Name: Waqas Ali

Class: B Sc. IT.

Section: D

Roll No. : 165682

Subject: ENGLISH
Question # 1
What are the components of a business letter and
what is the Structure: the parts of a business letter?
Ans: -
Structure:
Business letter is one which appears well, is written well and communicated well. It
includes several parts and the parts are arranged in sequence to make it meaningful.
Arranging various parts in proper sequence in letter is called structure of business letter.
The structure is heading, opening, body and closing

Heading:
Heading is used to convey a positive image of the company. Because it includes the
companys address, phone and often email. It is not necessary to include that
information again in the body of the letter. Sometimes the writer will provide a direct
phone number or personal email address if the action statement calls for direct
communication.

Inside Address:
Two spaces below the date are the full name and business address of the person to
whom the letter is addressed. If several people are receiving the letter, all their names
and addresses should appear. The address on the letter should be the same as the
address on the envelope. As with the date, there can be legal consequences from
inaccuracies. The address on the letter is presumed to be the one to which the letter is
actually sent. If it is incomplete or inaccurate, a recipient can make the case that the
letter was mailed to the incorrect address as well.

Date:
Full date must be included in the letter. The date can be any agreement being made
Because the letter is a formal document, often used in contract situations, the date can
be extremely important. The letter is usually dated the same day on which it is mailed,
but whatever agreements are included in the letter are considered effective as of the
date of the letter.
The Opening: -
Salutation:
The formal greeting always starts with Dear followed by the persons title and last
name, and ending with a colon. This requires finding out whether the recipient is
properly addressed as Mr., Mrs. Or Dr. Attempts to avoid the issue (i.e. Substituting the
title with the persons first name, using impersonal phrases like Mr. Or Mrs. or To
Whom It May Concern, or eliminating the salutation entirely) indicate that the writer
doesnt actually know the recipient of the letter at all, making the letter a form letter, a
much less formal document.

Body:

Context Paragraph
The first paragraph of the letter will define the context, providing a clear statement of the
letters topic and purpose. Avoid starting a letter flowery language that doesnt explain
what the letter is about. In social letters or in letters written for businesspeople, it is
appropriate to begin a letter with a question about the family or a comment about recent
weather or world events. U.S. businesspeople, however, generally prefer to find out
right away why the letter has been written.)

Content Paragraph:
The typical letter uses one to three paragraphs to provide the information relevant to its
purpose. Each paragraph should cover a single topic or point. In the case of a long
letter that covers multiple pages, it is appropriate to break the information into sections
with internal headers or bullets to provide clarity.

Action Paragraph:
The final paragraph of the letter provides a clear, straightforward statement of the action
that will be taken be the writer, requested of the reader, or expected by a third party.

Closing:
Two spaces below the final paragraph of the letter, a traditional closing line, generally
sincerely or respectfully, ends the letter. If the situation calls for a warmer tone, the
closing might be cordially, best wishes, or regards.

Signature:
A four-line space allows room for a written signature immediately below the closing,
then the senders full name is typed, with the full business title (sometimes with the
department or division as well) on the next line. The signature on a business letter
signifies that the writer is taking responsibility for fulfilling any commitments being
made. Thus, even when the sender and recipient know each other well, a full signature
is used.

Letter to Manager
Respected Manager,

Ascent Electronics.

Karachi.

Date (Date on which letter is written)

From,

(Name of sender)

Address.

Sub: Requesting refund of my payment

 Dear Manager,

I would like to bring to your kind attention that we have purchased an electronic washing
machine from your store two weeks back, and was disappointed with its performance. It
didnt even work for a single day. We have written a request letter for the refund, but till
date we have not got any response. It was a complete dissatisfaction for us. We have
made the payment through cheque and the cheque no. 00981 dated 1st August bank
name: Axis Bank. I would be very thankful to you if you could look into the matter as to
why this delay has happened and provide our refund at the earliest.

Your promptness in this regard will be highly appreciated.

Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,

(Sender name).

Question # 2
How to write minutes of the meeting?

Ans: -
Taking meeting minutes is essential to a meeting: you have your project written with plenty of
important details such as: who is responsible for what action, when, how, and so on.
You may or may not be asking yourselves: What are, and how to take meeting minutes?
Meeting minutes can be defined as written or recorded documentation that is used to inform people
of what happened during the meeting and define the next step planned. To write effective meeting
minutes you should include:
The names of the participants
 Agenda items
Calendar or due dates
Actions or tasks
The main points
Decisions made by the participants
Record what is the most important points
Future decisions
Documents: images, attached files

Before the meeting:

You need to prepare the different topics to be addressed during the meeting, noting what you know
about them in order to save time and to be able to focus on important topics during the meeting. If
not, you might end up on the margins of the meeting being too busy taking notes.

During the meeting:

Meeting minutes are an effective contributor to successful meetings, yet they need to be
appropriately written and distributed in time. The main problem with reports is that they take a long
time to be written down properly, and that they must be sent quickly after the meetings to let
everyone know their next projects or actions.
You need to build your notes as the meeting progresses: a good way of organizing your note-taking
is to differentiate actions from remarks as well as noting the different actions per person with a
deadline.

After the meeting:

The type out your notes in a logical manner and not chronologically. It needs to be organized to be
sent out to your colleagues. Also, adding a short summary organized per person and per project at
the end of the minutes helps your colleagues quickly glance at the minutes and spot the actions they
need to realize within seconds.

We know how essential meetings are. For this reason, the solution automates your reporting and
helps you save time:
Smart note taking
Audio recording
 Add participants by name, last name, email address and initials in the People Tab
Create automatic meeting minutes from your organized notes with one click
Instantly send the meeting minutes to participants

What to do Before a Meeting:

A large part of what makes a meeting successful occurs in the preparation
phase. Although it may vary by committee, department or unit, there are
seven key responsibilities expected of chairs or team leaders before a
meeting takes place. Each is explained below in detail.

1. Clarify purpose and aims

2. Create an agenda
3. Schedule the meeting
4. Post and send out agenda
5. Circulate supporting information
6. Make room arrangements
7. Arrange for recorder

Clarify purpose and aims:

A clearly stated purpose or aim describes the key decisions that must be
made or actions that must occur at the meeting. The purpose of a meeting
should be stated at the top of the meeting agenda.

Some example purpose statements might look something like:

Share best practices in graduate recruitment and identify opportunities

to recruit collaboratively
Identify priority goals for next year
Examine and update admission criteria
Decide how to get feedback from faculty, staff and students

Everything else on the agenda including topics, times, and presenters are
activities that, taken together, will accomplish the aims. A weekly or monthly
staff meeting may not require aims beyond the agenda items.

For more see: Clarifying aims and purposes.

Create an agenda:
An agenda is a framework that guides and supports the meeting. Agendas are
like roadmap, blueprints, flight plans, and recipes. An agenda helps focus the
group's work toward achieving desired outcomes. Good agenda items provide
focus and structure for a meeting.

Some example agenda items might look something like:

Report on fall enrollments

Identify members for ad hoc space committee
Generate list of possible solutions for the xyz problem with pros and
cons of each

Schedule the meeting:

Scheduling a meeting involves much more than just making a list of
attendees. It requires identifying key people who must attend and either
finding times that work for them or notifying them of the meeting's time and
location. Once an optimal date and time are agreed upon, a meeting location
can be selected. (Choice meeting locations sometimes dictate meeting dates.)

Other scheduling activities might include some of the following:

Create a scheduling grid

Create an electronic mailing list at the start
Keep a sample E-mail handy to use as a double-check
Draft the final meeting notification early on, with date, time and location
added later.

Post and send out agenda:

An agenda should be sent to participants ahead of time to help them prepare
to participate. There are legal requirements for posting meeting notices. All
campus committees created by rule or official act are subject to certain
Wisconsin open meeting laws.

For departmental and standing committee meetings, you should do the

following:
 1. Provide at least 24-hour advance notice of a meeting via a central
bulletin board. (Newspaper announcements not required.) In limited
cases, 2 hours advance notice would be allowed.
2. Allow public access including newspaper reporters and others (E.g.
anyone in the department could attend the open portion of the of the
Executive Committee meeting).
3. Allow committees to go into closed sessions (members Conly) to
deliberate on personnel matters, although votes must be taken in open
session.

Circulate supporting information:

You should always circulate supporting materials to participants in advance of
the meeting. However, deciding how much information to send in advance can
present a conundrum. Some people won't look at anything prior to the meeting
and some will conscientiously read all the supporting information they can.
Here are some things to consider when deciding what and how much to send
out ahead of time:

Do
1. Do provide enough
information before the meeting so
people arrive with a general
familiarity and framework of the
issues to be discussed.
2. Do provide web site URL's
instead of paper documents where
possible.
3. Do extract information in a
succinct outline or summary
whenever possible to make it
unnecessary for members to read
long or ponderous documents.
Dont
1. Don't assume that everyone
wants or needs his or her own
copy of large reports. Two people
can often easily share a copy in a
meeting. This can save paper and
staff time resources.
2. Don't send
documents/materials without some
explanation of how they relate to
the agenda (if this is not clear from
the agenda).
3. Don't send anything that is so
complex or technical that it
requires someone to interpret it.
Hand that out at the meeting (or
parts of it) and explain what it
means.

Make room arrangements:

Ensure that room arrangements (including refreshments) are made. Room
arrangements can make a big difference in how well a meeting goes or
doesn't go. Most important is that participants can see and hear each other.
Although a "U" shape arrangement or open square is ideal for smaller groups
of 20 or less, it is not usually a good choice for larger groups. The yawning
hole in the middle makes communication difficult. A herring bone arrangement
of tables is usually better for these larger groups.

Arrange for recorder:

The recorder takes notes on paper, laptop or on flip charts. Meeting notes
should be distributed as soon after the meeting as possible. The longer the
lag, the less confidence the members have that their investment will result in
action.

For groups that meet regularly, the recorder is responsible for keeping
previous meeting notes and agendas in one place where they can be
referenced later such as from a notebook or shared network drive, etc.

1. Start Start the meeting promptly on schedule and do not wait for
meeting on others to arrive. A large amount of professional time is
time wasted by leaders who wait for more people to arrive
before starting a meeting. It may require a change in the
culture, but once people know that you start your meetings
on time, they will arrive on time.

Tip: Some groups even schedule 15 minutes of time to

socialize before the start of the meeting.

2. Ensure For committees and groups using Robert's Rules of Order

quorum to guide their procedures, ensuring that a quorum is
present is the chair's responsibility.
Under Robert's Rules of Order, a quorum is the number of
members entitled to vote who must be present in order that
business can be legally transacted. The quorum is usually
the majority of the members unless a different quorum is
decided upon.
If a quorum is not present, any business transacted is null
and void except for procedures such as calling the meeting
 to order, announcing absence of a quorum and entertaining
a motion to adjourn, recess, or take measures to gather a
quorum.
Some departments or offices find themselves waiting to
start a meeting until a quorum has been achieved. This
makes it all the more important for members to arrive on
time.

For more information on quorum procedures, see the 1990

(9th edition) Robert's Rules of Order Newly
Revised (Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.)

3. Review Always briefly review the agenda including the aims and
agenda purposes as the meeting gets started. This helps
participants focus their attention and understand what will
be required of them. Many of us attend meetings one after
the other, so it's helpful when the chair provides this
"advance organizer".

In reviewing the agenda, the chair should make it clear

what decisions must be made or actions must be taken.

4. Keep Focus on agenda items. Even if these items are clearly

discussion listed and emphasized, creative, intelligent and committed
focused people may stray from the topic.

To get a runaway meeting back on track, the chair can say,

"We are getting off topic and need to move back to XYZ."
Then he or she repeats the topic, issues or question again.

Some groups maintain a "parking lot" on a separate piece

of paper for important issues that come up but are not
 directly related to the discussion. The "parking lot" can be
consulted for agenda planning for succeeding meetings.

5. Effective meetings are participatory and good leaders try to

Encourage get everyone involved. Some ways to encourage full
participation participation include:

Begin the meeting with a question that everyone can

answer and go round-robin. The question should be
stated on the agenda and might be something like, "What
are your hopes for this committee's work?"
When asking for solutions/ideas, go round-robin at least
once so everyone has a chance to offer an opinion
On a flip chart or projected from a laptop, keep a list of
ideas/opinions being generated so people can see their
ideas in front of the group
When brainstorming, ensure that ideas/suggestions are not
critiqued as they are offered. Get all the ideas on the table
before critiquing. Waiting to critique will generally increase
the amount of participation.

6. Help A group reaches consensus when it finally agrees on a

group come choice and each group member can say:
to decisions "I believe that others understand my point of view"
"I believe I understand others' points of view"
"Whether or not I prefer this decision, I support it (and will
not undermine it) because it was arrived at openly and
fairly and is the best solution for this committee or group
at this time."
Be clear before the discussion begins how the final decision
will be made--if vote will be taken or if decision will be made
by consensus and/or prioritization of options.
See prioritizing for methods of identifying priorities.
7. When a group seems to have come to a consensus or
Summarize decision, restate and summarize what the final decision(s)
decisions is. This helps to ensure that all members hear the same
thing. Clarification at this point can prevent problems later.

An example summary statement could be, "We have

decided to cap our undergraduate majors at 40 if we are
not able to fill the Vice-Jenkins slot. If we get approval to fill
that slot, we will consider removing the cap."

8. Agree on An action plan outlines the specifics that must be done. Not
action plan every goal needs an action plan, but for goals that involve
more than one person, it's usually helpful to be specific
about who will do what by when. See a sample action plan.
Every goal should have a point person-an individual
charged with ensuring that the goal is moving forward. The
point person is not expected to complete the goal
personally but to connect the people involved, make
progress reports, and seek assistance or resources needed
to keep the goal moving forward.

See "Before the Meeting - Creating an Agenda".

9. Draft Ask for agenda items for the next meeting from the floor or
agenda for ask a small group of 2 or 3 members to work on creating
next agendas. People are more likely to participate in a meeting
meeting if they have had some input into building the agenda
 Even if every item suggested cannot be dealt with in a
meeting, look for ways to provide information via handouts,
E-mail, or creating connections with others.

10. Before the meeting adjourns, try to do a brief evaluation.

Evaluate Ask some informal questions such as, "Do you feel like we
meeting accomplished what we needed to today? Did everyone
participate?" The meeting leader can ask the questions with
group members answering in turn, round-robin style, or the
questions can be asked for anyone to answer.

Brief paper surveys are another option and the group

results should be aggregated and shared. Focus on any
weak spots identified in the evaluation at the next meetings.

Question # 3
This salary increase letter reinforces what the
employee knows from meeting with his or her
manager.
Ans: -
Date
Name of Employee
Employee Address
City, State, Zip Code
Dear (Employee Name):
This letter is your official notification that effective January 1, your base
salary will increase from $55,000.00 to $56,760.00. Check with Human
Resources to determine what the amount of your paycheck will be based
on the deductions and other elections that you have chosen.
As I mentioned during Tuesdays meeting, you are receiving this salary
increase because you accomplished the goals we had set for this year.
Additionally, your contribution has increased due to your focus on
continuing to develop your leadership skills.
The accomplishments of the marketing team that you led were noteworthy.
Your campaign for the new product release was one of the most
comprehensive and successful in our history of product launches.
You were also able to add elements of social media and word-of-mouth
marketing to the actual product which is a new strategy for our company.
You are currently collecting data and measuring the success of the
campaign which is also a first for our marketing group.
This is a well-deserved salary increase. I want to personally thank you for
all of this but also for your steadfast loyalty and commitment to our
companys success. It is appreciated.
Regards,
Signature
First and Last Name of Manager / Boss
Name of the Department Manager / Boss

Question # 4
Resumes are often written for job. What are the
steps involved in writing a resume?
Ans: -
What is a resume?
Also known a as job resume, a resume is a brief written summary of a job applicants past
employment history, education, and other pertinent information. The term resume is used primarily in
America, where it has taken the place of the Latin expression curriculum vitae, or CV.

How are resumes used?

Resumes are used to make a favorable impression on a prospective employer. Your resume is often
the first impression a potential employer has of you. For this reason, it is often referred to as one of
the most crucial steps taken during a job search.

Why is a resume important?

Without a favorable initial impression, a prospective employer is likely to stop considering you as a
suitable candidate for the job on offer and move on to other candidates who have provided better
resumes.

Think of a resume as a tool for marketing yourself. Its more than just a document: It outlines your
background, your skills, and your education so that a potential employer is quickly and easily able to
see how your individual experiences can contribute to a companys success.

If youve never written a resume, dont worry. Visit how to write a resume to learn how to format your
resume, which information to use, and much more. A perfect resume isnt difficult to write with
Ginger on your side.

Resume examples provide valuable insight. What does a winning resume look like? Spend some
time viewing professional resumes, and use them as a roadmap to write a great resume of your own.

Avoid embarrassing formatting mistakes that could cost you the job of a lifetime. Useful resume
templates can be customized to suit your needs, no matter what type of job you are seeking.

Functional resumes, chronological resumes, and combination resumes have important differences,
but deciding which one to use doesnt have to be difficult. In A complete guide to various types of
resumes, youll find resume writing tips and vital information for properly preparing resumes of all
types. Choosing and preparing the right type of resume will help you stand out to employers.

Steps involved:

Introduction: Top 5 Resume Tips

Key points that will serve as a compass as you go through each step of
writing your resume.
Step 1: Find a Job for Your Resume
Learn why this step is important to writing a good resume. Don't make the
mistake so many make by doing this step after they write their resumes.
Step 2: List of Keywords for Your Resume
Recruiters and employers search for keywords, so you need to put them in
your resume if you want to be found.
Step 3: Choose a Resume Format
One size doesn't fit all when it comes to resume format. Learn which of
these three resume formats will make your job search a success.
Chronological Resume Template
Functional Resume Template
Combination Resume Template
Step 4: Your Resume Heading
Believe it or not, there's a right way and a wrong way to do this easy step.
Be sure you do it the right way!
Step 5: Your Resume Job Objective
Learn the pros and cons of having a job objective statement, how to write a
good one, and some good options for not having one. For example, here's
a Sample of a Professional Title on a Resume.
Step 6: Your Summary of Qualifications
If the employer reads only this part of your resume, does she get the very
best of what you have to offer? Find out how to make your Summary shine!
Step 7: Your Work Experience
Know how to write your work history on your resume to make the best of it,
even if you have tough problems. In this step, you'll learn:
How to Explain Unemployment on Your Resume
How to Overcome Age Discrimination With Dates on a Resume
Step 8: Your Resume Achievement Statements
Achievement statements tell the employer you're worth hiring, or at least
interviewing for the job. Spend time on this part so you use your resume
real estate wisely.
Step 9: Listing Education on Your Resume
Where to put your Education section, what to list in it, and how to deal with
many college degrees or no degree at all.
Step 10: Community Service and Other Lists on Your Resume
Where and how to put all those lists of community service, skills, and other
things that need a place of their own on your resume.
Different parts of resume

Resumes are like advertisements. As such, its important to decide which type of "ad"
in this case, format you will use before you begin the resume writing process.
Depending on the type of job you are applying to, different resume formats may apply.
The four standard types of resumes include 1) chronological, 2) functional, 3)
combination, or 4) targeted. Below are definitions of each type and recommendations
on which format works best. Once you have developed your resume, post it online at
Americas Job Exchange and begin your job search today.

Chronological:
What is it - Chronological resumes are the most commonly used format. They list work
history in chronological order, starting with your most recent job down to your earliest.
This resume is preferred by most employers because it provides a quick snapshot of
work history, with most recent positions up front.

Who should use - If you have a solid work history, your experience is aligned with the job
you are applying to, and you have no lapses between employment, use this format

Functional Resume:
What is it - Unlike chronological resumes, functional resumes focus on your skills and
experience first. This type of resume de-emphasizes the dates in which you have
worked. Employment history is secondary, and is listed under the details of your skills.

Who should use - If you have lapses in employment, are in the middle of a career
transition, are a recent college grad with limited work experience, or have a diverse
background with no clear career path, this is the most effective type of resume.

Combination Resume:
What is it - Combination resumes let you detail both your skills and experience, while
also backing this up with a chronological listing of work history. Flexible in nature, the
 combination resume lets you tailor to the prospective job opening and tell hiring
managers a story.

Who should use - Use this resume if you want to detail work experience to show hiring
managers the type of employee you are.

Targeted Resume:
What is it - Targeted resumes are customized in detail to the
prospective job you are seeking. Everything from your objective, your
qualifications to educational experience mirrors the job requirements.
Who should use - These resumes are the most time-consuming, but
can generate the best results as the qualifications and experience
you outline mirror the prospective job opening closely. Be careful,
however When you develop a targeted resume you need to be as
accurate as possible and not embellish career highlights simply to
mirror the job.

I.T manager resume

Your Name
email@address.co.uk
07712 345678
99 Example Street, Example Town, Example City, EX4 3PL
Find out more about which personal details you should include

~~~~~~~~~~ PERSONAL STATEMENT ~~~~~~~~~~

Find out how to write the perfect personal statement
I am a successful Project Manager with expertise in project life cycles,
planning, executing, controlling and closing projects delivering business
value and delighting stakeholders.

~~~~~~~~~~ EMPLOYMENT HISTORY ~~~~~~~~~~

Find out how to list your previous experience on your CV

IT Project Manager
Telecommunicado Ltd | Birmingham | www.monster.co.uk
MM.YY > MM.YY

Achievements
- Took charge of a multi-million systems integration which was
successfully rolled out across 15 UK locations
- Successfully managed and won bid and project for six-figure project
definition and design phase
- Managed of 60 employees across 4 locations including large offshore
and third party contractors
- Led a team of technical staff through defining the requirements for
several support applications for the use of customer services staff

Assistant Project Manager

Photo De Moto PLC | Birmingham | www.monster.co.uk
MM.YY > MM.YY

Achievements
- Promoted from IT Technician to Assistant Project Manager, ahead of
13 other internal and external candidates
 - Planned and designed a disaster recovery strategy for the company,
a project which was highly commended by the management team
- Analysed system requirements and developed a backup and
restoration resolution in a 20% increase in system efficiency
- Produced detailed training documentation which aided a new system
installation that was distributed to all staff members

IT Technician
International Mobilites | Birmingham | www.monster.co.uk
MM.YY > MM.YY

Achievements
- Relocated the network and office equipment including phone services
resulting in a 50% cost reduction
- Provided database training in the companys UK Head Office for all
the sales teams helping towards a 35% increase in company profits
 ~~~~~~~~~~ KEY SKILLS ~~~~~~~~~~
Find out more about how to display the skills you have on your CV

Technical Skills
- Microsoft Office
- Microsoft Project
- Microsoft SharePoint
- PHP
- SQL
- XHTML
- Java Scrip
- CSS
- Visual Basic
- Oracle
- Cisco Pix Firewall

Certificates
- Prince 2 Certified
- Project Management training (PMP) certification.
- Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP)

Memberships
- Association for Project Management (APM)

Languages
- French (fluent)
- Spanish (fluent
- Japanese (basic)
- English

~~~~~~~~~~ EDUCATION ~~~~~~~~~~

 Find out more about how to display your qualifications on your CV

- BSc Computer Science (2:1)

University of Birmingham

- A-Levels: ICT (B), Maths (C), Biology (B)

Washwood Heath Technology College

- 10 GCSES including Maths (A), Business Studies (B), ICT (C)

Bournville School Secondary School

~~~~~~~~~~ PERSONAL INTERESTS ~~~~~~~~~~

Find out what hobbies and interests to include on your CV

Web Design | Shopping | Traveling | Reading | Football | Table Tennis

~~~~~~~~~~ REFERENCES ~~~~~~~~~~

Find out how to decide on your references

References are available on request.

Question # 5
1. Scoot to the edge of your chair when you are introduced.
 Sitting on the edge of your chair instead of down into it will allow
you to slide forward and stand up smoothly, avoiding any
awkwardness in getting up.
2. Do not lock your knees.
Stand with knees slightly bent, legs about as far apart as your
shoulders. This gives you the ease and stability you want.
Locking your knees makes you tense. It also blocks the blood flow
and can make you pass out.
3. Smile.
A smile helps you connect with your audience.
It is a friendly gesture, and generally speaking, will result in a
positive reciprocal reaction with the audience - they will feel friendly
toward you.
4. STOP. BREATHE. THEN BEGIN.
Remember, the audience will believe you are thinking when you
are paused. This is good.
Top-notch speakers frequently use pauses to let their words sink
in; think about what they want to say next; or to gather their
thoughts.

Audiences appreciate thoughtful speakers.

5. SLOW DOWN.
You will almost always automatically speak faster in front of an
audience.
Slow down and breathe.
6. If you start to feel jittery or your voice shakes, or your knees shake:
STOP. BREATHE. THEN BEGIN.
Clench and unclench your buttocks and/or your toes. When you
unclench, you will automatically breathe, and that will help. You can
do this whenever you feel you need to do it.
7. If you feel yourself getting dry throat (which is very common) feel
yourself getting dry throat (which is very common) or you are jittery:
Stop, take a drink of water, breathe, then continue.
 Your audience will think you have paused because you are
thoughtful and smart.

Remember that silence is a good thing. It helps us think.

8. Remember to make good eye contact.
Look left, right and at the center of the audience. This makes
everyone in the audience feel included. We like to be included.
When the speaker only looks at one part of the group, others feel
excluded.
9. Remember to lower your voice.
Lower register voices are generally easier to hear and understand.
Try and lower your voice when speaking.
Women, in particular, tend to speak in higher registers.
In addition, when we are nervous, our voice tends to move to a higher
register. Consciously speak in a lower register.
Your voice will sound more powerful.
10. Pronunciation.
Be sure you can correctly pronounce all of the words you are using.
If you are not sure about a pronunciation, substitute a word that you
can pronounce correctly.
Mispronounced words affect credibility.
11. Gestures and Body Language.
Stand or sit up straight. Do not hunch.
Keep your hands are free of pens or jewelry that you might be
tempted to fidget with, distracting your audience from what you are
saying.
Fewer is better in the gesture department.
If you want to make a point with your gestures, do it in a definitive
manner. Make your gestures count.
Avoid little gestures or fluttery hands.
12. Instead of saying uh, take a breath.