1 SCOPE
This Appendix offers guidance for, but does not purport to fulfil all of the requirements of,
a purchasing agreement for pavers and flags.
It gives recommendations on contractual matters that are outside the scope of the Standard
proper but which are intended to ensure compliance with it.
D2 ORDERING
When ordering units to this Standard, the purchaser should quote the work size or the
relevant manufacturers code number, any other property requirements and the number of
this Australian/New Zealand Standard, i.e., AS/NZS 4455.2.
D3 IDENTIFICATION
The manufacturer should record the product identification on delivery dockets.
D4 VERIFICATION
D4.1 Quality records
Manufacturers of units complying with this Standard should carry out regular testing of
their product as part of their quality system. It is recommended that the purchaser, instead
of being put to the expense of sampling and testing individual deliveries of units, take
advantage of the manufacturers quality system.
The manufacturers should be prepared to
(a) supply, on request, relevant data on unit properties from quality records; or
(b) make such records available for inspection by an independent inspector, acceptable to
both the purchaser and manufacturer.
D4.2 Additional verification testing
Where additional verification is required by a purchaser, sampling and subsequent testing of
the lot in accordance with this Standard should be carried out by a laboratory experienced
in carrying out the appropriate test.
NOTE: Laboratories accredited with the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA), or
IANZ, New Zealand, are acceptable for this purpose.
It is recommended that the cost of units required for testing and the cost of sampling and
testing should be borne
(a) by the purchaser, if the units conform to limits specified by the purchaser in his or her
order or when particular limits have not been specified; or
(b) by the supplier, if the units do not conform to limits specified in the contract.
If the sample taken from the lot fails to conform to the specified requirements, the lot may
be sorted, resampled at random and retested at the expense of the supplier.
In respect of Item (b), the lot would be liable to rejection.
COPYRIGHT
19 AS/NZS 4455.2:2010
APPENDIX E
TESTING FOR ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES
(Informative)
If the following properties are specified, they should be determined in accordance with the
test methods set out:
(a) Determining potential to efflorescence ............................................. AS/NZS 4456.6.
(b) Determining moisture content, dry density and ambient density ........ AS/NZS 4456.8.
(c) Determining coefficients of expansion ............................................AS/NZS 4456.11.
(d) Determining pitting due to lime particles.........................................AS/NZS 4456.13.
(e) Determining water absorption properties .........................................AS/NZS 4456.14.
COPYRIGHT
AS/NZS 4455.2:2010 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AS
1199 Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes
1199.0 Part 0: Introduction to the ISO 2859 attribute sampling system
1199.1 Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-
by-lot inspection
AS/NZS
4456 Masonry units, segmental pavers and flagsMethods of test
4456.6 Method 6: Determining potential to effloresce
4456.8 Method 8: Determining moisture content, dry density and ambient density
4456.11 Method 11 Determining coefficients of expansion
4456.13 Method 13: Determining pitting due to lime particles
4456.14 Method 14: Determining water absorption properties
AS/NZS ISO
9001 Quality management systemsRequirements
9004 Quality management systemsGuidelines for performance improvements
SA
HB18 Conformity assessment

HB18.28 Guide 28: Guidance on a third party certification system for products
Standards Australia
Standards Australia is an independent company, limited by guarantee, which prepares and publishes
most of the voluntary technical and commercial standards used in Australia. These standards are
developed through an open process of consultation and consensus, in which all interested parties are
invited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth
government, Standards Australia is recognized as Australias peak national standards body.
Standards New Zealand

The first national Standards organization was created in New Zealand in 1932. The Standards
Council of New Zealand is the national authority responsible for the production of Standards.
Standards New Zealand is the trading arm of the Standards Council established under the Standards
Act 1988.
Australian/New Zealand Standards

Under a Memorandum of Understanding between Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand,
Australian/New Zealand Standards are prepared by committees of experts from industry,
governments, consumers and other sectors. The requirements or recommendations contained
in published Standards are a consensus of the views of representative interests and also take
account of comments received from other sources. They reflect the latest scientific and industry
experience. Australian/New Zealand Standards are kept under continuous review after publication
and are updated regularly to take account of changing technology.
International Involvement
Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand are responsible for ensuring that the Australian
and New Zealand viewpoints are considered in the formulation of international Standards and that
the latest international experience is incorporated in national and Joint Standards. This role is vital
in assisting local industry to compete in international markets. Both organizations are the national
members of ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International
Electrotechnical Commission).
Visit our web sites
www.standards.org.au www.standards.co.nz
www.standards.com.au
GPO Box 476 Sydney NSW 2001 Level 10 Radio New Zealand House
Phone (02) 9237 6000 155 The Terrace Wellington 6011
Fax (02) 9237 6010 (Private Bag 2439 Wellington 6140)
Email mail@standards.org.au Phone (04) 498 5990
Internet www.standards.org.au Fax (04) 498 5994
SAI Global Customer Service Customer Services (04) 498 5991
Phone 13 12 42 Information Service (04) 498 5992
Fax 1300 65 49 49 Email snz@standards.co.nz
Email sales@saiglobal.com Internet www.standards.co.nz
ISBN 978 0 7337 9665 4 Printed in Australia

This page has been left intentionally blank.

4455 2-2010

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

4455 2-2010

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

AS/NZS 4455.

Australian/New Zealand Standard

Masonry units, pavers, flags and

Part 2: Pavers and flags

The following are represented on Committee BD-026:

Association of Consulting Structural Engineers of NSW

Keeping Standards up-to-date

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 05578.

Australian/New Zealand Standard

Masonry units, pavers, flags and

Part 2: Pavers and flags

Originated in Australia as AS A211934.

ISBN 978 0 7337 9665 4

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

SECTION 2 PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australian/New Zealand Standard

Part 2: Pavers and flags

SECT ION 1 SCOPE AND GENERA L

1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES

1.4.11.1.1 Low-volume pavement

2.2 DIMENSIONAL DEVIATIONS FROM WORK SIZE

2.2.1 Performance requirement

2.2.4 Dimensional consistency between deliveries

2.3 DEVIATION FROM FLATNESS

2.4 BREAKING LOAD

2.5 ABRASION RESISTANCE

2.6 SLIP RESISTANCE

conditions similar to those existing at the site considered.

2.8 REQUIREMENTS TO SATISFY SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS

Low Medium High

A2 MEANS FOR DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE FOR A SINGLE LOT

A3 MEANS FOR DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE FOR LOTS TAKEN

following requirements are met:

B4 SUPPLIERS QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

B5 OTHER MEANS OF ASSESSMENT

C2 EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUE

kk = a characteristic value factor derived from Table C1, in which the

HB18 Conformity assessment

Standards New Zealand

Australian/New Zealand Standards

Visit our web sites

ISBN 978 0 7337 9665 4 Printed in Australia

This page has been left intentionally blank.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen