sea sll cra sll all pany Ath all clea) cy Jsaull jue 3) sSall edly: Aled + Salall ch Genii Glas Sai: lll! alae! ALLS sols)! Ahad SS) OI polos OF iY Cdl chemical pulse 2015Ve Gases ond liguide. \ *- All mofter exist it three stofe of agyredation V- So lich 2- Nigqwele 2- geseoe - - Solidi maybe eh ehinet HS abodly Passes both ofe bintihe Vo lame ance oe init. snake ab adiven Rca ond PYespute: 4 ‘ in abu, bes adifinte Vv £ Pluiels) liq.ud ole + ‘ o hame but No ofefiniie shofe nbs fehinite shofe Mow Vo lame.+ - be icleot gas Lhe Volume aceupred by rhe moleces themself '5 neg Ligibl lhe both Valame of ol Press bem pPerohurve - © comParet uwe and with the interme lec dart cttiwaction is extremly smal uncer’ ol condi blowPF ar pases both ob SF appres iable [ volume antl interme lec ar ose ottvaction Nek neg leig ble = y Wwe com sce the volume accupick by rhe molecwks VS ney lig h\e lecwlary ab bvattion and. low [cecal and rhe mneten is smell =p of high dem peratar peter one): SY oe sat ad 3- General Zation af ile gas pendview # Di iw, 12) Boyle's. MW: [[ the Volume a aps ok sensson Seen Age BabtSnay wai tisimarreasing, [Priess4re’] isathermal Prveces? . pa x [ the vo Jume of any ole pinire quan Fiky of ges at constant lem ferak es yawied inver’sely as Phe Pressure oO” the gos: a ye Rice the Pro pertianaity Pactor ve 4 _. Whese Velue Acfenhan te Gime hee. ye toayre om = oe. meen oe mele: es a, A Te Pot rhe Volume ace upiet by 199 t fx —: oxygen ok 25 and 6emmNy used QR = seBZ! pcan ware ly Lae 5g siesome's 2 Oot 2p 1: e 322Ex The gage fressuve of om: awtamabile & Hive js Measured be be 305 kha Absolte eee be faw brip oma 315 KPa at ler the ym Assume \ne Volume NMemains Coustonk ancl the Hre bef the bei is 25¢ sale ber mine. re temperature after te Evip a = hv = Cry aN =e 3e5 KR i avs Kek ZA ON Ni oes oe Et A2e4 me contoiner is Gilleel with odky of 6 kygen ot Pers ure of Be kPa What is the hem Perotune of 92 used P R= 2 2398 eee ms] kg. k : OLS ad x0 bi ay Pye m AT qa kor yc yea yh 20 HES 6oo kf + Gere = 30.4 k oa# Dalton law of paw bio Pressure - « Oh canstenr weme the fatal Pressuve exert i by amixtare af gas in adifink Volume 13 equst Fhe swmnof the indlivictwa! pressure wich oo oe Wot exert iP iF accufied the sx boleh Vo lune odo ne Se As LE cue vee SP bap og et ete der i ot He Pho tal ” in tees 4 [Pave str = nike neRe y Meise tas Ev als + oe = (Mm 4 NzeNg s) are eee atite ei e fe . ne Prob Vit . b Mitac tien( ») Ceesef Paw tiok Volume - Se Na ene It ons) eG wixhwre Fhe bor Valume Maye -consiclered. ko be rhe Sawn “ab “bee fawtiod Volume s he mixkwre® x- Ama Gah's law 5 con tik \wenkS ef f ee v. & Va F--S n RY i Mae n3 RV ic ~~? e = [14 neaxnsy RE er " V\ 2 Ve Ne~~ GRAWHAMs Law of DiPPusion- IM De Tabe os il ws els ges ay? ot -* oe fe aK Z Sabi GSP aan Lens ities 2- melecdar weighk- ae “Vhis law skefe phat ot acanstovk bem feeribwt on ol Pressure the rake, of. ofiff usion of variows gases very inversely a5 asequare real of their olensikies oO” ™° lec ham weiglrrr « ee Y Pe we GazCeeae an =p sivce AWA ee (Se? and. Te mfertture path Gase? hae the same motor Valent - Rr ro laré Vol ume * e # f= mess =e fl omw Valwnwe nn Se UL VP md TNE Sy vy Vm VM.4 The Kimotic thea’y ot idew/| gas: (Pos bwlebed \ (etm) ee OC ee cls gt ool et € \- Gas ave con Siolervecl fo be comfsset af minute. oliscrete Pow Ficles edlledd, «@ molecwes” mR Pre Same Manse One size lowe different from. des bo oo acontwinery “Me 5 2. Vhe no lecwles Witkin He believed fe be Im ceaseles’ sss} Chas tic metlew [ ey srbo| Auwing Which khey cellide ea each athew and wim Khe Wolts of container. oF? Se The seine cdeent ak Pre contr new Walls by tke molecwes Pr essuwe [ the Canes gives wise Fe Mae Phensmencd we call exerted oh we Well Per anih aren 15 Fhe Avarge boree Fer writ Pres Which the molectles exert WH tein call Isjan with bhe Wells ad4- Meas unk . " ote p ASS ky ages With im acenbainer B ees nok Vary With Ewe oF wy sjiven Pressure and Tem ferornwe i, ie He the malecar cal sian wrsk \nvolved no energy loss olne to Pract oi athe wordt all wolecMar cellisian are el ob bic - a4 — uw 5- The abselwe remPerat UME \> aq uantishy proportioned bo rhe AVowge kina ie energy of melecwes arecveleavig iw usystcm. ire = } iz - Swale Vie ase eee = ais g. of lew Pressure the aang e ofl's tonce between melecwes ane lary e eomPareA wih mokculaw chinm cteron ante’ alt Wackive force between molecKes MAY Wwe cansicb ered ney ugk. 2 ole Penet an Khe Arsbkonce of melecwew sefaration: yp. When the me lec les are Smell comPared WRIEW Whe oliskance lee tween them y bhein Yalume may be con sidered bo be nigligible com Powed Wile aterA Valame- Seay(ee When he lis tance ib al Nook Meam S{uare Velo city. Moet SDPO Sapno7er “Qt ee be oot Jt lee we pole dee Rag lz Ze a aN lee rip ar gee OG Change iw Wee WERE gm 4 | seconde. \ ne lees = \melecMes change team 3 a2 mut 3. melecWes emer Take change = 2m OE¥- the kimatic rheavy is the cLiweck Praper/rienaly and Khe oo sole e bekWeen the kimabic eneray Vem Pewot wwe - F? oye BihakiG \ — 5 Bb +m” Cee ee a fy=t mn we ZB PV = Riri nt 2S) : Wed ts Ze Con font vee (Bey b> Jaw):= charles la’ J con Stank. Pressune \. = 2 i RAV; = an : “BRIT onsen. ee lal Volume of All gases ot the #Avogaddo Prin clipe L some Pressure and. Tem Contain equal num beret molecules \ AM = P2Ve 3 oN mie sierears =e as the bem Perbuve 1s oso constou othe Aige " Avanige kinotic eneryy Per molecWs must be the same ams. law: L. comstenr Volume omek = oi Priessuwe: | A = yf me we aoe a ue Wt ae\ Amo le —> 6623 He ov-om » marlecwles. & . 2 M assume (ne = Yl Mu Lal) me N ee ae Nee 2) ae FO mee pVia\ ~ ue nRV > asovre wv on¥ N 3 Number of ws\& ovo: wo nunbe’ xs ee asveo om Hest ohhe higher the mass mo lecwes the mote Slowly musk it we moving => PVe Len Me = ART \ Es condbd oka: rye Velo eiky ot hy olwegen => “ 4 mo lecwles oh oe 9 R= 231y le ergs mene om A my= 20h a ~ wot aeMM he oy By let byne: om| 2BISK — Oe ae a ae =>"182 g3h sem = 6B miles /min df when the Swifter clioxide tke mw/= O49 = 5 mole ok he “ems What 1S Velazity- ee | ise we 2 p13 Wrsee Pea (Gunton on eae a # miWemisiwenic energy f TWansiebion x THE only HYPE of energy WE have ascribed thus vee fow be gus molecwles 5 thew BlGaira melee cise a ir aleng thwee eacedineke kes. # Chemical PMSE 2415 tab eee: 0 Ca + and 7 Ss >(40 Mv = nar} ein 1S, mes ee. olefenol. only on the Als Sa\whe Venferahure Ce eee” Ex aeheWoke the TemPerakwre that ave The SEs kwan slotion Kinotic enewap Pew ma le edad (Re 83m joes —\) 2488504 ohkegree. mole Se a ie: k Wsby (F823 ok = 1484 aoe 4v K He the Avarde Kinelice enewgy Per! mol ecles 23 - 3 kee Bol bZ mann Coustonk = h3ges ¥€/6 “Kf erg> kK ’8 *- Distribution al moleculan VelociFies either ise dP ak sis ye Due 3 7? E é yy re * a caer wa ae} & win BA ora c Be ey ee eee Souk Ss ey Ae aia ae zo) (Maxwell and ce aA AE BolkZ maw) el Ee / - sa <( Velacity oft malecles) eet,ay cy + C24 C34 C4-— cw Ay — L a) sedf a s— : ao & a an ee Nes) ee Cea 22 Px ee eae Die ¥- the post mean Squave Maze cts oF 4 ot wl ¥~Nsz 04ZlU Ve 942) [BRT NM ee23 ee *- Frequency of collision ancl mean free faths Zee ne 2ua> oN EN Co AoTe [ \ Aiamerer- Avawge mo lecwhaw. ie yorek wownbe” vels ey of colihiny we lecwles Per cubic. Centimeter pew strand” a oe ee es & swmce each collision Wales two me lecwes mut ie v : \ : \ eo mre * JE ao) b7 the mean free — Somae farm (avarige olistane) this Pertigeh ik exPewiences.24 PWablew> 7- 4 ae mass = 2Y Ve ZL Vessel P= 2) ohm Ve 2 » ae 2 2 90 b2T whe 22H more < # Pveney Bre Vales 20 20825 wage 20 82) Lobe Vo? wee Seed aC fo ees ee eee fe et Te) Bets * Pahoa mw Nis vy ) cay PM = BERT pe ts wea RY i Pe (Mdeommig 124d) owen # MFT SE 70824 Lom x 3B moe dei. 9]y ——= ASSAME Hh 15 Jas iS jtiod gas: Noy = 736 Viotoh => RE 2 o30 Miaka RT np tae Co Woe Be Mo pal ! ere eee Pe eG a = i Nese mo le Wao= mv so melt Woo = = male! Co = ™a55,,- 30 ee eens mass Hy = 1S mete % 23 a) ae M455 Cao= 36 VA eee Rec : Mes 4 wate 5 mele *% 3t9 = 160 9 mag> o-= DE wo le Teta mass = 24309 = Ye 5 YW, of -_ Xuy = a 5 S36: ‘a nace = 2 cf QS aN ome bile 5% aeRR le, Prod = athees + Pes9, e aA \ m RT — eo Ethane *( wwev } Cod, =(&)( 8, +) = 90821 Latny 20821 LAmw+ 323K + gx mole. K * SY Flr AY Ima = aH am ae ee ee ee ee Bea oes: y col olf X 2wAr = 3% Vi48 imple 4 30¥ yf 219856 cal 24,44 le ents: 3R 1 of ahs ee oy Ub = 3x Sst KK: ey, Wm [oor te yn seb EE ise Rtn Sth' H t | bEAe RO case:as “X- Com Pressibility Facter oP eb? pie a. (2) 4 ales ELV colts LOY SP lee YI las -* pp anes AA Stem > Be pple ( Rel gas) “een clin se ee -* ayes w= ae & =H ap lees Fae ae ee rv uo oy eee mbes iv she rs : ou | aU He Sey o eittsP ples pe eee ol YTS = ino, Boyle bem ferakuve » Bsyle Point Avi 5 Zim RY nRV fave. ¢ Au 1 bey! -* ee 2an2R- Bo ee (si Vom Dew W AAS \ equation of Ske, %& equotion of stebe i-_ hy Cqustion thet Welot es the pressune ybemferatuve anol Valume of Substance. i boss ee iSRe * eq Motion Van Aew Walls: Skank ihePendenr ae Wy RY 2 Con ff Re ns of press nic and ee V4 “Tern Pe tobnve: if : (atm - U2 > Volune Ke masie® ot gas Cick'of gas) the effective Voleme of Phe malecwles Vu one mele: c= wolel Are iv iS Paw each ams ameasuwe ot rhe magni bade of rhe inter melecwlaw awactive farce Witkin ass: = P= mee + Karon y ee OO mole t abl er al . Le P- okm. ohms Ohm FE # helew mine the fPresswre ot Wich 2 mare of amenia Will ACCUPY VO lnme stab 2c Az 4,14 obm Lt Lb spe Bt C/imo Ie: mok® YY % WF UP of = (2% 2°32!) 25 eeewW 4 frie blenrs 85. - By uset Van chew NY, N= Bwmeles Velol P= lout. ea oS. waa\e rial sp IS atm Tt 3me € 20828 Ahwl » 7 mek 4 mate x 64 a Ink = 3 mays #50364 L lao L yal me Te 622k 2 356 prshem 2) mass= loag dec Vest ——— Te Yoo sb n=_leed = ATELI mK FTF /msie WORE 2224 he le’ ¥ se B2\-ohw ee ace ty (2:2 medH 3:54 he | 2124S sodas a . a mcle 2s Pe LIS ow By ea) Seyr ete po B2\ Lamm y We jeO eel. Le sc = Wb whee Ua Men22 Peco P= face » Fo 3404- 3% = oof Pink mass ee ve ZURT => ee ofa foop = = wo sot woke zB} mass = 1S Ul 7 = Syke = oe ea a ae ae : | he fiwst daw/ of hen Namics * Study of wis interrelacrion of He Var ions : Forms of enery im asystem constitukes the Subyecr of thermo AYnamic © pl Fae aes 2 OH we ft —¥ =) lap gold Sb 14 avis re ie eae at ae ea Stem lb = 1s ofefine a3 any forhion df the universe iselated in an newt on Pegion in sPace Chasen for stwoly -Ned se & Surrounding » the Portion of Lhe wiverse excluded fam the system wo Ar the region awtside the System. * bows dary “- We weal on im ayi nay suw face Hhak Seferlotes khe Sy Sem Prom it's Su vidounding. Bb System + Surfonnd ina, = Vnwerse: See ee * Sy stem ype : , rend Sonic A system = Ne Fran shew exh mat tend SASS, i of eter’ een 425k ecm Wien can exchanges bath matkew and energy wir WPS suwound ing - ee tba lahed= system's VS MASS anch encrly eX chonde . ¢ sigh oN FO anomede t= el hone er ¢ alromagenconh 27 Stem contain only OOS ieee ilies in oh eferigeneorS 595 Phase . # fem more than ASMA+ Preaperkies of asystem :- \- IntBn sive Pro fer ries are these whese. Volue inckefedent af the \echowe — bobeh mass Such a5 . they, bbe - Pressure - olensity ~ veflective index - Mass = Volume - energy Pew male * 2- Extensive Properties » any Property whase mag wibucte olepencl onthe amowni F swesrare Tétoh mass /*Tame) ney ee ee eae The Pins) law of rhernedy namic eneryy com be neither’ creak ed Nov! olestroyed . 1 \ pete Ghawy kk oar te ee pin oy ee ee work — 47121 ape A= Nat shake function aan eee €q wahion icone! the fivsr % the internal energy olefenL Only) One stole of the s¥stem [ inthev awd Biv StabeBb 4W i Worke clone bY the Sy stem: —Wr work olone on the system” * Wotlk = peeves As Ae sty PA dws F- AL v2 fw 2JP ov we i Bel Pe ae a L constant Velume C aivec| => owes | DE=F Bax, ariigicl tals) Contains iw ak Soo kha amd I5ec tT of heat trfanaPer Fo Khe surtout bs%e anh Yoo kk f& as ares the: Tond P Apso P bo Délerming the Wowk oton€ okuviing rhis Pro ces5: Vc met dd =o ran Mv a a 2 - opfosing pressure Zerlo > this iS cafe Priee expontion > Po olWw=o LE =4 —a. Vos ftie oe OPPrsing fresmare, Can, Stank w= plv-V 1 DE= 4.- pbVe-v) * re Sy * . ow BA aps ses! ot pte baer TUF v5! tte hee Fx coatban dio xidle Conkuinedk in apis ton oy tinder a devicek 15 campressecl Pram <3 bo vl mEsThe Pressuve andl Valume related by Psd 2a Bk fo m& calemote the Werk olone on the Ee ee ancl otia eS ioc 4 -a(-+ 2 2 ; fod oe Wis PP aah fo wht, F y, ; ‘ ) Liew =- &keos[ Snes Paes ike = 2333S The negative sign inolicake, that Work 's done on the Systewe - a pmaaae5g We. Wowk imvelve im Fhe exPom bow el Baal a exch Vidvade 1 Small wD & when. Vepy the Precese is ex Paw on 5 W is Positive 2 WK Wo we * When Vac » the Proces3 iS compmssian. W is negative » win ee ed ee Bf & Reversi Bi lity conch MAXIMA wow ke 1 anes : 1, yet avs ee x be wo bt Ese Steet een ee a & Reyer! sible =» Change Prom initiel ts Pinel Stete accunce by) on inpinike Wamleer cf cule? Pro blem lo ma loosg g= low a ’ [ 4w= OMe + BE e+ sy for. fst lew 14 = mgh =! ACen yee 3 Li ain ae = 481 J tayIo. I Az Socn® dt 20cm Pacey: 4 (20% @) od » Le we P Dv = 3atw % ae = BC LIS atm wd > 3,64 ks? ay. pars lhe xg 7 ge eae We 363,60) = 86-4 col . ae ig ; Se ee Pan aie vez fol Vizisl aaa Dee Ove wtf ay : ro cal - (safle ep aoe Inet lol KPA, La, lr) pot foot acd = Ses cal - Y32, 8 coh oes) cent 2 eee Tsethermal and Tdiobaic Pracess: Iso thernsd > any Process Con Acted iW amanney “Such thet the bei perofuwe Hemolns Cand rawr: RES B FeoQa cd a Qews fart 2 arv WhE)ofove 1 vi Po ay eee pee caleukoke the Work performed when 2mole. és of ly dilegen expand ésothenmally anc rever/sibie Pega pomnalop horse) om VL 2 wole daw "hs. 248K VizISL Var sob Wynat = v RT ha 2 2 Zmdle keoga) obi» £4 ln 3S - mle maple: Wf 1S = : Wye IKK UY Seal Ft oles kk ay, tan ‘ae aieuy yal cal # oe bia ez) faaEx amass of 2:4 ky ofepimiok [Se KPA fe ond \2e 15 contained in : -Hght 2 frbcrionles fs ton cylinder’ 5 The aliits nov/compresseN Alo ofind Pressuve of foo kas olering the prio cess Ten [> ConSbontk 2 co ewlote AR Winfit kaning this (recess: : Ks _ BP yy ave TE noelt Thy) vol, br aot ol! ote We mR Ww fr a ney Res A WiRe 61 x24 yf oth wy ey em IS foo kpc = -247 Kd ( win) 4 aficton cylinder! Aesibelnlily ACR Sy 4sa\c V2.2 mRV.2 525 by% “Re weRv Wy MEE in. weed 9%! DE fo. wn eq. —$_$ $$$ ar = 225 86 wh 130 ie Pa 22nblko y Us3h a ee go k =, 16,3 K3 Kadiabokic: PMO CES> = ee ee hetween asystem anal ifs surrounding [ Y sal Wt isothermal, Pa = Be K Phe o2 586 v8 Iu 24 2et of 325k es & — No exchange of heat Bz Ww * Pdvz - Af fe aan > MEN ay raat wt Vee -oLE = -nevolT caw ( oT) =D from the ‘in beg tation Re SST MS a “VT R TT coeby @ ibt & Hr des @? Bor el In web se! s