Figure1

Figure 1 shows waveforms of armature voltage (upper graph) and the armature current (lower graph)

Figure 2

Figure 2 shows waveforms of field voltage (upper graph) and the field current (lower graph)
 Figure 3

Figure 3 shows waveforms of pulse generator output, gate waveform of TH2, sawtooth waveform
and comparator control input respectively.

Figure 4

Figure 4 shows waveforms of comparator output (upper most graph) and gate of TH1 (lower graphs)
Discussion

1. There is a voltage at the load even when the speed-input potentiometer is at minimum

Here we have used PWM switching circuit with fixed switching frequency. So the gate input
voltage changes with the changing input voltage. Theoretically in the beginning speed input
potentiometer should be zero, But the chances of it happening are very low, as there may be
very small steps exist even in the little time. The reason for that is the time difference
between thyristor 1 and thyristor 2. Due to those kind of practical limitations, voltage does
not become zero even when the potentiometer is at minimum.

2. Why the speed input potentiometer, in the first few steps didnt respond to the motor, how
the problems can possibly be eliminated ?

Here the practical was done under no load condition. So in the beginning the only torque
that is available is the friction torque at shaft bearings. But friction torque is a very low value
under low speeds. So the result is the friction torque will not be a considerable value unless
speed is increased.
Usually the balancing torque does not increase considerably until the motor reaches
considerable speed. So when friction torque increases with the speed, it will go up to a value
such that, giving balance torque with significant change in speed.

To eliminate this problem, practical should be done, under loaded condition, where load is
significantly large, so friction torque can be neglected.

3. Why the field current waveform contain less ripple compared with the field voltage
waveform ?

For a given field inductance the field current is propotional to the integration of field
voltage for a given field inductance. So when the waveforms are compared the voltage
waveform consists higher number of ripples, in field current there are lesser number of
ripples. Mathematically when there are lots of ripples in voltage waveform, according to
the relationship ( i f v f there will be lesser number of ripples in the current
waveform. it is explained in some other way, if we imagine the system is a spring mass
system and mass represents the inductance. Since mass has inertia, even there is a high
kinetic energy, it doesnt like to change the velocity suddenly. Similarly in here even there
are ripples (sudden changes) in the voltage waveform, current will have lesser ripples

4. Comment on the shape of the armature voltage and current waveform of part(c)?

Figure 1
 Here dotted line represents the current waveform when the load torque is reduced by half of
its original value.

Armature voltage waveform

According to the figure 5 it can be clearly seen that T ON and TOFF time of the PWM
waveform can be clearly identified. Normally Waveform is given like a square
waveform as given above.

current waveform

Because of the armature voltage variation, we can see some ripples in the current
waveform. From the figure 5 it can be clearly seen that, there are two impulses,
because of the dropping and rising edges in PWM.

5. Comment on the control circuit waveform in part (d)?

This consists with several waveforms, and those are explained below

1) Pulse generator output-square wave generate by the pulse generator, with a constant
frequency
2) Trace gate wave form of TH2- waveform is generated , by detecting the dropping
edge of square waveform (this is inverted before it goes to the TH2)

3) Saw tooth waveform- this is obtained from the integration of the square form, with
same frequency. This is used to generate control signal to TH1. Shape of the
waveform is shown in the figure 6.

4) Comparator control input waveform-when the switching control signal to TH1 is

generated this is considered as the reference waveform. Some variation can be
observed in this waveform, because of the feedback getting from armature voltage
and current.

5) - A square waveform generated using saw tooth waveform and comparator

control input

6) Gate waveform of TH1- this is generated, by detecting dropping edge of square

waveform at comparator output. (this is inverted before it goes to the TH1)

Sawtooth
waveform Control voltage

Figure 2

Upper graph-sawtooth waveform and control voltage (V C)

Lower graph-Drive of the switch Vg

7) State functions of potentiometer VR1, VR2, VR3 VR4& VR5?

 VR1:-adjust the armature voltage feedback signal
VR2:-adjust the error between armature voltage feedback & set speed input
VR3:-adjust the armature current feedback signal
VR4:-adjust error between armature current feedback signal and VR2 output
VR5:-adjust signal range set value

6. State few practical applications of chopper drives?

Chopper diver circuit is popular of using for electronic switching devices. The reason for
that is, high efficiency (since it involves one stage conversion), smooth control, fast
operation of the chopper driver circuit.

Battery operated vehicles

DC motor drives when DC supply is available (use as a speed controller as well)

Switched mode power supplies

Use as a switched frequency devices

For mine haulers

For marine hoist

For class D electronic amplifiers

Battery charges where uncontrolled rectifier give DC to choppers

Lighting and lamp controls also prefer choppers

Traction drives use four quadrant choppers for energy saving

For variable frequency devices