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CTBUH

Technical Paper
http://technicalpapers.ctbuh.org

Subject: Architecture/Design, Building Case Study

Paper Title: Capital City Towers, Moscow

Author(s): Yuri Starodubtsev1


Joey Myers2
Larry Goetz2

1
Aliation(s): Capital Group
2
NBBJ

Publication Date: 2011

Original Publication: CTBUH Journal 2011 Issue II

Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter


Journal paper
Conference proceeding
4. Unpublished conference paper
5. Magazine article
6. Unpublished

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat/Author(s)


Case Study: Capital City Towers, Moscow
As a pioneering project in Moscow, Capital
City has forged many new pathways for the
citys real estate and construction industries.
Through its integrated design and engineering,
Yuri Starodubtsev Joey Myers
the project provides a model for mixed-use
development, which remains rare in the city,
and further establishes a new identity for
Moscow.
Larry Goetz After more than a decade in the planning, Moscow City, a new mixed-use business district
rising 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) west of the Kremlin, is a symbol of Russias ascent in the global
Authors economic playing field. The Capital City mixed-use development (see Figure1), completed in
Yuri Starodubtsev, Special Projects Design Manager 2010, is the fourth to be realized among more than 20 projects which comprise Moscow City
Capital Group and, at 302 meters (989 feet) in height, it is currently the tallest building in Europe. With its
123317 Moscow, 8/1 Presnenskayaemb
Moscow City, MFC Capital City, Russia
iconic form that recalls Constructivist geometries, Capital City also captures modern Moscow.
Its two slender, yet bold residential towers, joined by an office and retail base, are
t: +7 495 363 6200 ext. 1906 f: +7 495 795 0887
www.capitalgroup.ru international in quality and performance but still rooted in Russian culture.
Joey Myers, Senior Project Designer With its compressed schedule, achieving this unique structure at this point in Moscows
Larry Goetz, Principal
history required innovation and collaboration. The design introduced advanced engineering
NBBJ
and design capabilities while building upon local construction expertise. Developed by
223 Yale Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109
Capital Group, a Moscow-based company responsible for more than 5 million square meters
t: +1 206 223 5150 f: +1 206 621 2300
www.nbbj.com (53.8 million square feet) of residential, commercial and mixed-use development, Capital
Citys completion represents an exchange of high-rise design and construction expertise that
Yuri Starodubtsev
Yuri Starodubstev manages the design of supertall will influence future construction and building standards in Russia.
projects for the Capital Group. He oversees the work of
design architects and coordinates architectural and
planning decisions with other aspects of the Anchoring a New District
development. Mr. Starobubstev is also currently
overseeing multifunctional complex on MIBCs Plot 16 Capital Citys mix of residential, office and
designed by SOM, USA. He had participated in the
design of a wide array of challenging building projects retail distinguishes Moscow City from
including Moscow embassies in Australia and the precedents like Canary Wharf in London and
United States, factory facilities for Philip Morris in St.
Petersburg and for Nestle in Moscow. La Dfense in Paris, which were planned
primarily as commercial districts and are only
Joey Myers
Joey Myers led the design of the Capital City Towers now working to increase their residential
project. He had worked on some of the NBBJs most components. Set on the Presnenskaya
important projects, including Europes largest wireless
headquarters for Telenor in Oslo which received the embankment overlooking the Moscow River,
FIABCI Prix dExcellence. With 18 years of experience Moscow City was envisioned from the outset
working in 18 countries, Mr. Myers specializes in the
design and planning of large, complex projects and as a place for business, living and leisure. More
has created award-winning buildings in various market than 3 million square meters (32.6 million
sectors.
square feet) of residential, office, hospitality
Larry Goetz and entertainment uses including Capital
Larry Goetz specializes in managing architecture teams
in the design and delivery of complex developments Citys 288,000 square meters (3.1 million
with innovative engineering possibilities. Previous square feet) are planned for the 60-hectare
projects include Seattles Safeco Field, the LEED Silver
Seattle Justice Center and an expansion to the (247-acre) district. Similar to London and Paris,
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Mr. Goetz moved Moscow City is intended to provide a
to Seattle in 2010 to work on NBBJs Advanced Design
Technology changes and advanced BIM development. vitalizing expansion of commercial office
He was named Principal in 2008. space while preserving the character of
Figure 1. Capital City Towers NBBJ Moscows historic center.

12 | Capital City Towers, Moscow CTBUH Journal | 2011 Issue II


The idea of a new business district in Moscow district. Currently under construction, the for high-rise housing did not exist. In order to
first emerged after the completion of the central core includes a hotel, retail- address the structural and life-safety
Expocenter in 1980. With the Expocenter entertainment complex and concert hall. requirements for Moscow Citys tall buildings,
drawing new activity to the area, attention Below grade, a retail mall, vehicle access, 2,750 rigorous codes modeled after British
turned to the adjacent site, then a declining parking spaces, a multi-modal transit hub, and standards were adopted for all projects in the
industrial area. By 1990, a master plan for a pedestrian walkways will link the central core new district, including Capital City. These
new international business center was in with surrounding developments and the city codes establish high standards for fire safety,
place, but it would take the sustained beyond. In addition to the completed and include 4-hour structural fire resistance,
economic growth of the past decade to finally mini-metro link to the main metro system, the use of 30-minute fire-rated glass, ample
catalyze development. future plans include two new metro stations refuge areas, redundant fire elevators and exit
The plan organizes 20 development plots and a high-speed rail connection to the stairs, and rooftop platforms for lightweight
around a central core serving the entire Vnukovo and Sheremetyevo airports. refuge cabins that can be delivered by
The luxury residences that comprise the bulk helicopter.
of Capital Citys program are contained within To begin construction on schedule, NBBJ and
the 76-story, 302-meter (989-foot) Moscow Arup elected to complete the structural
Tower and the 65-story, 257-meter (843-foot) design while the architectural design was still
St. Petersburg Tower. Both are joined through in process. The superstructure and raft
their first 18 floors by a podium building (see foundation design was developed on a
Figure 2), creating the larger floor plate fast-track schedule that was locked in place
desired by commercial office tenants. A after early design development, allowing
lifestyle marketplace, a fitness spa with architectural faade design to continue while
indoor pool, and residential lobbies occupy detailed structural design was completed.
the first three floors. Refuge floor locations in the two tall towers
Together with the two other completed were finalized along with vertical mechanical
mixed-use towers the Naberezhnaya Tower and fire separations to allow structural design
(completed 2007) and Imperia Tower of the superstructure to be coordinated
(completed 2010) Capital City provides a quickly with the design of the structural
firm anchor for the nascent Moscow City. out-riggers and core.
After working closely together to develop
highly efficient and integrated structural and
Collaborative Process mechanical systems, the design team worked
While any project of this complexity requires with Moscow authorities to verify that the
collaboration, fulfilling the vision for Capital project would fulfill the new building codes.
City on a fast-track schedule in a district with Expert panels in structural engineering and
few architectural precedents required life-safety reviewed the proposed design.
extreme agility and innovation on the part of
the project team, which spanned 11 time
Design Concept
zones from Seattle, to
London, to Moscow. Capital Citys bold architectural form takes as
its conceptual inspiration Corner Counter
Another complication
Relief of 1914 by Vladimir Tatlin, often
was the absence of
heralded as the father of Russian
applicable local
Constructivism. Tatlins experimental work in
building codes. When th

the development of the early 20 century marked an attempt to


redefine sculptures relationship to built space.
Moscow City began,
Slung between two perpendicular walls,
local building codes
Corner Counter Relief breaches the
dated back to 1950,
orthogonal shape of a typical room in order to
when the average
introduce a taut, interstitial geometry. A
building height did
similar effect is created by the offset rotation
not exceed 75 meters
of Capital Citys tower segments which
(246 feet) and codes
Figure 2. Building Section NBBJ

CTBUH Journal | 2011 Issue II Capital City Towers, Moscow | 13


Figure 3. Typical residential plans NBBJ

create a dynamic departure from the stability lobby and the five to six units per floor, a faades and a curvilinear ground plan (see
of a square (see Figure 3). scheme more suitable for high-end luxury Figure 4) that alludes to Moscows concentric
This rotational effect, achieved through a residences. ring roads and creates a welcoming space for
slight cantilever on only two faades of each Unlike typical real estate practices in Moscow, the public amenities on the first three floors.
vertical segment, does not compromise the where residential units are typically delivered Upon entering from the porte-cochere,
regularity of the towers structure. A unfinished, nearly all Capital Citys 474 rental visitors are welcomed into the lifestyle
mechanical floor demarcates each 15-floor apartments are fully fitted out with finished marketplace on the first two levels and a
segment and integrates the structural system. interior walls, stone and parquet floor, world-class fitness spa and pool facility on the
The Moscow Tower contains five such high-end appliances and fixtures, HVAC, third. Organized around a central north-south
segments while the St. Petersburg Tower operable windows, and security system. This pedestrian axis that defines a main street of
contains four. change in practice allowed residential units to shops and restaurants, the retail floors
be leased ready for immediate occupancy culminate in an expansive, day-lit atrium near
The two-tower typology had several benefits the base of the towers (see Figure 5).
over a single tower of the same square and eliminated any reduction in lift service
footage. It allowed for a slender, elegant that could occur during a simultaneous fit-out The upper levels of the podium are dedicated
massing that maximizes the perimeter-to- of so many units once the building began to to office space and are organized in a
floor plate ratio, enhancing access to be occupied. bifurcated, H-shaped plan. This configuration
breathtaking views and daylight. It also In contrast to the rectilinear tower segments, allows more natural light to penetrate the
eliminated corridors and provided a more the 18-story podium building has inclined office floor plates and to reach down to the
intimate relationship between the elevator spa and retail floors, which are enclosed in a
continuous, undulating curtain wall that
...drive for height extends from the building faade above and
folds over the main retail atrium to the north
and the spa pool area to the south, to define
the porte-cochere.

The drive for height is driven by the desire to increase land


value, and one role of planning is to balance the individual
property owners desire to cram as much development on their
Integrated Engineering
Capital Citys prominent riverfront location
parcel as possible with the impacts on neighbours and on the city and current distinction as Europes tallest
building make the dramatic views from its
as a whole.
Hank Dittmar, Chief Executive of the Princes Foundation for the Built Environment
on the future of tall buildings in London. From Building Community, Modus, March 2011.
residences one of the projects most notable
features. The desire to capitalize on this
valuable amenity while providing spacious,

14 | Capital City Towers, Moscow CTBUH Journal | 2011 Issue II


the structure remains consistent. The
cantilevered segment of each floor creates a
dramatic, column-free area between the
column line and the faade.
In response to more rigorous building codes,
floors were detailed to accommodate the
removal of a structural support, or to carry the
weight of a collapsed area of the floor above,
in the event of a localized but significant
event such as a fire or explosion.
Integrating the tower structure with the
podium building structure required significant
analysis. Structurally separating the two
towers would have necessitated placing a
movement joint through an entire floor. More
Figure 4. The Towers podium NBBJ
significant than loss of usable space, this
approach would result in a compromised
open residences drove the buildings equipment from the two shafts, in order to
experience since the independent
structural design. meet life-safety codes, the reduced
movements of the towers would be
The imperative of providing large, open living dimensions of the shorter shafts increased the
noticeable during windy conditions and
spaces with full-height glazing precluded a towers efficiency.
interior finishes, exterior cladding and
conventional tube structure approach, which Eight mega-columns arranged to maximize waterproofing would have to accommodate
would have placed obstructive edge beams open interior space and permit large windows this movement.
and columns at the buildings perimeter and in the faade transfer loads for each tower
Arup elected instead to treat the towers as a
corners. The team instead chose a multi- segment through a series of connections. At
fully contiguous, single structure through the
pronged solution that combines a minimal each mechanical floor, the vertical load is
first 19 floors (including the podium building
building core with a mega-column structure transferred from the corner and central
roof ) and conducted complex dynamic
to achieve enhanced structural efficiency and columns to the eight mega-columns through
analysis in order to determine the forces
spatial quality. a perimeter belt truss that also connects to an
acting between the linked structures. The
The core was minimized by carefully outrigger structure. These outriggers in turn
resulting structural analysis designated a
tie back into the core for wind load transfer.
integrating mechanical and structural systems slightly thicker, more reinforced slab at
and through the use a double-decker, Secondary reinforcement and connection
high-speed elevator system. This system, between the central core and perimeter
which has an upper compartment for mega-columns is created through blade
passengers and a lower compartment for columns located on every other residential
service staff and equipment, is typically used floor. Organized around the central core and
in China and India to increase passenger concealed within the interior concrete walls
capacity in high-occupancy office buildings. along bathrooms and between units, these
For Capital Citys luxury residential program, columns work in conjunction with the
this configuration obviates the need for a apartment floor beams to harness the stiffness
separate service elevator, thus reducing the of the perimeter columns for lateral loading
core size. Although this system increased while being relatively unaffected by
construction costs slightly, the improved differential shortening between the core and
efficiency provided a long-term benefit that perimeter.
outweighed the initial expense. Finally, solid concrete slab floors supported on
Running mechanical shafts seven floors above bi-directional shallow beams allow for higher
and below each mechanical floor, rather than than average floor-to-ceiling ratios within
serving each fourteen-story segment with a residences and offices, and permitted fast
single shaft, resulted in further efficiency construction. The floors cantilever out beyond
gains. Although this approach required the mega-columns to the faade, allowing the
special compartments separating mechanical form to shift with each vertical segment while
Figure 5. Main atrium NBBJ

CTBUH Journal | 2011 Issue II Capital City Towers, Moscow | 15


Level 18, with lower floors also performing as feet) and 6,000 cubic meters (212,000 cubic The basement also accommodates an
continuous concretediaphragms. feet) for the Moscow and St. Petersburg unusual site runoff management facility that
Towers, respectively, the foundation utilized a responds to the limited capacity of Moscows
relatively standard rebar cage and wooden sewer system to absorb large surges of water.
Foundation Construction formwork. Rainwater collection tanks located in the
The ready availability and local production of The foundation pile cap tops 215 piles basement temporarily retain runoff water
concrete, coupled with a local building beneath the Moscow Tower and 191 piles before it is slowly discharged into the
industry skilled in its use, gave reinforced beneath the St. Petersburg Tower. An municipal system at a manageable rate. While
concrete construction a significant advantage additional 76 piles for the combined-pile raft such measures are unusual for Moscow, this
over other options. From an engineering and foundation support the podium building. system protects Capital City and the
design perspective, it also allowed for minimal Each pile measures 1.2 meters (47.25 inches) immediate site from flooding. Additionally, a
floor depth, maximum fire resistance, and in diameter and 20 meters (65.6 feet) in water retention pond for fire defense
adequate acoustic separation necessary in length, and is drilled down through the sites minimizes on-site water and energy
residential multi-story buildings. thick layer of clay to the underlying limestone consumption.
Despite the common use of reinforced bedrock. The alternative a shallow Typical cast-in-place concrete construction
concrete in the region, critical portions of foundation at the bottom of the basement utilizing pumps to move the concrete to
Capital Citys concrete construction work were that would act as a big raft in the clay layer upper floors was utilized for the towers and
carried out in conditions that were anything would have required large stabilizing walls podium building and towers.
but typical. The tower pile caps were each in the basement that would have significantly
installed during continuous, 33-hour compromised circulation and the basement-
mid-winter pours in temperatures ranging level program. The six-level basement Curtain Wall
from -32 to -34C (-25 to -30F, under a large includes more than 2,200 parking spaces, The design team collaborated with German
heated tent to keep the concrete from electrical equipment and enlarged fire curtain wall specialist Schco to create a
freezing. Running five meters deep and compartments. dynamic faade for the towers and podium
measuring 6,500 cubic meters (230,000 cubic

16 | Capital City Towers, Moscow CTBUH Journal | 2011 Issue II


building. The towers are enclosed in a unitized four-way glazing system with sunshades on provided critical feedback dictating the use of
panel system with four-sided structural- the south side. The remaining vertical curtain thicker glass in certain locations. After several
silicone glazing. The aluminum panels walls are fabricated with flat and curved tests, the necessary thickness for the exterior
compose a shifting super grid that resonates aluminum panels with vision glass that form a glass on the upper floors of the St. Petersburg
with the towers shifting blocks. The panels gently curving wall extending from south to and Moscow Towers was deemed to be 8
also shift in plan, some protruding outward north. The three retail and spa floors are millimeters (0.25 inches) and 10 millimeters
while others are slightly inset to denoted by a point-supported planar faade (0.375 inches), respectively.
accommodate vertical LED lighting. Within system with stainless steel spider supports
this shifting grid, silver-reflected glass panels and specially designed glass columns. Three
alternate between shadow box construction automatic revolving doors with air curtains Conclusion
and ceramic frit coating to control solar heat provide the primary means of entry. As a pioneering project in Moscow, Capital
gain. The curtain wall also integrates One of the projects more complex curtain City has forged many new pathways for the
electronically operable windows in all wall systems is the folded, angled curtain wall citys real estate and construction industries.
apartments. These windows are designed for covering the retail atrium and spa pool and Through integrated design and engineering,
use in accordance with the mechanical marking the main entrance (see Figure 6). The the project provides a model for mixed-use
systems, offering residents flexible control curtain walls geometry tapers in plan and development, which remains rare in the city,
over their interior environment. angles in section, allowing for water drainage and further establishes a new identity for
The podium buildings faade establishes a and ice collection and removal. The glass Moscow.
more striking presence, utilizing two systems: panels are heated to adapt to Moscows As much as the project demanded innovative
a structural silicone stick system and a winter climate. This skylight system an solutions and processes, an equally important
point-supported planar glass system. The undulating, folding clear and translucent legacy of Capital Citys development is the
main three walls to the south incline at a glazing also resonates with the interior design, construction and procedural
10-degree slope and are constructed of a pedestrian fashion street at the ground level precedents it helped to establish in Moscow.
by creating a fashion/ The collaboration throughout the project
fabric analogy. between the client, design team, and local
The realization of the engineering, construction and agencies
curtain wall was a represents a foundation of exchange between
global effort. Designed the global and local tall building industries
in Germany, fabricated that paves the way for future advances.
in Turkey, tested in
England at Taylor Acknowledgements
Woodrow Technology
Centre, supervised by The authors would like to thank Yosh Asato for
US consulting firm editorial support on this paper.
Israel Berger &
Associates, and
Project Data
assembled in Moscow
by Aygun Aluminum; Completion Date: December 2010
the curtain walls are Height to Architectural Top: 302 m (989 ft)
one of Capital Citys (Moscow), 257 m (843 ft) (St Petersburg)
more complex Stories: 76 (Moscow), 65 (St. Petersburg)
elements and Total Area: 288,000 sq. m. (3.1 million sq. ft.)
necessitated multiple Primary Use: Residential
iterations before Owner/Developer: Capital Group
finalization. Wind Design Architect: NBBJ
tunnel tests and Structural Engineer: Arup
computer analyses MEP Engineer: Arup
were performed to Main Contractor: Inrecon
determine areas of Lift Consultant: KONE
positive and negative
pressure, after which
Figure 6. Angled curtain wall cladding NBBJ
on-site mock-ups

CTBUH Journal | 2011 Issue II Capital City Towers, Moscow | 17

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