Basic circuit components

1.Breadboard
It is used for implementing simple logic circuit.

2.Not gate
IC used is 7414
3.OR gate
For implementing OR gate we us IC 7432.It is Quad 2-Input OR Gate.

Here quad means that IC has 4 independent OR gate.

Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4

Input 1 A1 A2 A3 A4
Input 2 B1 B2 B3 B4
O/P Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4

VCC =+5V
4.Ir sensors
These are infrared sensors and are used for diffrentiating between white lines and black
surface.

Blackened LED is transmitter and it transmits infra-red rays which hits the surface and after
reflection from the surface it is received by reciver(transperent LED),since differnt colors
have different emmisivity it can easily distinguish between black and white surface.

These sensors can be callibrated by adjusting the potentiometer on the top of the sensor
module.

When sensors is on (led on sensor glows) O/P of sensor is HIGH i.e. +5V .

Precaution:Do not use 2 sensors close to each ,they might interfere with each other.

5.DC motor:
It is an electromechanical device.Magnetic coils are excited by supplying
voltage.
They are 2 wires (RED and BLACK) ,the working of motor is controlled by giving
right combination of volatge to these 2 wires.

R B O/P

H L Motor rotates in one direction

L H Motor rotates in opposite direction

H H Motor stops

H=+5V

L=GND

R=Red wire

B=Black wire

For turning right stop your right motor and move forward your left motor.

For turning left stop your left motor and move forward your right motor.

The above mechanism is called differential drive.

When we use multiple motors we use a motor driving IC:

Motor Driver

L293D is Quadruple Half H-Driver

H bridge is used as switch for driving multiple motors. It is used for controlling
current and voltage supply for DC motor.

It has 4 driving channels.

Channel1 Channel2 Channel3 Channel4

Input 1A 2A 3A 4A
Output 1Y 2Y 3Y 4Y

4 DC motor or 2 stepper motor can be used with this driver.

Drivers are enabled in pairs with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and
4 enabled by 3,4EN.

When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs
are active and in phase with their inputs. .

When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off
and in a high-impedance state.

Pin number 4, 5, 13, 12 are GND

The voltage at which you want to run the motor is given to pin number 8
i.e.VCC2,this voltage can either be your battery potential (9V) or 5V depending upon
the motor specification and speed requirement.

VCC1-Logical supply voltage (+5V)

For using DC motor with L293D connect red wire of motor to O/P of channel

For turning on motor supply +5V to input of particular channel.

For using 2 DC motor we can use any 2 channels.

Voltage regulator
They are used for getting constant DC voltage .78XX is series for positive
voltage regulators,here XX is the O\P voltage .Since we are working on +5V
logic level we will be using 7805.For negative voltage use 79XX series.

IC used :7805

This IC supplies constant +5V

Left pin is I/p pin and is connected to battery.

Middle pin is GND

Right pin is O/P

Above figure is the test circuit.

I/P voltage>=Vout +2

So if we require +5V , the input should be greater than 7V.

Precaution: To avoid overheating input voltage should not be greater than 12V
or use a heat sink.

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